农业生物多样性保护的景观规划途径

农业生物多样性保护不仅关系到农业可持续发展,也是物种多样性保护的重要组成部分.近年来,生物多样性保护更加强调通过景观规划途径来实现.本文在回顾国内外关于景观结构对生物多样性影响一般性结论和研究结果的基础上,从景观、地块间、地块内3个尺度分别探讨了农业生物多样性保护的景观规划途径,并建议可以通过采取如下途径有效地保护农业生物多样性：1)在景观尺度上,维持较高比例的自然、半自然生境,注意农用地和种植作物的多样化,注重树篱等廊道生境的保护和建设;2)在地块间尺度上,构建农田边缘地带;3)在地块内尺度上,合理地规划作物种植密度、作物空间分布及采取间套作、轮作等方式.此外,大尺度景观规划途径的实施还需要诸如自然保护计划、土地利用规划及生态补偿等相关政策措施的配套与支持.     

滇西北藏区自然圣境与传统文化驱动下的生物多样性保护

本研究旨在将滇西北藏区传统生态文化应用于社区生物多样性保护之中, 以推动社区参与式生物多样性保护和森林生态系统的修复。应用民族植物学和民族生态学的方法, 调查了位于白马雪山国家级自然保护区及周边地区的3个藏族村寨(巴珠、柯功、追达)的自然圣境与生物多样性分布状况及其生态服务功能等, 应用SWOT分析法和社区参与式保护途径, 开展了生物多样性保护示范活动。本研究结果表明, 社区保护生物多样性的主要驱动力来源于民族传统文化, 社区生计依赖于生物多样性, 保护自然圣境是社区水平保护生物与文化多样性及社区发展的重要途径。藏族自然圣境是基于传统信仰文化并经过长期实践建立和发展起来的有利于生物多样性保护的社区保护形式, 藏民社区长期遵从和实践自然圣境对生物多样性保护做出了重要贡献。     

西双版纳土地的不同管理方式对植物多样性的影响评价探讨

 现代生物多样性的迅速丧失主要是由于对土地的不合理利用所致,因此对土地的合理利用被认为是生物多样性有效保护的基础。西双版纳是我国植物多样性最丰富的地区之一,然而,由于土地利用的变化,植物多样性也不同程度受到影响。为探讨土地利用对生物多样性的影响,本文在样方调查的基础上,运用定量的方法计算西双版纳主要的土地利用方式对生物多样性的影响指数(I=l/E,E=log10(V3·s·e,r))进行计算,发现对植物多样性的影响依次为：单一的橡胶种植园、橡胶+茶叶、橡胶+菠萝、家庭庭园、寺庙庭园、天然林下砂仁的种植、丢荒(8年)的轮歇地、集体林、龙山林和保护区。因此,要有效保护西双版纳的生物多样性,一是要保护好现存的自然保护区与传统信仰林,二是在土地开发利用时要推广既有较好的经济和社会效益,同时又有较好的生态效益的混农林技术。     

重视女性在生物多样性保护中的作用

中国是生物多样性大国,也是高度重视性别平等的国家之一,在履行《生物多样性公约》和世界性别平等舞台上均扮演着重要角色。但目前中国在生物多样性保护中的性别主流化方面仍进展较慢,这与其在推进生物多样性保护方面发挥的积极作用不相匹配。为此,本文通过梳理生物多样性与性别的特别关系,探讨了生物多样性保护中性别概念的产生和演化过程,分析了国际组织、多边基金和一些国家在生物多样性保护中性别主流化方面的研究成果和工作进展,进而提出加强性别与生物多样性问题的研究、相关机构能力的建设、性别与生物多样性的政策导入以及国内生物多样性项目的管理等建议,以期为中国在未来生物多样性与性别领域开展工作、国家履约和参与《生物多样性公约》国际谈判提供参考。     

国家植物园植物文化建设与植物多样性保护和管理

生物文化对生物多样性保护具有重要意义,植物园的形成和发展在历史长河中处处体现着人类因物质和精神需求而形成的植物文化。现代植物园在植物迁地保护上虽然做出了卓越贡献,但其植物文化的建设稍显滞后。在全球生物多样性保护工作的开展过程中,传统文化对生物多样性保护和生物资源可持续利用的重要作用越来越被重视。在此背景下,该文探讨了生物文化多样性和生物多样性之间紧密联系、共同演化的关系,回顾了早期植物园和我国古典园林中植物文化的体现; 通过对全球3 085个现代植物园主要功能的分析,发现开展了民族植物学研究的植物园占比7.36%,开展了保护生物学研究的植物园占比11.18%,制定了植物保护计划的占比17.18%,从而揭示了现代植物园保护功能的提升和文化功能的弱化。基于当前植物园植物多样性有效保护中对植物文化建设的需求,该文进一步分析了我国植物园植物文化建设的不足,主要包括:(1)植物物种多样性信息中植物文化信息数据不足;(2)对生物多样性保护中传统知识惠益分享的考虑欠缺;(3)缺少以文化展现植物多样性的主题园。在此基础上,该文聚焦国家植物园植物多样性保护和管理的目标,从植物多样性保护和利用、惠益共享、公众参与3个层面对国家植物园体系中的植物文化建设提出了建议,以期为我国建设具有中国生态文明特色的国家植物园体系提供参考。     

植物保护遗传学研究进展

保护遗传学是过用遗传学的原理和研究手段,以生物多样性尤其是遗传多样性的研究和保护为核心的一门新兴学科,近几十年来,遗传学研究在生物多样性保护的理论和实践中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文简要回顾了保护遗传学的发展历史,研究方向和涉及的概念,着重介绍了植物保护遗传学研究所取得的一些进展,包括植物系统发育重建和保护单元的确定,遗传多样性与物种和群体适应性之间的关系,群体遗传结构与保护策略的制定以及植物遗传资源的鉴定和利用等方面的内容,并强调保护遗传学研究是未来生物多样性和保护生物学研究中一个亟待加强的研究领域。     

城市生物多样性保护:基于中欧对比视角下的经验借鉴

城市生物多样性保护是全球生物多样性保护体系的重要组成部分,也是城市可持续发展的重要内容。通过对比中国和欧洲城市生物多样性保护实践,有助于完善中国城市生物多样性保护措施。首先,从城市发展和生态系统协同治理的视角出发,基于城市生物多样性保护的核心载体和功能,聚焦生境保护、空间规制和协同治理等实现路径,提出城市生物多样性保护的理论框架。然后,系统梳理、总结和对比中国与欧洲的城市生物多样性保护实践,发现中国城市生物多样性保护工作理念鲜明、治理效果明显,但仍然存在改进空间。在城市发展规划方面,欧洲城市生物多样性规划体系全面系统、针对性强,而中国城市生物多样性保护与城市发展规划融合不足,建议加强二者的有效衔接;在城市绿地建设方面,欧洲城市日益重视生态系统的连通性和完整性,而中国城市仍以公园等传统绿地建设为主,应提升微观尺度绿地空间利用和生态系统营造;在生态保护补偿方面,欧洲城市在多元化、市场化补偿方面探索较多,而中国的城市生物多样性保护补偿机制尚不成熟,建议逐步探索绿色基金等多元化补偿方式;在公众参与方面,欧洲城市强调自下而上的生物多样性保护公众参与机制,而中国仍以政府为治理主体,公众参与意识和参...     

景观生态学与生物多样性保护

景观生态学的发展为生物多样性保护提供了新理论,方法和技术手段,从景观多样性与遗传多样性,物种多样性,生态系统多样性各层次生物多样性之间的相互关系及生物多样性保护的景观规划等方面评述近年来景观生态学应用于生物多样性保护的主要内容及研究进展,阐述了生物多样性动态及反馈,生物多样性保护的地理途径（ＧＡＰ分析）,景观生态安全格局,区域和大陆尺度的生态网络等一些新的概念和方法。     

城市社区更新中生物多样性的保护策略:以上海市长宁区生境花园为例

保护城市生物多样性、在城市中营造生物多样性生境是城市可持续发展的重要挑战。不断加快的城市化进程对生物多样性造成严重影响,城市生物多样性保护在新型城镇化和生态建设中日益紧迫。生境花园作为城市生物多样性保护的一种模式,厘清其在高密度城市中实现生物多样性保护的机制与效果,探索其科学的建设管理模式具有重要意义。本研究采用案例分析法,通过调研长宁区生境花园的生物多样性现状、居民参与建设和使用情况、生境花园管理模式等,梳理分析了上海市长宁区生境花园所处区域的绿地斑块分布现状、生境花园建设前后的生境条件、政策的促进作用与建成效果,探讨了高密度城市中社区更新背景下实现社区尺度生物多样性保护的模式,并提出相应的生物多样性保护策略。研究结果表明,生境花园是一个低维护管理的自然演替生态系统,作为城市绿地的基本单元,不仅填补了城市小尺度生物多样性保护的空白,而且分布具有空间异质性,对城市绿色生态网络的完善和生物多样性保护格局的优化起到重要作用,然而,生境花园依然存在知识技术方面入门难、资金投入量大、潜在障碍等问题。生境花园有效实现生物多样性保护的4种主要建设管理模式包括:(1)过程管理。包括前期选址、确定生物...     

中国科学院生物多样性保护研究的早期行动回顾

<正>在二十世纪七八十年代,国际社会认识到与人类生存与发展密切相关的生物多样性正以比其历史自然过程加速了约1,000倍的速率从地球上消失从而把生物多样性保护视为重要而紧迫的环境问题之一。而一门以生物多样性有效保护和资源永续利用为主要研究内容的、新的综合性学科——保护生物学(Conservation Biology)也正在酝酿中。当时我国在生物多样性保护方面已经开展了一些工作     

Practice of conserving plant diversity through traditional beliefs: a case study in Xishuangbanna, southwest China

Developing various strategies for the global biodiversity conservation is important for today's critically degraded environment, and there is a growing recognition that the effective conservation of biodiversity will depend on the long-term participation and understanding of local communities. In order to establish the connection between traditional beliefs and the conservation of biodiversity, a case study was undertaken in Xishuangbanna, one of the richest areas in biodiversity in China. The Dai nationality, a dominant ethnic group in Xishuangbanna, has both Polytheistic and Buddhist beliefs, which have close relationships with plant diversity. This paper recommends the following approaches to conserve plant diversity by the application of traditional beliefs: (1) depending on the religious belief system, establishing an Association of Religious Plant Conservation to organize local people to participate in the conservation by means of religious activities, to document the indigenous botanical knowledge and to train local people; (2) training local people to different levels to improve their capacity in conservation of plant diversity with science and religion working together; (3) demonstrating the conservation of plant diversity through the recovering of holy hill forests and plants in temple gardens.     

西双版纳傣族贝叶文化与植物多样性保护

生物多样性保护的一个重要的策略是必须提高公众意识,支持社区、青年及妇女积极参与保护行动。所以,近年来,传统知识与生物多样性管理已成为国际社会关注的一个热点。本文以西双版纳的傣族为例,探讨了贝叶文化与植物多样性保护以及持续利用的关系,包括佛主与植物、佛经的文字载体植物、佛寺的用材树种、赕佛活动的植物和佛寺庭园的植物等。     

Role of culturally protected forests in biodiversity conservation in Southeast China

Culturally protected forests (CPFs), preserved and managed by local people on the basis of traditional practices and beliefs, have both social and ecological functions. We investigated plant species richness and diversity within the tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer in three types of CPFs (community forests, ancestral temple forests, cemetery forests) as well as nearby forests without cultural protection (NCPFs) in Southeast China. A total of 325 species belonging to 85 families and 187 genera were recorded in CPFs, including 17 protected species in China Species Red List and IUCN Red List, which accounted for 17 % of counties’ endangered species. Compared with NCPFs, the tree layer of CPFs had larger DBH and lower species density, especially in the cemetery forests. CPFs had higher alpha diversity values generally, particularly in the tree layer. The differences in tree layer were substantial, and CPFs covered nearly 85.4 % of the tree species in the surveyed sites. The similarities between CPFs and NCPFs were higher in the herb and shrub layers than in the tree layer. These differences of species diversity may be attributed to differences in resource use and management between CPFs and NCPFs. Our field investigation results suggested that local CPFs harbor many plant species, high biodiversity, and contribute to the conservation of a substantial proportion of the local species pool.     

民间植物分类系统与区域性物种多样性快速评估——以西双版纳傣族为例

生物多样性的快速流失 ,使传统分类工作在热带物种多样性评估中显出不足 ,而民间分类系统在区域性物种多样性快速评估中的作用已经引起人们的重视。前人对西双版纳傣族民间植物命名和分类系统已做过研究 ,该文在此基础上 ,探讨能否将这种知识用于区域性物种多样性快速评估。利用生物多样性快速编目、样方调查及民族植物学中民间访谈的方法 ,考察了三个傣族村寨原住民的植物识别能力。结果表明 ,傣族原住民的植物识别程度与其年龄呈显著正相关 ,中年以后识别能力趋于稳定 ,识别率高达 91 %以上。通过与长期在西双版纳地区工作的野外植物分类学家相比较 ,我们发现傣族原住民的植物识别率不低于分类学家 ,且所需时间比分类学家少。作者认为 ,民间植物分类系统可以用于局部地区的物种多样性快速评估。     

西双版纳榕树的民族植物文化

榕树是桑科榕属（ＦｉｃｕｓＬ．）乔木种类的总称,在西双版纳热带森林中有４８种（不包括变种）,是一个物种最多、种群较大的类群,与生活在森林中的各族人民有密切的关系,形成了独特的民族榕树文化。西双版纳各民族利用多种榕树的嫩枝叶、果子作蔬菜和水果,利用多种榕树治疗疾病,一些种类被当地民族视为“神（龙）树”和“佛树”,各族人民还在村寨附近、寺庙庭院和家庭庭园中栽培多种榕树,既供日常生活之需,又改善村社的生态环境。它不仅关系到自然生态系统的平衡,而且对人与自然的协调发展有重要意义     

中国西双版纳傣族与泰国泰族民间植物命名方法与土著名字的相似性探讨

通过对中国西双版纳与泰国都有分布和栽培的641种植物的傣、泰土著名字相似性比较,发现这两个民族具有基本相同的民间植物命名的"双名法"。西双版纳傣族与泰国的兰纳地区、北—东北部和其它地区泰族的植物土著名相同、相似的分别占0.69、0.57和0.37,主要包括药用植物在内的经济植物和与南传上座部佛教文化密切相关的植物。其主要成因包括他们的语言文字、宗教信仰、生活习俗等的傣、泰历史渊源及其所具有的传统文化密切程度相关。其中,兰纳地区地处泰国北部,它不仅邻近西双版纳,而且在历史上,它们曾经同属于"兰纳王国",两地的边界曾是"犬牙交错",成为"曼比勐农"(兄弟之邦)。这样,使包括土著名字在内的佛教植物、野生植物和栽培植物等的交流比泰国其它地区更加密切,相似性便最高。西双版纳傣族和兰纳泰族被视为尚存的标准"Tai"人区。因此,该研究对于中国Dai、泰国Thai、缅甸Siam和老挝Laos等国家民族的科学文化交流及其植物资源的利用和保护等具有重要的意义。     

Linking Trees on Farms with Biodiversity Conservation in Subsistence Farming Systems in Nepal

The Kingdom of Nepal extends 800 km east to west along the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Because of its biogeographical position, Nepal contains biological elements of both the Indo-Malayan and Palaearctic realms. Beside the trees in forest ecosystems, a large number of tree species are maintained on farms as part of subsistence farming systems. The role of these trees in ensuring the sustainability of agricultural production and the importance of traditional farming systems for the conservation of crop diversity have been well documented. However, the status of farm trees and their role in biodiversity conservation are poorly documented. This paper presents a case study of two villages in the western middle hills of Nepal. It highlights the role of traditional agroforestry practices for the conservation of tree diversity and argues that farms can be considered biodiversity reservoirs. Farm trees help to reduce pressure on community and government forests and create a favorable environment for many plant and animal species. Farm trees also provide social functions in that households with many farm trees no longer exercise their communal rights to extract grass products from community forests, which in turn benefits poor and disadvantaged households. The paper discusses possibilities to improve the role of farm trees in biodiversity conservation. It argues for the development of mechanisms such as tax exemptions and conservation credits that provide benefits to rural communities as compensation for their local and global environmental services including biodiversity conservation.     

The implications of ritual practices and ritual plant uses on nature conservation: a case study among the Naxi in Yunnan Province,Southwest China

Background

Conservation of biodiversity is primary important of today’s critically vulnerable environment. Efficient conservation can be possible only with the long-term participation and understanding of the communities. Ritual beliefs of the indigenous people are one of the important tools to understand the local communities and aid the nature conservation. In this paper, we documented contemporary ritual practices and ritual plant uses among the Naxi people and discussed the importance of traditional knowledge on ritual practice in the conservation of plants in the mountains presenting a case study of the Dongba culture.

Methods

This study was carried out from July in 2013 to July in 2014. To document and analyze the present state of the ritual plant used by the Naxi people we conducted an ethnobotanical survey. We interviewed local people including Dongba priests using the semi-structured questionnaire. During the field study, we participated in the local religious activities to witness the use of different plants in ritual activities of the Naxi people. We interviewed twenty-two key informants and eleven of them were male. All the specimens of documented species were collected and deposited at the herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany.

Results

The survey results revealed the Naxi people possessed sound knowledge of the traditional ritual plants and great diversity of plants used in many of Naxi rituals and festivals. From the survey, we documented 32 ritual plant species belonging to 24 genera of 17 families used in various ritual activities. The ritual plants were grouped into two categories, namely those burned as incense, and those used for decoration. The incense plants like Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata and Pistacia weinmanniifolia were probably promising natural aromatic resource. Plants of genus Quercus were the most frequently used species. The places for ritual activities were diverse, such as the incense burners inside and outside the house and sacred trees at the Baishuitai. Local people except the young generation had an abundant of traditional knowledge.

Conclusions

Our study shows the live ritual activities and the beliefs of the residents are keeping the plant diversity and the entire forest preserved as sacred mountains. Our study emphasizes traditional belief and an alternative view of conservation that is not led mainly by governmental policies, as local practices and ritual plants uses play as constant reminders to the Naxi on nature conservation. However, further research is recommended for in-depth understanding the role of traditional belief in biodiversity conservation.

     

Integrating ecological and cultural values toward conservation and utilization of shrine/temple forests as urban green space in Japanese cities

In Japan, forests associated with shrines and temples are recognized as important components of urban green space, which can potentially function as centers for ecosystem conservation in rapidly urbanizing Japanese cities. In addition to their ecological value, shrine/temple forests have social value, providing recreational and aesthetic needs to residents of urban areas. We review the historical development of shrine/temple forests in Japan and discuss current conservation issues from both ecological and sociological perspectives. Generally, shrine forests are minimally managed and public access is discouraged, whereas temple forests are intensively managed for public display. Shrines tend to be spatially scattered across the landscape but associated with specific geographical features, whereas temples tend to be clustered. Their wide and random distribution in urban areas suggests that shrine forests can potentially be used as stepping stones in the urban green space network, whereas spatially clustered temple forests can be integrated to form large areas of green space. Species diversity of shrine/temple forests declines with decreasing area. The distribution pattern of species is not completely nested, indicating that although conservation of large forest fragments may be effective for maintaining landscape-level biodiversity, smaller forest fragments and adjacent precincts are sometimes significant because rare species occasionally inhabit them. Active management and ecological restoration, such as removal of invasive species, are also important to maintain the desirable near-natural forest conditions. A working group including the owner, community, regional government, and ecologists should be involved in creating an effective, long-term management plan. Because social and cultural values are diverse, basic ecological studies of shrine/temple forests would contribute a scientific basis that fosters public confidence in the process.