玉米、小麦与花生间作改善花生铁营养机制的探讨

采用土培盆栽方法模拟研究了玉米／花生、小麦／花生间作对花生铁营养状况的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,禾本科作物与花生间作对花生的铁营养状况有显著影响：当花生与玉米或小麦分别间作时,花生新叶叶色正常,而花生单作则表现出严重的缺铁黄化现象,间作花生新叶活性铁、叶绿素含量明显高于单作,两种间作花生各部位铁含量和吸收量明显高于单作,间作明显地促进了铁向花生地上部的转移;在单作花生表现缺铁症状１４ｄ的时间范围内,其根系质外体铁含量仅是间作花生的５２％～８０％;而根系还原力则是单作花生在表现缺铁症状后迅速提高,至缺铁第６ｄ时还原力达到最大值,随后花生根系还原力迅速下降,而间作花生在０～１４ｄ内还原力增加速度缓慢,在１０～１４ｄ中其根系还原力明显地高于单作花生根系还原力。其主要原因可能是禾本科作物玉米、小麦根系分泌物（如：麦根酸类植物铁载体）螯合土壤中难溶性铁并被花生吸收利用。     

潜在性缺铁条件下大豆根系质外体铁库的积累与利用

用营养液培养方法研究了在不同供铁条件下,大豆根系质外体铁库的积累与活化利用。结果表明：1、供应难溶性Fe（OH）3,大豆根系质外体铁库呈现出积累与亏缺的节律性变化。与之相应出现根系还原力的降低与升高的节律性变化,但地上部总铁含量和新叶叶绿素含量均无变化。说明了根系质外体铁库的利用,维持了大豆正常生长需铁。2、对缺铁植株脉冲供铁后,大豆根系质外体铁库首先出现明显积累,随后一直处于下降状态,与此同时根系还原力表现出相应的变化,前期下降,后期有波动。地上部总铁含量与新叶叶绿素含量的变化与前两者密切联系,出现升高、降低不同趋势的变化。     

根系活动对湿地植物根际铁异化还原的影响及机制研究进展

根系活动是影响湿地植物根际铁异化还原速率的关键因素之一。以往国内外湿地铁异化还原的研究多为分析和比较各类中宏观生境中铁异化还原能力的差异。近年来,湿地植物根际微域铁的生物地球化学行为也日益成为该领域的研究热点。综述了根际铁异化还原研究概况,梳理了根系活动对根际铁异化还原关键因子的作用机制,分析了根际铁异化还原和其他有机质代谢途径的竞争关系,探讨了根际铁异化还原对根系活动动态变化和异质性的响应,提出了根际铁异化还原的概念模型,并指出了未来我国湿地植物根际铁异化还原研究应加强的工作。     

潜在性缺铁条件下大豆根系质外体铁库的积累与利用

用营养液培养方法研究了在不同供铁条件下,大豆根系质外体铁库的积累与活化利用。结果表明：１．供应难溶性Ｆｅ（ＯＨ）３,大豆根系质外体铁库呈现出积累与亏缺的节律性变化。与之相应出现根系还原力的降低与升高的节律性变化,但地上部总铁含量和新叶叶绿素含量的无变化。     

缺铁敏感度不同的大豆品种对缺铁的适应机制

与供铁处理相比,对缺铁敏感的大豆品种“哈８３”幼苗在缺铁胁迫条件下根际没有酸化现象,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力也没有明显增强。但抗缺铁的大豆品种“８７０１”幼苗根际则严重酸化,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力显著增强;加入能抑制根系Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性、减弱根际酸化作用的Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶抑制剂正钒酸钠会降低根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力;说明根际酸化与根系还原Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）能力相互联系,初步证实根细胞原生质膜Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰ酶和缺铁诱导的还原酶相互偶联的假说。     

缺铁敏感度不同的大豆品种对缺铁的适应机制

与供铁处理相比,对缺铁敏感的大豆品种“哈８３”幼苗在缺铁胁迫和上根际没有酸化现象,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力也没有明显增强。但抗缺铁的大豆品种“８７０１”幼苗根际则严重酸化,根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力显著增强;加入能抑制根系Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性、减弱根际酸化作用的Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰ酶抑制剂正钒酸钠会降低根系对Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）的还原能力;说明根际酸化与根系还原Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）能力相互联系,初步证实根细胞原生质膜Ｈ＾     

缺磷或缺铁引起白羽扇豆锰中毒的机理

白羽扇豆在缺磷或缺铁条件下均有排根形成,并且根系还原力显著增加。缺磷、缺铁根系还原力在高峰期分别高于对照。缺磷与缺铁根系还原力高峰不仅出现的时期不同,而且还原力增加部位也不一样。缺磷处理的排根区具有很高的还原力,缺铁处理还原力较高的部位是在主根和侧根的根尖以及排根区。由于Ｍｎ４＋比Ｆｅ３＋更易被还原,致使根系还原力提高促使根际大量锰被还原,这是缺磷和缺铁造成白羽扇豆锰中毒的主要原因之一。     

缺磷或缺铁引起白羽扇豆锰中毒的机理

白羽扇豆在缺磷或缺铁条件下均有排根形式,并且根系还原力显著增加。缺磷、缺铁根系还原力在高峰期分别高于对照。缺磷与缺铁根系还原力高峰不仅出现的时期不同,而且还原力增加部位也不一样。缺磷处理的排根区具有很高的还原力,缺铁处理还原力较高的部位是在主根和侧根的根尖以及排根区。由于Ｍｎ＾４＋比Ｆｅ＾３＋更易被还原,致使根系还原力提高促使根际大量锰被还原,这是缺磷和缺铁造成白羽扇豆锰中毒的主要原因之一。     

十二种植物的试管无性繁殖

本文报道了十二种植物外植体的器官发生及其试管繁殖,其中包括从留兰香、丝瓜、松叶菊、倒挂金钟、菠萝、草莓、豌豆的茎尖或茎段分化出芽;从甜叶菊子叶、菠萝、草莓叶片,金鱼草下胚轴分化出芽;从麝香百合、风信子、水仙鳞茎外植体分化出芽(或小鳞茎)。当将上述各植物的芽或小鳞茎移植到1/2Ms 或 Ms、Ms+1 ppm NAA 的培养基中,便会从芽的基部分化出根,形成根系,从而获得小植物。留兰香、丝瓜、松叶菊的茎尖或茎段外植体分化芽和它们的试管繁殖的报道尚属首次。     

不同禾本科作物与花生混作对花生根系质外体铁的累积和还原力的影响

采用土培盆栽方法模拟玉米／花生、大麦／花生、燕麦／花生、小麦／花生、高粱／花生5种种植方式,研究混作对花生根系质外体铁的累积和还原力的影响．结果表明,当花生与5种分泌植物铁载体能力不同的禾本科作物混作时,花生新叶叶色正常,而单作花生则表现出严重的缺铁黄化症状,混作花生各部位的含铁量明显增加．与麦类作物(大麦、燕麦、小麦)混作的花生其各部位铁含量高于与玉米、高粱混作的花生,说明麦类作物改善花生铁营养的能力强于玉米、高粱,而两个玉米品种之间的能力差异不大。这主要是由于麦类作物分泌植物铁载体能力高于玉米、高粱．在花生生长至第50、60和70d时,混作花生根系质外体铁含量也随着逐渐增加,并始终高于单作花生．同时,混作明显地提高了花生根际土壤有效铁的含量,花生根系还原力也逐步提高．混作花生逐渐提高的还原力和介质中不断供给的易被花生还原吸收的铁。在改善花生的铁营养方面起了重要的作用．     

Changes in Phytohormone Status in Stems and Roots after Decapitation of Pea Seedlings

Experiments were performed on the first and second internodes and 4-cm-long apical segments of main roots of pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings, grown in the light and decapitated above the second node on the seventh day after seed germination. Endogenous phytohormones were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay during three days after decapitation of seedlings. The IAA level in the internodes decreased 2–3 times on the second day after decapitation of seedlings while the cytokinin level increased 5–6 times for zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z and ZR) and 1.5–2 times for isopentenyl adenine and isopentenyl adenosine (IP and IPA). In contrast to internodes, the IP and IPA contents in the roots of decapitated seedlings did not change, but the levels of Z and ZR increased 1.5–2 times compared to intact plant roots. The IAA level in the apical region of root remained almost unchanged after the removal of shoot apex. It was concluded that the apical meristem of the main root is not the site of the cytokinin response to the auxin signal coming from the stem apex and that a slight accumulation of Z and ZR after decapitation is due to upper zones of the root. There was no difference in the content of gibberellin-like substances between the internodes of intact and decapitated seedlings. However, the content of gibberellins (GA) in the root tip decreased after decapitation of seedling, which suggests an essential role of apical bud in supplying the root with GA and/or intermediates for their biosynthesis.     

Involvement of auxin and CKs in boron deficiency induced changes in apical dominance of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.)

It has previously been shown that boron (B) deficiency inhibits growth of the plant apex, which consequently results in a relatively weak apical dominance, and a subsequent sprouting of lateral buds. Auxin and cytokinins (CKs) are the two most important phytohormones involved in the regulation of apical dominance. In this study, the possible involvement of these two hormones in B-deficiency-induced changes in apical dominance was investigated by applying B or the synthetic CK CPPU to the shoot apex of pea plants grown in nutrient solution without B supply. Export of IAA out of the shoot apex, as well as the level of IAA, Z/ZR and isopentenyl-adenine/isopentenyl-adenosine (i-Ade/i-Ado) in the shoot apex were assayed. In addition, polar IAA transport capacity was measured in two internodes of different ages using 3H-IAA. In B-deficient plants, both the level of auxin and CKs were reduced, and the export of auxin from the shoot apex was considerably decreased relative to plants well supplied with B. Application of B to the shoot apex restored the endogenous Z/ZR and IAA level to control levels and increased the export of IAA from the shoot apex, as well as the 3H-IAA transport capacity in the newly developed internodes. Further, B application to the shoot apex inhibited lateral bud growth and stimulated lateral root formation, presumably by stimulated polar IAA transport. Applying CPPU to the shoot apex, a treatment that stimulates IAA export under adequate B supply, considerably reduced the endogenous Z/ZR concentration in the shoot apex, but had no stimulatory effect on IAA concentration and transport in B-deficient plants. A similar situation appeared to exist in lateral buds of B-deficient plants as, in contrast to plants well supplied with B, application of CKs to these plants did not stimulate lateral bud growth. In contrast to the changes of Z/ZR levels in the shoot apex, which occurred after application of B or CPPU, the levels of i-Ade/i-Ado stayed more or less constant. These results suggest that there is a complex interaction between B supply and plant hormones, with a B-deficiency-induced inhibition of IAA export from the shoot apex as one of the earliest measurable events.     

Effect of apex excision and replacement by 1-naphthylacetic acid on cytokinin concentration and apical dominance in pea plants

As known from literature lateral buds from pea ( Pisum sativum ) plants are released from apical dominance when repeatedly treated with exogenous cytokinins. Little is known, however, about the endogenous role of cytokinins in this process and whether they interact with basipolar transported IAA, generally regarded as the main signal controlling apical dominance. This paper presents evidence that such an interaction exists.
The excision of the apex of pea plants resulted in the release of inhibited lateral buds from apical dominance (AD). This could be entirely prevented by applying 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) to the cut end of the shoot. Removal of the apex also resulted in a rapid and rather large increase in the endogenous concentrations of zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyladenosine (iAdo) and an as yet unidentified polar zeatin derivative in the node and internode below the point of decapitation. This accumulation of ZR and iAdo, was strongly reduced by the application of NAA. The observed increase in cytokinin concentration preceded the elongation of the lateral buds, suggesting that endogenous cytokinins play a significant role in the release of lateral buds from AD. However, the effect of NAA on the concentration of cytokinins clearly demonstrated the dominant role of the polar basipetally transported auxin in AD. The results suggest a mutual interaction between the basipolar IAA transport system and cytokinins obviously produced in the roots and transported via the xylem into the stem of the pea plants.     

菊苣薄层培养花芽,营养芽分化中内源激素的动态变化

菊苣（Ｃｉｃｈｏｒｉｕｍ ｉｎｔｙｂｕｓＬ．）花梗薄层细胞培养于ＭＳ附加ＮＡＡ 和ＢＡ 或ＩＡＡ 和ＢＡ 的ＭＳ培养基上有花芽或营养芽分化． 花芽分化中内源ＩＡＡ、ＤＨＺ＋ ＤＨＺＲ、ｉＰＡ 含量明显增加,而Ｚ＋ ＺＲ变化不明显．营养芽分化中内源细胞分裂素含量增加明显,而ＩＡＡ 在培养前７ ｄ 含量下降,随后有所增加,在原基形成时含量达原初水平的２／３． 可见,花芽分化比营养芽分化所需内源ＩＡＡ／ＣＴＫ 比值要高     

云南山楂中吲哚乙酸、脱落酸、玉米素和玉米素核苷的内源水平及其生根率

以云南山楂(Crataegus scabrifolia (Franch.)Rchd.)几个株系的成年树和实生苗的离体培养芽条为材料,用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)测定了它们的叶片中吲哚乙酸(IAA),脱落酸(ABA),玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)的内源水平,探讨了这三种激素及其之间的平衡与生根率的相关性。结果发现:1.IAA内源水平之差异存在于株系间。2.内源(Z+ZR)在株系间无显著差异,而幼树发育至成年树的过程中,与IAA的平衡是多样的,同成年树的生根率似有以下相关性,当IAA水平降低,同时(Z+ZR)水平升高,有利于生根,反之则抑制生根。3.ABA内源水平无论成年或幼年树都呈低水平且无显著差异。     

小麦与玉米及鸭茅状摩擦禾杂交后胚发育过程中内源激素的动态变化

小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）与玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓＬ．）及鸭茅状摩擦禾（Ｔｒｉｐｓａｃｕｍ ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｉｄｅｓ Ｌ．）杂交后,由于胚乳组织不能正常形成,从而导致胚很难在母本小麦植株上发育至成熟。通过对杂交后的胚不同发育时期的子房内源ＩＡＡ、玉米素（Ｚ）及玉米素核苷（ＺＲ）和ＡＢＡ 的ＥＬＩＳＡ 分析,发现远缘杂交后的胚发育过程中子房内源ＩＡＡ 的浓度明显低于正常发育的子房;而且Ｚ＋ ＺＲ 和ＡＢＡ 的含量的动态变化也和正常自交发育的子房不同,然而ＩＡＡ／（Ｚ＋ ＺＲ）和ＩＡＡ／ＡＢＡ 的比率变化在远缘杂交与正常自交的子房之间有某些相似趋势。ＩＡＡ、Ｚ＋ ＺＲ和ＡＢＡ 与这３ 种激素之和的比率变化在上述两类子房中也有相似之处。可以推断,植物胚胎的正常发育需要多种激素的动态平衡及某一时期某一激素的主导性作用。远缘杂交后的胚之所以不能够顺利发育至成熟,除了缺乏胚乳组织的营养保护之外,或许也和其内源激素的水平及多激素平衡体系偏离常规动态变化有关联     

内生型解淀粉芽孢杆菌YTB1407对甘薯根系的促生作用及其调控机理

本实验室从西洋参根中分离筛选获得兼具生防和促生效果的内生型解淀粉芽孢杆菌YTB1407.为调查其应用潜力,以甘薯为材料,以无菌水灌根处理(CK)为对照,采用不同浓度YTB1407菌悬液灌根盆栽甘薯植株,通过对甘薯生长前期3个主要生育时间点YTB1407在植株内的内生定殖检测和根系表型效应比较,筛选菌悬液灌根的最适处理浓度.对根系内源生长素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、细胞分裂素玉米素核苷(ZR)、反式玉米素核糖核苷(t-ZR)的含量和吲哚乙酸氧化酶类中的吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性进行分析.结果表明: YTB1407促进了甘薯生长前期根系统的定殖、不定根幼根的伸长生长及侧根的发生,提高了根系活力;在甘薯生长后期形成了更大的吸收根系生物量和更低的地上部和总根系生物量比.其中OD₆₀₀值为0.50的菌悬液处理(T_0.50)促生效应显著,在甘薯茎叶封垄期的单株块根鲜质量和有效薯块数量最高.YTB1407通过提高ZR、t-ZR含量,降低IAAO活性、提高PPO活性和IAA含量以及(t-ZR+ZR)/IAA,促进块根分化建成初期甘薯不定根幼根向块根的分化;通过降低IAAO、PPO活性和提高IAA含量,降低(t-ZR+ZR)/IAA,促进块根分化建成后期甘薯分化根向块根的建成.     

Auxin dynamics after decapitation are not correlated with the initial growth of axillary buds

One of the first and most enduring roles identified for the plant hormone auxin is the mediation of apical dominance. Many reports have claimed that reduced stem indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels and/or reduced basipetal IAA transport directly or indirectly initiate bud growth in decapitated plants. We have tested whether auxin inhibits the initial stage of bud release, or subsequent stages, in garden pea (Pisum sativum) by providing a rigorous examination of the dynamics of auxin level, auxin transport, and axillary bud growth. We demonstrate that after decapitation, initial bud growth occurs prior to changes in IAA level or transport in surrounding stem tissue and is not prevented by an acropetal supply of exogenous auxin. We also show that auxin transport inhibitors cause a similar auxin depletion as decapitation, but do not stimulate bud growth within our experimental time-frame. These results indicate that decapitation may trigger initial bud growth via an auxin-independent mechanism. We propose that auxin operates after this initial stage, mediating apical dominance via autoregulation of buds that are already in transition toward sustained growth.     

Response of cytokinin concentration in the xylem exudate of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants to decapitation and auxin treatment,and relationship to apical dominance

When xylem exudate of previously untreated Phaseolus vulgaris plants was analysed for cytokinins by radioimmunoassay, a low concentration (about 5 ng · ml^–1) was found. However, when the plants were decapitated about 16 h before the xylem exudate was collected, an almost 25-fold increase in cytokinin concentration was observed. Twenty-four hours after decapitation this increase even reached 4000 compared to control plants. Applying naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to the shoot of decapitated plants almost eliminated the effect of shoot tip removal on cytokinin concentration, suggesting that cytokinins in the xylem exudate of intact plants are under the control of the polar auxin transport system. Other xylem constituents, such as potassium or free amino acids did not show this strong increase after decapitation and did not respond to NAA application. It is concluded that the observed auxin/cytokinin interaction has an important regulatory role to play, not only in apical dominance but in many other correlative events as well.Abbreviations AD apical dominance - CKs cytokinin(s) - iAde/iAdo isopentenyladenine/iospentenyladenosine - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - Z/ZR zeatin/zeatin riboside     

Dynamic Changes of Endogenous Phytohormones During the Development of Embryos Derived from Wheat Crossed with Zea mays and Tripsacum dactyloides

The embryos derived from intergeneric crosses between Triticum aestivum L. (2n = 6x= 42) and Zea mays L. (2n= 20), Tripsacum dactyloides L. (2n= 4x= 72), as results of the elimination of paternal chromosome and having no endosperm as normal, are difficult to develop completely in vivo. Hormonal analyses in such intergeneric hybridized ovaries have been carried out including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin (Z) and zeatin riboside (ZR), and abscisic acid (ABA) during different developmental stages of embryo. The results indicated that IAA level in hybridized ovaries was much lower than that in self-pollinated ovaries. Moreover, the active changes of Z+ZR and ABA contents were also different between the above two types of ovary. Nevertheless, the ratio changes of IAA/(Z+ZR) and IAA/ABA were similar between the two types of ovary, the same was true in the ratio changs of IAA, Z+ZR, and ABA to the sum of these three types of endogenous hormones. But the three types of ratios in hybridized ovaries were varied far more greater than those in self-pollinated ones. It suggested the importance to maintain dynamic equilibrium of multiple hormones and sequential regulation during the embryo development. That the distantly hybridized embryos failed to mature successfully was probably associated with a deviation from the normal changes of endogenous hormones levels and balance system of multiple hormones in addition to the lack of endosperm nourishment.