《发育中生长因子和信号传导》

《发育中生长因子和信号传导》《发育中生长因子和信号传导》（ＧｒｏｗｔｈｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｎｄＳｉｇｎａｌｔｒａｎｓｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ）由ＭａｒｉｔＮｉｌｓｅｎ－Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ编著,１９９４年威利出版公司出版,２４４页．动物发育依...     

云南黑鮡属鱼类一新种（鲇形目：鮡科）

本文报道采自云南省的黑属鱼类一新种,长丝黑Ｇａｇａｔａｄｏｌｉｃｈｏｎｅｍａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,本种与Ｇ．ｇａｇａｔａ（Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ）近似。模式标本保存于中国科学院水生生物研究所淡水鱼类博物馆。     

中国小鲃属的分类整理及小鲃属的分类学讨论(鲤形目:鲤科:鲃亚亚科)

ｕｎｔｉｕｓ是典型的热带和亚热带鱼类类群,主要生活在山涧溪流及敞水环境。Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ(1822)建立此分类单元时将它作为Ｃｙｐｒｉｎｕｓ属的一个亚属。Ｂｌｅｅｋｅｒ(1863)用ＰｕｎｔｉｕｓＨａｍｉｌｔｏｎ属名代替ＳｙｓｔｏｍｕｓＭｃ′Ｃｌｅｌｌａｎｄ,确立...     

蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶多样性──底物专一性免疫化学及序列比较研究

本文报道烙铁头（Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓｍｕｃｒｏｓｑｕａｍａｔｕｓ）蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶（ＴＭＶＦｇ），眼镜王蛇（Ｏｐｈｉｏｐｈａｇｕｓｈａｎｎａｈ）蛇毒纤维蛋白原溶酶（ｏｈＳ１），竹叶青（Ｔｒｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｒｕｓｓｔｅｊｎｅｇｅｒｉ）蛇毒专一纤溶酶原激活剂（ｓｖ－ｐＡ）对５种小分子多肽底物的底物专一性，及这些蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶对各种凝血因子（第Ｘ因子、凝血酶原、纤溶酶原、蛋白Ｃ）的作用，并和其它蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶如矛头蝮（Ｂｏｔｈｒｏｐｓａｔｒｏｘ）蛇毒凝血酶样酶（Ｂａｔｒｏｘｏｂｉｎ）、铜头蝮（Ａｇｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｏｎｃｏｎｔｏｒｔｒｉｘｃｏｎｔｏｒｔｒｉｘ）蛇毒蛋白Ｃ激活剂ＡＣＣ－Ｃ、蝰蛇（Ｖｉｐｅｒａｒｕｓｓｅｌｌｉ）毒第Ⅴ因子激活剂ＲＶＶ－Ｖ进行比较研究。通过酶标偶联免疫反应研究了抗ｓｖ－ＰＡ抗体与各种丝氨酸蛋白酶的免疫交叉反应，并对蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶及相应功能的哺乳动物蛋白酶进行了序列比较分析。从底物专一性多样性及已知序列结构分化上对这一类蛇毒丝氨酸蛋白酶的结构与功能进行了探讨和研究。     

7－乙酰基－鲁山冬凌草甲素，紫萼香茶菜甲素及其有关二萜化合物的结构修正

从无毛狭叶香茶菜（Ｉｓｏｄｏｎａｎｇｕｓｔｉｆｏｌｉｕｓｖａｒ．ｇｌａｂｒｅｓｃｅｎｓＨ．Ｗ．Ｌｉ）中分离得到４个已知二萜化合物：７－乙酰基－鲁山冬凌草甲素，鲁山冬凌草甲素、乙素和紫萼香茶菜甲素，经二维核磁共振波谱（ＺＤ－ＮＭＲ）解析表明，它们的结构分别由先前报道的５，６，７和８应修订为结构１，２，３和４。     

抗真菌药——瞄准着DNA拓扑异构酶

抗真菌药──瞄准着ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶徐钤（第一军医大学生化教研室，广州５１０５１５）关键词抗真菌药，ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶１、ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶的功能ＤＮＡ拓扑异构酶（ＤＮＡｔｏｐｏｉｓｏｍｅｒａｓｅ，ＴＯＰＯ）能改变（或调整）ＤＮＡ的拓扑学结构。ＴＯＰＯｓ可...     

中国西南志留纪的豆海百合类

描述了豆海百合类２属７种，它们是：Ｐｉｓｏｃｒｉｎｕｓ（Ｐ．）ｐｉｌｕｌａ，Ｐ．（Ｇ．）ｋｏｓｏｖｅｎｓｉｓ，Ｐ．（Ｇ．）ｂｏｈｅｍｉｃｕｓ，Ｐａｍｐｉｓｏｃｒｉｎｕｓｏｌｌｕｌａ，Ｐ．Ｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｕｓ，以及Ｐｉｓｏｃｒｉｎｕｓ（Ｇ．）ｂｒｅｖｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和Ｐａｒａｐｉｓｏｃｒｉｎｕｓｐａｔｅｒｉｆｏｒｍｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．；并首次发现了Ｐ．（Ｇ．）ｂｏｈｅｍｉｃｕｓ萼杯内腔的内部钙质骨胳构造。同时，还就波希米亚豆海百合种内变异和豆海百合类的对称性进行了研究。     

植物群落结构沿不同梯度之趋同性：湖岸等同于倒置的山体吗？

植物群落结构沿不同梯度之趋同性：湖岸等同于倒置的山体吗？ＣＨＲＩＳＴＥＲＮＩＬＳＳＯＮｅｔａｌ．（瑞典宇默奥大学植物生态系）１引言关于相对少量的基本过程控制着生态群落结构的最有力证据是种多样性和生活型沿不同环境梯度分布格局的相似性。种的多样性在生物量低和生物量很高的地方趋于下降，但在生物量中等水平处达到最大。这对于惊人多的一系列群落，包括植物（Ｇｒｉｍｅ，１９７３；Ａｌ－Ｍｕｆｔｉ等，１９７７；Ｈｕｓｔｏｎ，１９７９；Ｔｉｌｍａｎ，１９８２；Ｂｏｎｄ，１９８３；Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ和Ｋｅｄｄｙ，１９８８；Ｍｏｏｒｅ等，１９８９）、荒漠啮齿类（Ａｂｒａｍｓｋｙ和Ｒｏｓｅｎｚｗｅｉｇ１９８４；Ａｂｒａｍｓｋｙ１９８８）、深海底栖类（Ｒｅｘ，１９８１）和珊瑚礁（Ｓｏｕｓａ，１９８４；Ｈｕｓｔｏｎ，１９８５）来说都是正确的。沿不同生产力梯度排列的植物群落中还发现生活型上的相似性。在养分贫瘠的样地里由小的、无茎的种所表征，而在营养丰富的地方则由高大和有茎的植物占优势，不论生产力是由年平均温度（Ｂｉｌｌｉｎｇ和Ｍｏｏｎｅｙ，１９６８）、蒸发蒸腾（Ｒｏｓｅｎｚｗｅｉｇ，１９６８）、季节性供水（Ｂｅａｒｄ，１９４４；Ｗｈｉｔ－ｔａ     

植物LEA蛋白的结构与功能

植物ＬＥＡ蛋白的结构与功能汤学军，傅家瑞（中山大学生命科学学院，广州５１０２７５）关键词ＬＥＡ蛋白，结构，功能种子发育是高等植物生活史中的重要阶段。在种子（胚胎）发育后期会产生一些小分子特异多肽，即ＬＥＡ蛋白（ｌａｔｅ－ｅｍｂｒｙｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓ－ａ...     

南海柳珊瑚Isis sp.化学成分的研究

从中国南沙采集的柳珊瑚Ｉｓｉｓ ｓｐ。中分离出四个有机化合物,通过ＵＶ,ＩＲ,ＭＳ,＾１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ和＾１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ分析以及化学转换的方法,确定了它们的结构分别为：Ｈｉｐｐｕｒｉｓｔａｎｏｌ（１）,Δ＾４．５（Ｅ）、Δ＾９．１０（Ｚ）－鞘氨醇－正十五碳酸酰胺（２）,胸腺嘧啶（３）和尿嘧啶（４）。其中化合物（２）为新结构的神经酰胺,被命名为Ｉｓｉｍａｍｉｄｅ,其它为已知化合物。     

Assessing the reconstruction of macromolecular assemblies with toleranced models

We introduce toleranced models (TOMs), a generic and versatile framework meant to handle models of macromolecular assemblies featuring uncertainties on the shapes and the positions of proteins. A TOM being a continuum of nested shapes, the inner (resp. outer) ones representing high (low) confidence regions, we present topological and geometric statistics assessing features of this continuum at multiple scales. While the topological statistics qualify contacts between instances of protein types and complexes involving prescribed protein types, the geometric statistics scale the geometric accuracy of these complexes. We validate the TOM framework on recent average models of the entire nuclear pore complex (NPC) obtained from reconstruction by data integration, and confront our quantitative analysis against experimental findings related to complexes of the NPC, namely the Y-complex, the T-complex, and the Nsp1-Nup82-Nup159 complex. In the three cases, our analysis bridges the gap between global qualitative models of the entire NPC, and atomic resolution models or putative models of the aforementioned complexes. In a broader perspective, the quantitative assessments provided by the TOM framework should prove instrumental to implement a virtuous loop "model reconstruction-model selection", in the context of reconstruction by data integration.     

Hamilton's rule meets the Hamiltonian: kin selection on dynamic characters

Many biological characters of interest are temporal sequences of decisions. The evolution of such characters is often modelled using dynamic optimization methods such as the maximum principle. A quantity central to these analyses is the ''Hamiltonian'' function, named after the mathematician William R. Hamilton. On the other hand, evolutionary models in which individuals interact with relatives are usually based on Hamilton''s rule, named after the evolutionary biologist William D. Hamilton. In this article we present a generalized maximum principle that includes the effects of interactions among relatives and we show that a time-dependent (dynamic) version of Hamilton''s rule holds involving the Hamiltonian. This result brings together the power and generality of both the maximum principle and Hamilton''s rule thereby providing a natural framework for understanding the evolution of ''dynamic'' characters under kin selection.     

A lumped parameter model of mechanically mediated acute and long-term adaptations of contractility and geometry in lymphatics for characterization of lymphedema

A primary purpose of the lymphatic system is to transport fluid from peripheral tissues to the central venous system in order to maintain tissue–fluid balance. Failure to perform this task results in lymphedema marked by swelling of the affected limb as well as geometric remodeling and reduced contractility of the affected lymphatic vessels. The mechanical environment has been implicated in the regulation of lymphatic contractility, but it is unknown how changes in the mechanical environment are related to loss of contractile function and remodeling of the tissue. The purpose of this paper was to introduce a new theoretical framework for acute and long-term adaptations of lymphatic vessels to changes in mechanical loading. This theoretical framework combines a simplified version of a published lumped parameter model for lymphangion function and lymph transport, a published microstructurally motivated constitutive model for the active and passive mechanical behavior of isolated rat thoracic ducts, and novel models for acute mechanically mediated vasoreactive adaptations and long-term volumetric growth to simulate changes in muscle contractility and geometry of a single isolated rat thoracic duct in response to a sustained elevation in afterload. The illustrative examples highlight the potential role of the mechanical environment in the acute maintenance of contractility and long-term geometric remodeling, presumably aimed at meeting fluid flow demands while also maintaining mechanical homeostasis. Results demonstrate that contractility may adapt in response to shear stress to meet fluid flow demands and show that pressure-induced long-term geometric remodeling may attenuate these adaptations and reduce fluid flow. The modeling framework and illustrative simulations help suggest relevant experiments that are necessary to accurately quantify and predict the acute and long-term adaptations of lymphangions to altered mechanical loading.     

Mean weights of chick embryos correlated with the stages of Hamburger and Hamilton

A total of 1125 normal chick embryos, representing 25 each of the 45 stages of Hamburger and Hamilton, were removed, fixed in Bouin's solution, stored in 70% ethanol and weighed with a semi-micro analytical balance. Entire blastoderms of stages 1–8 were weighed, whereas only embryos-proper were weighed in stages 9–45. As a consequence, results constituted two groups, each of which showed a geometric rate of growth marked only by minor deviations which were related to specific events of normal growth and development.     

Length–weight and length–length relationships of some small indigenous fish species from the Mathabhanga River, southwestern Bangladesh

The present study describes the length–weight (LWR) and length–length (LLR) relationships for eight important small indigenous fish species (SIS) from the Mathabhanga River, southwestern Bangladesh, namely Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822), Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793), Hyporamphus quoi (Valenciennes, 1847), Macrognathus aculeatus (Bloch, 1786), M. pancalus (Hamilton, 1822), Nandus nandus (Hamilton, 1822), Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822), and Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822). A total of 2543 specimens used for this study was caught by traditional fishing gear from January to December 2005. To the best knowledge of the authors, this study presented the first reference on LWR and LLR for these species from Bangladeshi waters.     

Analysis of two-player quantum games in an EPR setting using Clifford's geometric algebra

The framework for playing quantum games in an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) type setting is investigated using the mathematical formalism of geometric algebra (GA). The main advantage of this framework is that the players' strategy sets remain identical to the ones in the classical mixed-strategy version of the game, and hence the quantum game becomes a proper extension of the classical game, avoiding a criticism of other quantum game frameworks. We produce a general solution for two-player games, and as examples, we analyze the games of Prisoners' Dilemma and Stag Hunt in the EPR setting. The use of GA allows a quantum-mechanical analysis without the use of complex numbers or the Dirac Bra-ket notation, and hence is more accessible to the non-physicist.     

Sociobiology of the budding yeast

Social theory has provided a useful framework for research with microorganisms. Here I describe the advantages and possible risks of using a well-known model organism, the unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for sociobiological research. I discuss the problems connected with clear classification of yeast behaviour based on the fitness-based Hamilton paradigm. Relevant traits include different types of communities, production of flocculins, invertase and toxins, and the presence of apoptosis.     

Using Correlation Proximity Graphs to Study Phenotypic Integration

Characterizing and comparing the covariance or correlation structure of phenotypic traits lies at the heart of studies concerned with multivariate evolution. I describe an approach that represents the geometric structure of a correlation matrix as a type of proximity graph called a Correlation Proximity graph. Correlation Proximity graphs provide a compact representation of the geometric relationships inherent in correlation matrices, and these graphs have simple and intuitive properties. I demonstrate how this framework can be used to study patterns of phenotypic integration by employing this approach to compare phenotypic and additive genetic correlation matrices within and between species. I also outline a graph-based method for testing whether an inferred correlation proximity graph is one of a number of possible models that are consistent with a “soft” biological hypothesis.     

Event-based minimum-time control of oscillatory neuron models

We present an event-based feedback control method for randomizing the asymptotic phase of oscillatory neurons. Phase randomization is achieved by driving the neuron’s state to its phaseless set, a point at which its phase is undefined and is extremely sensitive to background noise. We consider the biologically relevant case of a fixed magnitude constraint on the stimulus signal, and show how the control objective can be accomplished in minimum time. The control synthesis problem is addressed using the minimum-time-optimal Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman framework, which is quite general and can be applied to any spiking neuron model in the conductance-based Hodgkin–Huxley formalism. We also use this methodology to compute a feedback control protocol for optimal spike rate increase. This framework provides a straightforward means of visualizing isochrons, without actually calculating them in the traditional way. Finally, we present an extension of the phase randomizing control scheme that is applied at the population level, to a network of globally coupled neurons that are firing in synchrony. The applied control signal desynchronizes the population in a demand-controlled way.     

Length‐weight relationships of five fish species collected from Ranganadi River (Brahmaputra River tributary) in Assam,India

Length‐weight relationships (LWR) are presented for five fish species: Laubuka laubuca (Hamilton, 1822); Aspidoparia jaya (Hamilton, 1822); Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822); Acanthocobitis botia (Hamilton, 1822) and Badis badis (Hamilton, 1822) collected from the Ranganadi River in the Lakhimpur district of Assam, India. There were no prior LWR data regarding three of these species.