卵叶远志营养器官的结构及远志皂苷的组织化学定位和含量测定

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位和高效液相色谱法,研究了卵叶远志各营养器官的结构、远志皂苷积累分布状态及含量变化。结果表明．卵叶远志的根包括周皮和次生维管组织两部分．周皮发达,次生韧皮部较厚,韧皮薄壁细胞为其主要成分。次生木质部中导管和纤维发达,导管分布密度较大。茎包括表皮、皮层、维管柱三部分,在皮层与韧皮部之间具有一圈排列紧密的厚壁细胞．推测这圈厚壁细胞具有质外体屏障作用．可保护茎组织免受干旱的伤害。叶为异面叶。根茎的结构表现为旱生特点。组织化学显示远志皂苷在根中分布在次生韧皮部和栓内层：在茎中分布在表皮、皮层和次生韧皮部细胞中：在叶中则分布在叶肉组织和表皮中。根的次生韧皮部为皂苷积累储存的主要场所。高效液相测定结果显示营养器官中都有远志皂苷元的积累．根中的含量高．茎叶中含量较低．说明卵叶远志地上部分也有药用价值。根据不同发育时期根和茎叶中皂苷元的动态变化趋势．建议在5月份（花果期）进行卵叶远志的采收。     

酸枣根系结构可塑性对自然梯度干旱生境的适应机制

根系是植物吸收水分和养分的主要器官,是直接接触土壤最先感受土壤逆境胁迫的部位。在干旱环境中,植物根系的结构特征必定发生改变以维持正常的生物机能而生存。目前,关于根系解剖结构的研究大多集中于根系的某一特定结构对单一逆境因子的响应。以生长在烟台-石家庄-银川-吐鲁番不同地域气候条件形成的自然梯度干旱环境中的酸枣为试验材料,应用植物显微技术研究酸根系结构的可塑性对不同自然梯度干旱环境的适应机制,结果表明:酸枣根的初生结构包括表皮、皮层和维管柱,表皮位于幼根的最外层,由单层体积较小、紧密排列的表皮细胞组成。皮层占根初生结构的大部分比例,由体积较大的多层薄壁细胞组成,薄壁细胞近似圆球形,数目众多,呈环形分布。维管柱位于最内层,细胞小而密集,由中柱鞘、初生木质部、初生韧皮部及薄壁细胞组成。随生境干旱加剧,酸枣根初生结构表皮细胞的厚度和宽度逐渐增加,皮层薄壁细胞的厚度和宽度、皮层薄壁细胞层数和皮层厚度均以宁夏银川样地的最大。酸枣根的次生结构包括周皮(木栓层、木栓形成层、栓内层)和次生维管组织(次生韧皮部、维管形成层和次生木质部)。从烟台至新疆吐鲁番随生境干旱加剧,酸枣植株根系周皮逐渐加厚、致密度提高。次生木质部中,导管的数量增加,管径增大。干旱环境中,酸枣植株根系结构上的变化一方面提高了吸水能力和输水效率,另一方面增强了保水能力,减少水分散失,这可能是其适应干旱逆境的机制之一。     

白鲜营养器官解剖结构及其与白鲜碱的积累关系

应用植物解剖学、组织化学及植物化学方法对白鲜营养器官根、茎、叶的结构及其生物碱的积累进行了研究。结果显示:(1)白鲜根的次生结构以及茎和叶的结构类似一般双子叶植物;白鲜多年生根主要由周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层以及次生木质部组成,根次生韧皮部中可见大量的淀粉、草酸钙簇晶、韧皮纤维以及油细胞;茎由表皮、皮层、维管组织和髓组成;叶由表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶脉组成;在茎和叶初生韧皮部的位置均分布有韧皮纤维,在叶表皮上分布有头状腺毛和非腺毛;在茎和叶紧贴表皮处分布有分泌囊。(2)组织化学分析结果显示:在白鲜多年生根中,生物碱类物质主要分布在周皮、次生韧皮部、维管形成层和木薄壁细胞中;在茎中,生物碱主要分布在表皮、皮层、韧皮部、木薄壁细胞及髓周围薄壁细胞中;在叶中,生物碱主要分布在表皮细胞、叶肉组织和维管组织的薄壁细胞;此外在分泌囊和头状腺毛中亦含有生物碱类物质。(3)植物化学结果显示,秦岭产白鲜根皮/白鲜皮、根木质部、茎和叶中白鲜碱含量分别为0.041%、0.012%、0.004%和0.002%,其中木质部中白鲜碱含量和其他部分地区白鲜皮中白鲜碱含量类似。研究表明,在秦岭产白鲜营养器官中,除根皮/白鲜皮外,在根木质部亦含有大量的白鲜碱,且在茎和叶中亦含有一定的白鲜碱,具有潜在的开发利用价值。     

光果甘草营养器官结构及其总黄酮的组织化学定位和含量研究

应用植物解剖学、组织化学和植物化学方法,对光果甘草各营养器官的结构、总黄酮的组织化学定位和含量差异进行了研究.结果显示:(1)光果甘草叶为异面叶,由表皮、叶肉和叶脉组成.叶表皮具腺毛,叶肉中具胶囊细胞,主脉发达;茎由表皮(周皮)、皮层、维管柱组成,其髓中具有粘液细胞;根由周皮、次生维管组织组成,周皮具厚木栓层,次生维管组织中次生木质部和纤维发达.(2)黄酮类物质在叶中分布在表皮、腺毛、胶囊细胞、厚角组织和韧皮部和木质部中的薄壁细胞中;茎中分布在周皮、韧皮部和粘液细胞中;在根中则分布在周皮中.(3)不同营养器官中黄酮类物质含量存在差异:叶＞根茎＞主根＞茎.(4)温度的下降促使黄酮类物质从地上合成器官向地下储藏器官的转运.建议每年可在果熟期和枯萎期之间采挖药材,地上部分收割也作药用,综合利用光果甘草资源.     

小盐芥营养器官的结构特点与其盐渍环境的关系研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了盐生植物小盐芥(Thellungiella halophila)营养器官的解剖结构。结果表明：小盐芥根的初生结构中表皮细胞为1层,且细胞大而高度液泡化,根毛数量较少;皮层仅由外皮层和内皮层2层细胞构成,细胞大,排列紧密;根次生维管组织发达。茎的初生结构中外剀维管束8～10束,大小不等,呈一轮排列;髓和髓射线发达;茎次生结构中维管组织也很发达。根和茎的这些结构特点提高了植物体吸收、运输水分的能力,而且根的特殊结构和输导系统将盐分限制在根内,适应于盐渍环境所造成的渗透胁迫和干旱胁迫。小盐芥叶片较小,上、下表皮细胞各1层,细胞大而高度液泡化,叶肉中栅栏组织与海绵组织分化不明显,但叶绿体体积大、数目多,细胞间隙较大,通气性能好,光合效率高。这些特点对其适应干旱盐渍环境有重要意义。小盐芥上述结构特征与典型真盐生植物、旱生植物相去其远,其营养器官内也无盐腺、囊泡等泌盐结构。由此推论,小盐芥更倾向于似盐生植物(拒盐植物)。     

2种高山海棠营养器官的解剖结构及其生态适应性研究

采用NaOCl法、石蜡切片法对分布于海拔3 000 m的川西高原野生变叶海棠和花叶海棠的叶、茎、根进行了研究,旨在分析2种高山海棠营养器官的解剖构造,并探讨其解剖特征与川西高原干旱贫瘠地区的生态适应关系。结果表明:变叶海棠和花叶海棠的解剖构造极为相似,这可能与二者在起源及地理分布等的密切联系有关:二者叶的上下表皮细胞均具有厚的角质层,且上表皮气孔缺失、下表皮气孔密集,栅栏组织较厚,叶柄中具有分化出栅栏组织和海绵组织的纵棱脊结构;二者茎中的栓内层细胞壁较厚,次生木质部发达,导管周围分布着细胞壁木质化的木薄壁组织细胞,髓的外围有一圈细胞壁增厚的环髓带细胞;2种海棠的细根中已出现典型的次生结构,木质部占有极大的比例,主要以单管孔的形式存在的导管密集,无髓结构。变叶海棠和花叶海棠的上述解剖结构特征体现了二者对川西高原地区干旱环境都具有较强的适应能力。     

贺兰山10种不同植物的旱生结构研究

对贺兰山10种不同生活型植物的形态解剖研究表明,长期生长在干旱贫瘠环境中植物,均形成适应生境的一些特殊形态结构．叶器官主要表现在：（1）叶表面积与体积之比缩小,表面覆有厚的角质膜,并被有表皮毛,气孔下陷,具孔下室;（2）栅栏薄壁组织细胞明显增多,海绵薄壁组织细胞减少．有叶肉不分化叶、等而叶和异而叶3种结构形式;（3）叶内贮水组织和机械组织增强。轴器官主要表现在：（1）根普遍形成周皮,且木栓层细胞层数增多;（2）机械组织非常发达,在周皮、皮层和韧皮部中有许多厚壁细胞分布。维管组织中的木薄壁细胞的细胞壁也明显木质化加厚;（3）有些植物的根具有异常维管组织。另外,这些植物根、茎、叶中均有粘液细胞和含晶细胞分布。这些结构具有重要的适应干旱生境的意义。     

藏荠营养器官解剖结构及其与环境的关系

藏荠属十字花科植物,生长于高山冰缘地带,为典型的高山耐寒植物。采用石蜡切片方法对藏荠的根、茎和叶3种营养器官的解剖结构进行观察分析,以揭示其形态与环境适应性的关系。结果显示:藏荠在长期的演化过程中,根、茎和叶均具有发达的通气组织;叶片表面有明显的蜡质层和表皮毛;栅栏组织为2～4层,海绵组织明显减少;根横切面呈"车轮形",具有明显的带状加厚和发达的腔髓组织;根和茎的表皮细胞和皮层细胞均有类似"质壁分离"现象。研究表明,藏荠在结构上具有明显抵御大风、低温、干旱等逆境的生态适应特征,这些独特的结构可能是其长期适应高山冰缘环境的结果。     

蒙古黄芪营养器官结构与有效成分积累特征研究

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位和紫外分光光度法,对蒙古黄芪各营养器官的结构特点及其皂苷、黄酮、多糖3种有效成分的积累特征和含量进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)蒙古黄芪的根由周皮和次生维管组织构成,其中次生韧皮部为根的主要部分,约占根横切面积70%,韧皮薄壁细胞为其主要组成部分;茎包括表皮、皮层和维管柱三部分,外韧维管束排列紧密,髓射线窄;叶为异面叶,包括表皮、叶肉和叶脉;营养器官具有抗旱特征。(2)组织化学显示,皂苷、黄酮、多糖3种有效成分主要贮藏在根的栓内层、次生韧皮部、维管射线、形成层细胞和茎的皮层、髓射线、韧皮薄壁细胞、形成层细胞以及叶的叶肉组织中。(3)紫外分光光度计定量分析结果显示:根、茎、叶中的皂苷含量分别为6.081、5.362、6.590mg/g,黄酮含量分别为1.981、2.662、1.359mg/g,多糖的含量分别为56.69、7.36、12.23mg/g。该研究植物化学分析结果与组织化学观察结果一致且相互印证,说明蒙古黄芪根、茎、叶中的有效成分含量均较高,其茎、叶也具有一定的药用价值,建议进行合理采收及开发利用。     

六盘山鸡爪大黄蒽醌类化合物积累特征的研究

采用多种组织化学方法研究了六盘山鸡爪大黄营养器官中蒽醌类化合物的积累特征.结果显示:蒽醌类化合物在根中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的维管射线和根中央的部分木薄壁细胞内,且维管射线是根中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在根茎中分布于周皮的木栓层和栓内层、次生维管组织的形成层和维管射线,以及髓的异常维管束射线中,且维管射线是根茎中贮藏和积累蒽醌类化合物的主要组织;在茎中主要分布于表皮、近表皮皮层和维管束的维管束鞘及其薄壁细胞,大型和小型维管束之间和周围的部分薄壁细胞,以及髓射线中有不同程度的分布;在叶中主要积累在叶柄的表皮、叶柄和大叶脉的部分基本组织、维管束的部分薄壁细胞等部位.结果表明,六盘山鸡爪大黄的根和根茎是蒽醌类化合物贮藏和积累的主要器官,维管射线是其贮藏和积累的主要组织,而且各营养器官中蒽醌类化合物积累的数量与植物各相关器官组织的发育程度、细胞中含淀粉粒的多少存在着一定的相关性.     

Comparative study of Bifidobacteriumanimalis, Escherichiacoli, Lactobacilluscasei and Saccharomycesboulardii probiotic properties

The present work investigates some probiotic properties of four different microorganisms (Bifidobacterium animalis var. lactis BB-12, Escherichia coli EMO, Lactobacillus casei and Saccharomyces boulardii). In vitro and in vivo tests were carried out to compare cell wall hydrophobicity, production of antagonistic substances, survival capacity in the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice without pathological consequence, and immune modulation by stimulation of Küpffer cells, intestinal sIgA and IL-10 levels. In vitro antagonism against pathogenic bacteria and yeast was only observed for the probiotic bacteria B. animalis and L. casei. The hydrophobic property of the cell wall was higher for B. animalis and E. coli EMO, and this property could be responsible for a better ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of germ-free mice. Higher levels of sIgA were observed mainly for S. boulardii, followed by E. coli EMO and B. animalis, and only S. boulardii induced a significant higher level of IL-10. In conclusion, for a probiotic use, S. boulardii presented better characteristics in terms of immunomodulation, and B. animalis and L. casei for antagonistic substance production. The knowledge of the different probiotic properties could be used to choice the better microorganism depending on the therapeutic or prophylactic application.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Non-specificity of a colorimetric method for the estimation of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine

The colorimetric method of Reissig et al. for the estimation of N-acetylamino sugars, is often used as a specific method for the quantification of the N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. Although this assay is more sensitive to the monomer, it recognizes all soluble N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligomers. This result is very important because this method is extensively used in biology for the estimation of chitinolytic activity.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

Analysis of urinary N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine, the mercapturic acid derived from N,N-dimethylformamide

Human biotransformation of the industrial solvent N,N-dimethylformamide gives raise to N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine (AMCC) which has the longest half-life (about 23 h) among urinary metabolites of N,N-dimethylformamide. It could be used for monitoring industrial exposure over several workdays, by measuring it in urine samples collected at the end of the working week. This is consistent with the suggestions of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, which established a limit of 40 mg/l for the year 2000. An easy, cheap and user-friendly method has been developed for determination of urinary AMCC. Unlike currently available methods, it requires neither a time-consuming preparation phase nor gas chromatographic analysis with a nitrogen-phosphorus or mass detector. The method uses high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with an UV detector at 436 nm. A 10-μl volume of urine is added to a carbonate–hydrogen carbonate buffer and mixed with a dabsyl chloride solution in acetonitrile. The reaction between AMCC and the reagent is performed at 70°C for 10 min. The ‘dabsylated’ product is stable for at least 12 h. After brief centrifugation, the solution is ready for HPLC analysis using a C₁₈ column (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The method is sensitive (detection limit 1.8 mg/l) and specific. It identified urinary AMCC in urine of 40 subjects not exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide with a median concentration of 3.9 mg/l. In urine samples from 20 workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide (5–40.8 mg/m³), AMCC concentrations ranged from 16 to 170 mg/l. Industrial toxicology laboratories with limited instrumentation will be able to use it in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to N,N-dimethylformamide.     

转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响

【目的】为探究转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育及其捕食功能的影响。【方法】以转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉与其亲本常规棉为实验材料,利用取食不同棉花品种叶片的棉铃虫饲喂异色瓢虫幼虫。【结果】与常规亲本棉相比,取食饲喂转基因棉花叶片的初孵棉铃虫幼虫的异色瓢虫幼虫从1龄发育至化蛹期时间延长0.77 d,但差异不显著;除1龄幼虫体重增加(0.0773 mg)外,其余各龄期幼虫体重均有所下降,但差异均不显著;异色瓢虫1、2、3、4龄幼虫对初孵棉铃虫捕食量均随棉铃虫密度的增加而增加,捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程。【结论】转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花对异色瓢虫生长发育无显著影响,饲喂取食转Cry1Ac/1Ab基因棉花的棉铃虫对异色瓢虫捕食功能无显著差异。     

Characterization of recA genes and recA mutants of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae

Summary DNA fragments carrying the recA genes of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were isolated by complementing a UV-sensitive recA ^– Escherichia coli strain. Sequence analysis revealed that the coding region of the R. meliloti recA gene consists of 1044 by coding for 348 amino acids whereas the coding region of the R. leguminosarum bv. viciae recA gene has 1053 bp specifying 351 amino acids. The R. meliloti and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae recA genes show 84.8% homology at the DNA sequence level and of 90.1% at the amino acid sequence level. recA ^– mutant strains of both Rhizobium species were constructed by inserting a gentamicin resistance cassette into the respective recA gene. The resulting recA mutants exhibited an increased sensitivity to UV irradiation, were impaired in their ability to perform homologous recombination and showed a slightly reduced growth rate when compared with the respective wild-type strains. The Rhizobium recA strains did not have altered symbiotic nitrogen fixation capacity. Therefore, they represent ideal candidates for release experiments with impaired strains.The accession numbers: X59956 R. LEGUMINOSARUM REC A ALAS-DNA; X59957 R. MELITOTI REC A ALAS-DNA     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.