基于条件价值法(CVM)的西黑冠长臂猿非使用价值评估

对野生动物资源进行价值评估是保护生物学研究的核心, 也是管理决策制定与生态补偿的重要依据。利用条件价值法(CVM), 通过简单随机抽样的方式对景东城镇居民的支付意愿(WTP)进行调查, 评估西黑冠长臂猿的非使用价值。结果表明: 85.52%的受访者认为应该对该物种进行保护, 86.43%的受访者愿意支付一定的费用来保护该物种。利用中位值法和平均值法得出城镇居民的支付意愿为51.86—54.04元·a-1, 推测得西黑冠长臂猿的非使用价值为421.87—439.60亿元·a-1。Logit和Probit模型实证分析结果表明, 支付意愿与受访者学历、个人收入以及对西黑冠长臂猿的了解程度呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 与年龄呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 与性别、民族等相关性不显著(P>0.05)。     

基于条件价值法的广州海珠国家湿地公园开放区域的非使用价值初探

【摘要】非使用价值是环境资源的一种内在属性, 科学合理的进行湿地生态系统服务功能非使用价值评估对合理规划和保护湿地资源具有重要的意义。广州海珠国家湿地公园是全球仅有三个“城央”湿地公园之一, 也是国内位于特大型城市中心区域最大的湿地公园。对广州海珠国家湿地公园生态系统服务功能非使用价值进行合理的评估更能体现出广州市对湿地资源的保护价值和意义, 同时也为广州市湿地公园资源保护决策提供科学依据。运用条件价值法, 通过问卷的形式调查广州市公众对广州海珠国家湿地公园的支付意愿, 来评估其非使用价值。经单纯随机抽样统计分析模型核算后, 得出2017年海珠湿地开放区域的生态系统服务功能非使用价值为3.81×109元·a-1, 其中遗产价值最高, 选择价值、文化传承价值和存在价值依次降低。运用SPSS19.0软件对广州市居民群体特征、支付意愿和WTP值进行相关性分析, 得出性别、居住时间、是否关注对环境的影响、月收入和海珠湿地的了解程度等5个指标是影响受访者支付意愿的主要因素; 而性别、年龄、是否有子女、居住时间、职业、月收入和居住地等7个指标是影响受访者支付金额的主要因素。     

城郊过渡带湖泊湿地生态服务功能价值评估--以武汉市严东湖为例

城郊过渡带湖泊湿地面临着改善城市居民生活环境及满足城郊过渡带经济发展的双重压力,承担着更多样、更重要的生态服务功能,从生态服务功能价值分量的基础上探讨开发利用对策,可为其可持续开发利用提供依据。本文以武汉市城郊过渡带湖泊湿地严东湖为研究对象,基于市场价值法、影子工程法、旅行费用法、条件价值法等方法对严东湖生态服务功能的直接、间接使用价值及非使用价值进行了货币化计量。结果表明,严东湖生态服务功能的总价值为35799.09?104元?a-1,其中直接使用价值、间接使用价值及非使用价值分别为2628.80?104、2904.13?104、30266.16?104元?a-1,表现为非使用价值＞间接使用价值＞直接使用价值,且非使用价值约是其使用价值的5.5倍。12个单项指标中为存在价值最高;使用价值中为涵养水源价值＞蒸腾吸热价值＞均化洪水价值＞休闲旅游价值＞科研教育价值＞物质生产价值＞生物多样性维持价值＞固碳释氧价值＞水质净化价值;非使用价值中为存在价值＞遗产价值＞选择价值。因此,城市过渡带湖泊的开发利用应保护现有湖面的完整性,保持涵养水源、蒸腾吸热及均化洪水功能,弱化养殖类物质生产功能,适度发展休闲旅游功能,提高固碳释氧能力,并增强水质净化能力。     

武夷山自然保护区生态旅游资源非使用性价值评估

采用条件价值法对武夷山自然保护区生态旅游资源非使用价值进行评估,针对该方法在应用过程中容易出现的问题进行了分析。问卷中设计4部分内容:描述被评估物品以及背景资料;被调查者的社会经济特征;被调查者的环境态度与保护意识;被调查者对所评估物品的支付意愿。分析了被调查者的支付方式和不支付的理由。结果表明:武夷山自然保护区旅游资源非使用价值为6.52×108元·年-1,其中存在价值3.38×108元·年-1、遗产价值1.42×108元·年-1、选择价值1.72×108元·年-1。通过与以往研究的比较,验证了评估结果的可靠性。武夷山自然保护区生态旅游资源非使用价值研究的意义在于促进人们对生态旅游资源认识的转变,使其得到更科学的维护和可持续的发展。     

基于陈述性偏好法的三江平原湿地生态保护价值比较

陈述性偏好法是当前用于评估环境物品非市场价值的主要方法,包括条件价值评估法(CVM)和选择实验(CE).本文利用陈述性偏好法对三江平原湿地的生态保护价值进行评估,基于随机效用理论构建陈述性偏好方法的支付意愿评价模型,求出基于CVM与CE的三江平原湿地生态保护价值的支付意愿(WTP).结果表明: 基于CE的平均支付意愿为每年379元,不同选择属性的边际支付意愿分别是水源涵养为每年114.00元,湿地面积为每年72.55元,自然景观为每年59.55元,生物多样性为每年37.09元;CVM的平均支付意愿为每年134元.分析支付意愿的影响因素,并对受访者拒绝支付原因进行探讨.CE方法得到受访者的支付意愿显著高于CVM方法,社会经济属性中受教育程度和个人平均年收入与受访者的支付意愿呈显著正相关,而拒绝支付原因没有显著差异.CE可以进行多属性、多水平分析,求出湿地各选择属性的支付意愿,因此CE比CVM更能揭示受访者的偏好信息,其评估结果更接近于实际.     

基于居民生态认知的非使用价值支付意愿空间分异研究——以三江平原湿地为例

在WTP距离衰减性研究基础上,将菲什拜因理论与条件价值法相结合,假设个人对于物品的认知在空间上并不是均衡分布的,不同空间内的受访者的支付意愿存在差异,以三江平原湿地生态系统为应用对象,将样本分为核心区、辐射区、外围区,采用双边界二分式CVM,探讨受访者对三江平原湿地生态环境保护的支付意愿水平及支付意愿的影响因素,建立基于居民生态认知的支付意愿空间分异模型。计算得到核心区、辐射区、外围区居民平均支付意愿分别为142.23元人-1a-1、105.01元人-1a-1、77.62元/人,总体呈递减趋势,验证了距离、认知和WTP之间相关性。研究结果表明,通过空间视角将居民的认知程度纳入支付意愿的计算,能提高CVM在环境价值评估应用中的有效性及可靠性。研究结论将为政府相关政策的制定和决策提供参考依据。     

基于双边界二分式条件价值法的杭州西湖风景名胜区旅游资源非使用价值评估

通过假想市场的构建, 可以利用条件价值法对旅游环境资源的非使用价值进行评估。而支付意愿的导出技术是条件价值法研究的重要手段。合理选用导出技术, 可减小条件价值法的导出偏差, 提高非使用价值评估的信度和效度。以杭州西湖风景名胜区为个案, 选用双边界二分式条件价值法对其非使用价值进行了评估。结果表明, 2012 年西湖风景区非使用价值为1277.81 亿元, 选择价值、遗产价值和存在价值分别为325.84 亿元、491.96 亿元和460.01 亿元。保护费用的支付意愿与游客的年龄、职业、受教育程度以及家庭年收入等显著相关, 与性别相关关系不显著; 浙江本省, 特别是杭州市的游客, 意愿支付率远远高于其他地区; 保护费用的支付意愿与游客的总体感知、景区拥挤度、游客满意度等显著相关, 与景区替代性相关关系不显著。未来的研究应该进一步围绕导出技术、游览经验、具体国情及旅游消费行为及意向等方面展开, 以求对条件价值法评估非使用价值的信度和效度有所裨益。     

基于CVM的三江平原湿地非使用价值评价

基于条件价值评估法(CVM)这一当前国际上流行的生态系统经济价值评价方法,对三江平原湿地的非使用价值进行了研究。研究中采用实地调研的方式,进行支付意愿问卷调查,共发放支付卡式CVM问卷552份,回收有效问卷513份。分别采用非参数估计和参数估计方法对调查数据进行分析处理,评价了三江平原湿地的非使用价值,得出三江平原湿地2007年人均支付意愿为71.66元/a,并进一步计算出三江平原湿地的非使用价值为24.638亿元/a。该值仅为三江平原湿地部分,如果扩大到三江平原涵盖的所有自然资源,其值还将大幅上扬。三江平原蕴含的自然资源价值是巨大的,保护三江平原的生态环境也将创造巨大的价值,研究结论使得湿地环境保护和开发的价值对比成为可能,为政府相关政策的制定提供理论基础。     

褐马鸡非使用价值评估及影响因素

野生物种资源的价值评估是保护生物学研究的核心内容,也是物种保护、生态补偿以及TEEB行动计划的理论基础和依据。运用条件价值法(CVM)对珍稀濒危鸟类褐马鸡(Crossoptilon mantchuricum)进行非使用价值评估。研究共回收有效样本503份,其中70.97%有支付意愿,通过平均值法和中位值法估算得出我国城镇人口对褐马鸡的人均支付意愿为28.39—36.88元/a,由此得到褐马鸡的非使用价值在21.89×10~9—28.44×10~9元/a之间。通过建立Logit计量经济模型对支付意愿的影响因素进行分析,进而得到受访者对褐马鸡的了解程度、见过褐马鸡次数、受教育程度及收入水平等因素对支付意愿具有正的影响,其中了解程度的影响最大,而年龄对支付意愿具有负的影响。除此以外,评估的范围、支付意愿的单位以及总样本的设定也会直接影响物种价值评估的结果。     

应用条件价值评估法对无锡市五里湖综合治理的评价

在政府环境审计项目中,政府审计机关面临着对环境改善效益进行评估的需要。由于环境资源不具有市场价值,目前条件价值评估方法是唯一能对环境物品进行评估的技术方法。首先对条件价值评估方法及其步骤进行了分析,然后将其应用于实际的审计案例,验证其可行性和有效性。案例研究把江苏省无锡市五里湖作为假想市场,以元锡市当地居民和来此旅游的游客为调查对象,利用问卷调查方式针对五里湖环境改善前后公众的满意度、受访者的旅游支付意愿以及对综合整治工程的资助意愿进行调查分析。对452位受访者调查结果显示,受访者对于五里湖环境改善后的满意度确有显著提高;在环境改善后受访者的旅游支付意愿为89．1元（总支付金额22275万元）,与改善前的支付意愿22．6元（总支付金额5650万元）相比有较大提高;对综合整治工程的资助意愿为平均每人140．2元（总支付金额62063万元）;然后从受访者不同的社会经济属性及对自然生态的认识与态度等各种因素,对受访者的支付意愿进行分析显示,对公众满意度影响最显著的因素是家庭年收入和职业,对五里湖综合整治工程的资助意愿影响最显著的因素是家庭年收入和教育程度,而所在地域、性别、年龄及是否参加环保社团对支付意愿无显著性影响。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.