大豆低聚糖对小鼠体液免疫功能的影响试验研究

通过利用大豆低聚糖对小鼠灌服后溶血素生成量的测定,阐明大豆低聚糖对小鼠体液免疫功能的影响。     

功能性低聚糖及其检测方法研究的现状

低聚糖（oligosaccharides）又称寡糖,是由2～10个单糖以直链或分支结构形成的糖类的总称。低聚糖包括普通低聚糖和功能性低聚糖（functional oligosaccharides）。普通低聚糖有蔗糖、麦芽糖、麦芽三糖等。而功能性低聚糖如低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、大豆低聚糖、低聚异麦芽糖,是一类在人体不被消化,具有特殊生理功能,特别是有益于肠道健康的一类低聚糖,是一种功能性食品的重要基料。     

单方中药马蹄香和5种微生态制剂中的低聚糖含量测定和比较分析

目的 深入认识马蹄香治疗病毒肠炎的有效成分.方法 应用戴安CS-3000离子色谱分析仪测定马蹄香散剂和酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂、双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片、双歧三联活菌胶囊、布拉酵母菌散剂及乳酸菌素片5种微生态制剂中的10种低聚糖含量.结果 低聚糖总含量:双歧三联活菌片＞酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂＞双歧三联活菌胶囊＞布拉酵母菌散剂＞乳酸菌素片＞马蹄香散剂.在单个的低聚糖含量中,半乳糖三糖含量:酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂＞双歧三联活菌片＞马蹄香散剂＞乳酸菌素片＞布拉酵母菌散剂＞双歧三联活菌胶囊;棉籽糖含量:双歧三联活菌片＞双歧三联活菌胶囊＞布拉酵母菌散剂＞乳酸菌素片＞酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂＞马蹄香散剂;水苏糖含量:双歧三联活菌胶囊＞布拉酵母菌散剂＞乳酸菌素片＞酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂＞马蹄香散剂＞双歧三联活菌片;毛蕊花糖含量:马蹄香散剂＞乳酸菌素片＞双歧三联活菌胶囊＞双歧三联活菌片＞酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂＞布拉酵母菌散剂;潘糖含量:马蹄香散剂＞布拉酵母菌散剂＞酪酸梭菌二联活菌散剂＞其他;鼠李糖含量:乳酸菌素片＞布拉酵母菌散剂＞马蹄香散剂＞其他;麦芽四～七糖含量:乳酸菌素片＞马蹄香散剂＞布拉酵母菌散剂＞其他.结论 微生态制剂中低聚糖主要是半乳糖三糖、棉籽糖和水苏糖的含量高.与其他微生态制剂比较,马蹄香散剂中毛蕊花糖和潘糖的含量最高,半乳糖三糖、鼠李糖和麦芽四至七糖的含量也较高,这些低聚糖的含量高可能与改善肠道菌群和治疗病毒性肠炎的有效性有关.     

低N胁迫下巴西橡胶实生苗叶片SPAD值、N素营养及农艺性状的变化

对3个品种(GT1、RRIM600、PR107)巴西橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)实生苗进行不同N素(0%N,50%N,100%N)处理,分析比较叶片SPAD值、N素营养和农艺性状的变化及其关系。结果表明:(1)缺N胁迫明显降低了叶片SPAD值、叶片N含量和硝酸还原酶活性,缩小了叶蓬距、叶面积,且影响幅度随胁迫强度的加大而增大;(2)不同品种橡胶树实生苗对缺N胁迫的响应程度不同,总体上GT1较为敏感,PR107次之,RRIM600较不敏感;(3)橡胶树实生苗叶片SPAD值、叶蓬距、叶面积与叶片N含量、硝酸还原酶活性之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,有可能采用测定叶片SPAD值、叶蓬距和叶面积等简易方法判断橡胶树新生叶蓬的N素营养状况。     

橡胶树体细胞胚花青素HPLC分析

花青素已成为植物遗传转化的新型可视化报告基因。为了探索花青素作为报告基因在橡胶树体细胞胚遗传转化中的应用,本研究通过橡胶树体细胞胚花青素HLPC分析,检测橡胶树体细胞胚中是否自身累积花青素及其种类。结果显示,利用3 mol/L的盐酸水溶液沸水浴,从离体培养的橡胶树体细胞胚中分离到花青素,同时,HPLC测定发现橡胶树体细胞胚中花青素主要有两个吸收峰,分别出现在10.571 min和11.763 min,与标准品比对发现保留时间为11.742 min为矢车菊素,其含量为4.613 7μg/g,另一个需要进一步分析。橡胶树体细胞胚在离体培养条件下能够检测到花青素的积累,说明在体细胞胚中存在完整的花青素代谢途径,通过花青素基因调控,有望实现花青素作为橡胶树遗传转化的报告基因。     

巴西橡胶树赤霉素信号转导途径HbRGA1结构和功能分析

DELLA蛋白是赤霉素激素信号负调控因子,具有抑制植物生长发育的作用。解析其家族成员结构与功能将有助于揭示橡胶树DELLA蛋白家族成员调控橡胶树生长发育的机制。本研究从橡胶树热研73397叶片中克隆HbRGA1的cDNA全长序列。该基因长为2136 bp,含1839 bp的ORF,编码613个氨基酸。HbRGA1蛋白序列包含DELLA和GRAS保守结构域,与杨树、木薯和橡胶树DELLA基因相似性高达82.5%。qRT-PCR分析发现HbRGA1在橡胶树叶片中表达量高,在树皮和胶乳中表达量极低。叶片中HbRGA1表达量受喷施赤霉素和脱落酸等诱导显著上调。本研究表明HbRGA1与橡胶树赤霉素等激素信号密切相关,为深入研究其在橡胶树生长发育中的结构和功能打下良好基础。     

我国植胶区土壤和橡胶树叶片含锰量的研究

我国橡胶树叶片含锰量范围为31—2167ppm,平均390ppm,高于橡胶树正常植株叶片含锰量(150—300ppm)。因此,我国橡胶树目前锰素的营养状况是良好的。由于我国植胶区地区广,成土母质和土壤类型复杂,施肥管理水平不同,以及橡胶树在生长和产胶过程中锰素营养的不断消耗,土壤含锰量变幅很大。含锰最高值与最低值相差达140多倍,代换态锰、易还原态锰最高值与最低值相差高达200倍和1240倍。土壤中易还原态锰的贮备也显不足。因此,我国部分植胶区的橡胶树出现缺锰黄叶现象。本文提出了纠正缺锰黄叶症的施肥方法、施肥用量和施肥时期。     

巴西橡胶树响应低温逆境的生理特征及其调控机制

低温是非传统植胶区巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）种植的重要限制因子。低温能够引起巴西橡胶树细胞结构、原生质胶体特性、水分状况、细胞渗透压、光合作用、呼吸作用、物质代谢和保护酶系统等发生一系列改变,最终影响植株的生长发育。目前已从巴西橡胶树中克隆出一些抗寒相关基因,但是巴西橡胶树响应低温胁迫的调控机制仍不十分清楚。本文综述了巴西橡胶树对低温逆境响应的生理特征及其应答调控机制,以期为深入研究巴西橡胶树抗寒机制提供参考。     

低NPK胁迫对橡胶树实生苗新生叶蓬NPK含量的影响

以橡胶树3个品种（GT1、RRIM600、PR107）实生苗为材料,研究正常施肥到低NPK胁迫和恢复正常施肥过程中叶片NPK含量的变化。结果表明：橡胶树实生苗新生叶蓬叶片NPK含量与NPK亏缺与否和胁迫处理的时间密切相关,且胁迫后的缺素状况可通过适时恢复正常施肥得以缓解或改善;叶片N、P、K含量出现降增的时间及幅度有所不同,其中N素的响应较快,P素次之,K素最为缓慢;在低NPK胁迫情况下,N、P、K素间存在不同的互作现象;不同品种叶片养分含量的变化趋势基本一致,但耐受低NPK的胁迫能力及恢复能力有所不同,RRIM600较为敏感,PR107次之,GT1较不敏感。     

橡胶树粉孢之天敌——素鞘瓢虫的初步观察

<正> 橡胶白粉病是我国橡胶树的一种重要叶部病害,严重发生时引起落叶,降低胶乳产量。此病由橡胶树粉孢Oidium heveae Steinm.引起。我们发现一种瓢虫——素鞘瓢虫Illeiscincta(Fabricius)食此真菌。为了探讨此种瓢虫在橡胶白粉病生物防治中的作用,我们对其进行了初步观察,现报道如下。     

A Study on Manganese Content in Soils and Leaves of Rubber Trees in Rubber Plantation Areas of China

The present paper deals with the status of manganese (Mn) in rubber trees on 110 rubber plantation at 46 counties in the rubber tree growing regions of China. The content of Mn in rubber tree leaves ranges from 31 to 2167 ppm, averaging 390 ppm which is higher than that in the leaves of normal rubber trees (150–300 ppm). Thus it can be concluded that the present status of Mn in China's rubber trees is higher. Nevertheless, the content of Mn of soil of rubber plantations in China varies significantly according to different soil types, fertilization and management. The difference between the highest and the lowest contents of total Mn could be as high as 140 times and an even greater difference of 200–1240-fold between the highest and the lowest contents of replaceable and reducible Mn has been observed. The storage of reducible Mn is generally insufficient in the soil. Therefore, the symptom of leaf yellowing due to deficiency of Mn has developed in rubber trees in certain parts of rubber tree growing regions in China. The essential oure for leaf yellowing of rubber trees is to raise Mn content in the tree by proper application of fertilizer. The procedures, dosage and timing of the fertilizer for leaf yellowing treatments are suggested.     

Paloverde: an OpenGL 3D phylogeny browser

Paloverde is a new program designed to help visualize the phylogenetic structure of moderately large trees--trees on the scale of 100-2500 leaf nodes. The program embeds the user in an interactive virtual 3D world in which a large tree presented in various layouts can be manipulated through a mouse interface. The program implements radial 2D layouts, and true 3D spiral, conical and hemispherical (i.e. truly 'tree'-like) layouts. Subclades can be defined in the input file (using standard node-based definitions) and displayed collapsed as new leaf nodes, or left intact but annotated with names around the periphery of the tree. A search tool lets the user zoom to any selected leaf node. Paloverde is an open source project written in ANSI C using the OpenGL library for 3D visualization. Availability: Source code, makefiles for Mac OS X and Linux and a compiled binary for Mac OS X are available at http://ginger.ucdavis.edu/paloverde/paloverde.html, along with a sample dataset.     

R2R3型MYB转录因子HbMYB88结构和功能分析

R2R3-MYB转录因子参与植物生长发育、激素信号传导和逆境响应等生物过程。为了揭示橡胶树MYB家族成员结构与功能,从橡胶树热研73397（RY73397）叶片中克隆HbMYB88的cDNA全长。该基因长为1 848 bp,含1 440 bp的ORF,编码479个氨基酸。HbMYB88蛋白序列包含2个SANT保守结构域,存在HTH三级结构,与拟南芥AtMYB88、AtMYB124具有高度相似性。AtMYB88、AtMYB124与干旱等逆境相关且未划分亚族。qRT-PCR分析发现HbMYB88在橡胶树茎和花中表达量高,在根、叶片、树皮和胶乳中表达量极低。热研73397组培苗叶片喷施过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和脱落酸（ABA）等处理后,HbMYB88表达量受诱导显著上调表达。表明HbMYB88与橡胶树抗旱等逆境反应有关,为深入研究其结构和功能打下基础。     

橡胶树热激蛋白HbHSP90.8-1基因的克隆与功能分析

白粉病是橡胶树生长发育过程中主要叶部病害之一。热激蛋白90（HSP90）分子伴侣在植物逆境胁迫抗性中起着重要作用。为研究HSP90家族成员结构及其在橡胶树抗白粉病中的功能,利用PCR技术从橡胶树品种热研73397叶片中克隆HbHSP90.8-1并采用生物信息学等技术对其结构和功能进行分析。结果表明,HbHSP90.8-1 cDNA序列全长2 844 bp,开放阅读框（ORF）2 454 bp,编码817个氨基酸。HbHSP90.8-1编码一个有信号肽、无跨膜结构且定位预测在内质网上的稳定亲水蛋白,存在HSP90 superfamily和HATPase superfamily结构域。系统进化分析结果表明橡胶树HbHSP90.8-1与木薯MeHSP90的亲缘关系最近,与麻风树JcHSP90聚为一类。通过qRT-PCR分析结果表明HbHSP90.8-1在橡胶树不同组织中均有表达,其在胶乳中的表达量最高;HbHSP90.8-1基因在白粉菌侵染、H₂O₂、ABA和ETH处理叶片中,表达量均呈现显著上调趋势;在MeJA和SA激素处理下,HbHSP90.8-1表达量呈现下调的趋势。说明HbHSP90.8-1参与橡胶树对白粉菌响应过程以及植物抗病相关激素信号转导途径。     

Identification of natural rubber and characterization of rubber biosynthetic activity in fig tree

Natural rubber was extracted from the fig tree (Ficus carica) cultivated in Korea as part of a survey of rubber producing plants. Fourier transform infrared and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of samples prepared by successive extraction with acetone and benzene confirmed that the benzene-soluble residues are natural rubber, cis-1,4-polyisoprene. The rubber content in the latex of fig tree was about 4%, whereas the rubber content in the bark, leaf, and fruit was 0.3%, 0.1%, and 0.1%, respectively. Gel-permeation chromatography revealed that the molecular size of the natural rubber from fig tree is about 190 kD. Similar to rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray), rubber biosynthesis in fig tree is tightly associated with rubber particles. The rubber transferase in rubber particles exhibited a higher affinity for farnesyl pyrophosphate than for isopentenyl pyrophosphate, with apparent K(m) values of 2.8 and 228 microM, respectively. Examination of latex serum from fig tree by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed major proteins of 25 and 48 kD in size, and several proteins with molecular mass below 20 and above 100 kD. Partial N-terminal amino acid sequencing and immunochemical analyses revealed that the 25- and 48-kD proteins were novel and not related to any other suggested rubber transferases. The effect of EDTA and Mg(2+) ion on in vitro rubber biosynthesis in fig tree and rubber tree suggested that divalent metal ion present in the latex serum is an important factor in determining the different rubber biosynthetic activities in fig tree and rubber tree.     

巴西橡胶树HbMYB62转录因子基因的克隆和表达分析

R2R3-MYB类转录因子参与包括逆境胁迫反应等多种生物反应。为鉴定橡胶树中MYB转录因子的结构与功能,从橡胶树叶片中克隆HbMYB62全长的cDNA序列。该基因片段大小为1 013 bp,包含945 bp的ORF,编码314个氨基酸残基。其推导的氨基酸序列具有植物HTH_MYB的特异性结构域,并与拟南芥AtMYB62具有高度相似性。qRT-PCR发现HbMYB62主要在橡胶树花中表达,而在树皮、叶和乳胶中表达量较少。其叶片表达量在过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、脱落酸（ABA）、水杨酸（SA）等处理下显著上调。表明HbMYB62与橡胶树的抗逆反应和激素信号传导过程有关,为进一步研究其结构和功能打下基础。     

The leaf, inner bark and latex cyanide potential of Hevea brasiliensis: Evidence for involvement of cyanogenic glucosides in rubber yield

The latex of Hevea brasiliensis, expelled upon bark tapping, is the cytoplasm of anastomosed latex cells in the inner bark of the rubber tree. Latex regeneration between two tappings is one of the major limiting factors of rubber yield. Hevea species contain high amounts of cyanogenic glucosides from which cyanide is released when the plant is damaged providing an efficient defense mechanism against herbivores. In H. brasiliensis, the cyanogenic glucosides mainly consist of the monoglucoside linamarin (synthesized in the leaves), and its diglucoside transport-form, linustatin. Variations in leaf cyanide potential (CNp) were studied using various parameters. Results showed that the younger the leaf, the higher the CNp. Leaf CNp greatly decreased when leaves were directly exposed to sunlight. These results allowed us to determine the best leaf sampling conditions for the comparison of leaf CNp. Under these conditions, leaf CNp was found to vary from less than 25 mM to more than 60 mM. The rubber clones containing the highest leaf CNp were those with the highest yield potential. In mature virgin trees, the CNp of the trunk inner bark was shown to be proportional to leaf CNp and to decrease on tapping. However, the latex itself exhibited very low (if any) CNp, while harboring all the enzymes (β-d-diglucosidase, linamarase and β-cyanoalanine synthase) necessary to metabolize cyanogenic glucosides to generate non-cyanogenic compounds, such as asparagine. This suggests that in the rubber tree bark, cyanogenic glucosides may be a source of buffering nitrogen and glucose, thereby contributing to latex regeneration/production.     

Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Microcyclus ulei,causal agent of South American leaf blight of rubber trees

South American leaf blight caused by the ascomycete Microcyclus ulei is the most harmful disease of the rubber tree in Latin America and a potential threat to Asiatic and African natural rubber production. Until now, the variability of this fungus was assessed through observation of pathogenicity of isolates on a range of rubber tree clones with known resistance reactions. The present study describes the process used to design 11 microsatellite markers and evaluates their usefulness in detecting genetic polymorphism. Nine of these markers were polymorphic among six isolates from Brazil (with two to three alleles per locus) and five markers were polymorphic among four isolates from French Guiana (with two to four alleles per locus).     

Structural analysis of cassiicolin, a host-selective protein toxin from Corynespora cassiicola

Cassiicolin is a host-selective toxin (HST) produced by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola (strain CCP). It is responsible for the Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) disease, which is among the main pathologies affecting rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Working on purified cassiicolin and using electron microscopy, we have demonstrated that this 27-residue O-glycosylated protein is able to induce cellular damages identical to those induced by the fungus on rubber tree leaves and displays the same host selectivity. The solution structure and disulfide pairing of cassiicolin have been determined using NMR spectroscopy and simulated annealing calculations. Cassiicolin appears to have an original structure with a prolate ellipsoid shape. It adopts an over-all fold consisting of three strands arranged in a right-handed twisted, antiparallel beta-sheet knitted by three disulfide bonds. Its conformation resembles that found in small trypsine-like inhibitors isolated from the brain, the fat body and the hemolymph of locust grasshoppers. But cassiicolin has no sequence homology with these protease inhibitors, and lacks their characteristic substrate-binding loop. Probably, this motif represents one of the few highly stabilized "minimal" scaffolds, with a high sequence permissiveness, that nature has selected to evolve over different phyla and to support different functions. The knowledge of the 3D structure opens the way to the delineation of the mechanism of action of the toxin using site-directed mutagenesis.