准噶尔盆地荒漠区短命植物光合蒸腾特性及影响因素研究

运用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统,研究了准噶尔盆地荒漠区2种典型短命植物———狭果鹤虱(Lappulasemiglabra)和四齿芥(Tetracme quadricornis)的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率特征。结果表明:狭果鹤虱和四齿芥的光合能力分别为44.92、34.57μmol.m-2.s-1;狭果鹤虱和四齿芥的净光合速率日均值分别为29.72、23.0μmol.m-2.s-1,蒸腾速率日均值分别17.23、12.84 mmol.m-2.s-1,狭果鹤虱均高于四齿芥,属于高光合、高蒸腾类型;二者的净光合速率和水分利用效率日变化均呈双峰曲线,而蒸腾速率日变化呈单峰曲线;二者的光合“午休”现象主要是由气孔因素引起的;通过对2种植物光合和蒸腾速率与环境因子的相关分析显示,辐射强度是影响2种植物光合速率最主要的环境因子。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区天然次生灌木山桃（Prunus davidiana）与山杏（Prunus sibirica L.）叶片气体交换参数日动态差异

以半干旱黄土丘陵区5年生天然次生灌木山桃(Prunus davidiana)及山杏(Prunus sibirica L.)作为研究材料,系统比较了两树种叶片气体交换参数的日变化特征,分析了其光合作用和蒸腾作用与环境因子的关系.结果表明:山桃叶片气体交换参数日变化特征与山桃有所差异,山桃除蒸腾速率(Tr)外其它生理参数呈单峰曲线,山杏的日变化类型均呈双峰曲线.两树种光合速率(Pn)在下午明显下降,其原因主要是受到非气孔限制.山桃Pn的日均值((7.64±3.69) μmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((5 29±2.97) μmol · m-2 · s-1)高出46%,Tr的日均值((2.21±1.02) mmol · m-2 · s-1)比山杏((1.58±0.57) mmol · m-2 · s-1)高出40%左右,水分利用效率(WUE)的日均值相差不大,分别为(2.89±1.52) μmol · mmol-1,(2.54±1.37) μmol · mmol-1.多元回归及相关分析表明,影响光合作用与蒸腾作用的最重要因子是光合有效辐射强度,其次是大气CO2浓度;光合作用与蒸腾作用参数之间也有明显的相关性.结论:山桃与山杏表现出具有较高光合速率,较低蒸腾速率和较高水分利用效率的生理特征,因而在半干旱黄土丘陵区都有较好引种栽培与开发利用潜力.     

秦岭佛坪国家级自然保护区亚高山草甸30种草本植物的光合生理特征

秦岭是我国陆地生物多样性保护关键区域之一,其亚高山草甸植被对环境变化具有良好的指示作用。为了探索草甸植物对高山环境的适应策略,对陕西佛坪秦岭亚高山草甸30种草本植物的光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率和胞间CO2浓度特征进行分析。结果表明:30种草木植物的光合生理特征表现各异。净光合速率最大者为细茎橐吾(18.75μmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为轮叶马先蒿(0.73μmol.m-2.s-1);气孔导度最大者为卵叶银莲花(2.99 mol.m-2.s-1),最小者为湖北大戟(0.04 mol.m-2.s-1);蒸腾速率最大者为东方草莓(6.14 mmol.m-2.s-1),最小者为紫苞鸢尾(0.44 mmol.m-2.s-1)。Pearson相关分析表明净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率之间表现出极显著的正相关(p<0.01)。对各物种的光合特征进行聚类分析,结果将30个物种划分为4个组群,各物种间光合特征的差异反映了不同物种在生态系统中的相对重要性。     

楸树无性系光合特性研究

以10个楸树无性系为试验材料,利用Li-6400光合测定仪对其光合特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:楸树净光合速率(Pn)日变化为典型的双峰曲线,气孔限制是光合"午休"的主要调节因素。楸树所有无性系光合作用对光照强度(PAR)单一生态因子水平的响应均可以用二次方程描述。楸树的光补偿点(LCP,11.37~57.4μmol.m-2.s-1)和CO2补偿点(CCP,57.73~77.06μmol.mol-1)在10个无性系间存在显著差异。10个楸树无性系的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用效率在无性系间存在极显著差异。在光饱和点(LSP)条件下,10个无性系净光合速率处于18.8~24.4μmol.m-2.s-1之间。环境因子与光合指标存在显著的相关关系,PAR和空气湿度(RH)对楸树无性系瞬时Pn影响最大。     

水分胁迫对2种科尔沁沙地植物光合和水分利用特性的影响

选用内蒙古科尔沁沙地1年生植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis)和沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)为材料,采用盆栽方法研究了它们在不同土壤水分处理下的光合参数和水分利用效率的日变化特征及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明,狗尾草和沙米的净光合速率日变化曲线在充分供水条件下均呈单峰型,在轻度干旱胁迫下均呈双峰型,而在重度干旱胁迫下分别呈双峰型和左偏单峰型。狗尾草和沙米的蒸腾速率在不同水分处理下都近似呈双峰型曲线,然而变化程度却不相同。重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草日平均净光合速率(11.52μmol.m-2.s-1)和蒸腾速率(3.62 mmol.m-2.s-1)分别比相应充分供水处理增加7%和43%,而沙米的日平均净光合速率(7.07μmol.m-2.s-1)和蒸腾速率(5.56 mmol.m-2.s-1)则分别较相应充分供水处理降低13%和36%。重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草水分利用效率(2.84 mmol.mol-1)比相应充分供水处理降低3.1%,而沙米水分利用效率(1.14mmol.mol-1)则较充分供水处理提高了34%。光合速率下降在充分供水条件下主要是由气孔调节,但在轻度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫处理下非气孔因素调节却起到十分重要的作用。在重度干旱胁迫下,狗尾草仍具有显著高于沙米的的净光合速率和水分利用效率,这可能是其仍然能够在固定沙地分布的原因之一。     

半干旱区典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特性

为了研究西北半干旱生态系统中典型沙生植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)的光合特征,于2012年5—10月,使用Li-6400(Li-Cor Inc.,USA)便携式光合测定系统,测定了油蒿气体交换特征的日变化、季节变化以及净光合速率(Pn)对光合有效辐射和胞间CO2浓度的响应。结果表明:Pn、蒸腾速率(E)和水分利用效率(WUE)的日变化在12:00前后均表现出非对称性,上午测量值普遍高于下午;Pn日均值6月最高(8.97±1.73μmol CO2·m-2·s-1),10月最低(2.58±1.32μmol CO2·m-2·s-1);油蒿表观量子效率(α)在0.022~0.048 mol·mol-1变化,羧化效率(φ)在0.125~0.268 mol·m-2·s-1变化;在9月13日饱和光强下的Pn(Pnmax)达到生长季最大值,为24.89μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;在7月31日饱和胞间CO2浓度下的Pn(Anmax),达到生长季最大值,为77.23μmol CO2·m-2·s-1;Pnmax主要受到相对湿度影响,Anmax主要受饱和水汽压亏缺和30 cm深度土壤体积含水率影响;水分相关环境因子是油蒿光合作用的主要限制因子,其光合特征反映出对半干旱气候的适应性。本研究结果可为生态系统过程建模和区域尺度研究提供重要的生理生态参数。     

灌溉植被梭梭、白刺光合蒸腾特性及影响因素研究

通过灌溉植被梭梭、白刺光合生理特性测定结果显示:梭梭、白刺光合、蒸腾日变化均呈单峰曲线,上午主要进行光合作用,10:00达到峰值,下午蒸腾作用较强,14:00～16∶00达到高峰期;灌溉植被光合速率随灌水量的增加而增大,灌溉梭梭平均光合速率相对免灌对照增加量为1.8～4.2μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,灌溉白刺相对增加量为1.5～2.3μmolCO2·m-2·s-1,梭梭光合增加量较高;灌溉梭梭蒸腾速率高于对照,增量为2.4～6.8mmolH2O·m-2·s-1,灌溉白刺蒸腾速率低于对照,减量为6.2～12.0mmolH2O·m-2·s-1;相关分析表明:光量子密度、胞间CO2浓度是影响梭梭、白刺光合作用的主要因子,大气温度、水汽压是影响其蒸腾作用的因子,叶片温度对灌溉植被梭梭、白刺的光合和蒸腾速率变化反应特别敏感,是影响其生理进程的重要因素之一.     

干旱条件下冷季型草光合蒸腾特性的研究

对9种冷季型草在春夏季干旱条件下的光合、蒸腾等生理特性进行测定.结果表明:春季冷季型草净光合速率在6:00较低,8:00~12:00后出现最大值后逐渐下降,呈曲线变化.不同种类的日平均净光合速率,以虉草和看麦娘最高,达11μmol?m-2?s-1,匍匐剪股颖不到5μmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种居中,为6~10μmol?m-2?s-1.夏季测定时,大部分冷季型草在6:00净光合速率为全天最大值,8:00后光合速率下降,至16:00光合速率最低,几乎呈直线下降的变化.不同种类的日平均净光合速率,紫羊茅最高,为16.5μmol?m-2?s-1,鸭茅和虉草仅6~7μmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种居中.春季蒸腾速率早晨6:00~8:00最低,随后逐步升高至最高峰后又逐渐回落.不同种类的日平均蒸腾速率,看麦娘、高羊茅、虉草、草地早熟禾较高,为2 mmol?m-2?s-1左右,最低为匍匐剪股颖0.8 mmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种为1.3~1.8 mmol?m-2?s-1.夏季大部分植物在6:00蒸腾速率较高,至8:00开始回落,10:00后上升,到最高点后回降,呈多峰变化的曲线.不同种类的日平均蒸腾速率,紫羊茅最高为3.5 mmol?m-2?s-1,最低为无芒雀麦、鸭茅、虉草,为1.4~1.7 mmol?m-2?s-1,其它草种为2.1~2.8 mmol?m-2?s-1.     

灌溉条件下3种沙生灌木光合特性及其与生态因子的关系

以沙地种植的沙地灌木桑(灌木桑)、红花罗布麻(红麻)和沙木蓼幼苗为试验材料,活体测定了其叶片的光合生理生态参数日进程、光合-光强响应及光合-CO2浓度响应特征,分析了净光合速率(Pn)与主要生态因子的关系。结果表明:(1)灌木桑、红麻和沙木蓼的净光合速率日动态曲线分别呈"双峰型"、"单峰型"和"持续下降型"。(2)沙木蓼的水分利用效率(WUE)和光能利用效率(QUE)明显高于红麻及灌木桑;灌木桑对光照强度具有强的生态适应幅,而红麻利用光强的范围较窄,光合潜能不高,沙木蓼的最大净光合速率(Pmax)最高,其植株的光合能力也最强;红麻具有最高的CO2补偿点和饱和点,同时具有较小的Pmax值。(3)气温(Ta)对灌木桑和红麻Pn的直接、间接影响均较大,而水汽压亏缺(VPD)偶联Ta对沙木蓼、红麻的Pn有较大的间接影响。研究认为,依据各灌木的光合生理适应性特征,沙木蓼可在干旱沙区光照较强的阳坡等区域种植,灌木桑可选择在绿洲与荒漠的过渡带造林,红麻则可在光强较弱的阴坡或坡间低地造林。     

巨尾桉在岩溶石山生境中的适应性研究（Ⅰ）：春季光合生理生态学特性

以岩溶石山生境的3年生巨尾桉人工林为研究对象,采用LI-6400型便携式光合仪测定巨尾桉在春季的叶片净光合速率(Pn)及其他生理生态因子日变化,同时测定巨尾桉光合-光响应曲线,并通过相关分析和通径分析探讨净光合速率与其他生理生态因子的关系。结果表明:巨尾桉光合-光响应曲线符合Walker的非直线双曲线模型。巨尾桉的光饱和点为1 340μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点为14.68μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.06mol.mol-1,具有阳生植物的特点。净光合速率日变化呈现"单峰型"的特点。蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和大气CO2浓度(Ca)是影响巨尾桉叶片净光合速率日变化的重要因子。巨尾桉有较高的水分利用效率,说明巨尾桉具有适应岩溶石山干旱的特征或避旱策略。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.