太湖流域源头溪流氧化亚氮(N_2O)释放特征

采用密闭箱法研究太湖流域源头溪流N2O释放特征及其影响因素。结果显示:南苕溪N2O释放通量范围在-18.11—397.42μg.m-.2h-1,平均值为(30.37±10.87)μg.m-.2h-1。溪流N2O释放呈现明显的季节模式。冬季释放通量最低,仅为(9.69±7.10)μg.m-.2h-1,夏季释放通量较高,为(17.17±17.35)μg.m-.2h-1;而释放高峰发生于汛期,其N2O释放通量可达(125.97±90.77)μg.m-.2h-1。持续降雨带来的山洪爆发及大量径流输入是造成汛期N2O大量释放的主要原因。从上游源头区至下游农田与城区,N2O释放通量逐渐升高;流域污染梯度对N2O释放通量影响显著。统计分析表明:水体硝态氮负荷是控制流域N2O释放通量变化的主导因素,其他因素如磷含量、溶解氧、地势因素对通量也具有倾向性的显著影响。估算苕溪干流临安段N2O年释放通量可达到0.38 t/a。结果显示:河流人为污染负荷增加时可显著促进河流N2O的释放。     

新疆天山高寒草原不同放牧管理下的CO_2,CH_4和N_2O通量特征

以中国科学院新疆巴音布鲁克草原生态站为依托,于2010年5月—2011年10月利用静态箱-气相色谱法对短期禁牧(2005年围封)、长期禁牧(1984年围封)和自由放牧(冬季放牧)3种草地的CO2、CH4、N2O气体通量进行了野外连续试验研究。结果表明:新疆天山高寒草原对CO2,CH4和N2O通量表现出明显的季节排放特点。在植物的生长季(5—10月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧和自由放牧草原的CO2通量平均值分别为:(89.8±49.3)、(52.8±28.7)、(57.0±30.7)mg·m-2·h-1,CH4通量平均值分别为:(-66.3±21.3)、(-104.5±32.8)、(-103.0±39.0)μg·m-2·h-1,N2O通量平均值分别为:(21.2±11.8)、(13.6±6.9)、(13.2±6.2)μg·m-2·h-1;短期禁牧草原与长期禁牧和自由放牧草原CH4平均通量具有显著性差异(P0.05),但CO2和N2O差异不显著(P0.05)。在植物的非生长季(11月—翌年4月),新疆天山高寒短期禁牧、长期禁牧以及自由放牧草原的3种温室气体的通量较低且差异均不显著。     

干旱年份三江平原沼泽甲烷(CH4)排放及影响因子

为了研究淡水沼泽CH4排放的影响因子及其机制,在中国东北部的三江平原样地观测了CH4排放通量以及部分影响因子.结果表明,在2003年4～10月生长季内,毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量平均值为3.30 mg·m-2·h-1(最小值为0.65 mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为13.47 mg·m-2·h-1),低于小叶章沼泽化草甸CH4通量平均值4.91 mg·m-2·h-1(最小值为-0.12 mg·m-2·h-1,最大值为16.25 mg·m-2·h-1).在不同阶段,两种类型沼泽CH4通量有明显的变化,控制因子也不一样.4月份低温限制了CH4通量,两种类型沼泽差异很小.5～7月下旬,小叶章沼泽化草甸CH4通量显著高于毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量(P＜0.01),这种差异是由融冻作用造成的.8月份,植株密度和剖面中活性有机碳的浓度成为主要的影响因子,毛果苔草沼泽CH4通量比小叶章沼泽化草甸高.     

春、秋季节树干温度和液流速度对东北3树种树干表面CO2释放通量的影响

为探明温度与液流速度对树干表面CO2释放通量的影响,采用红外气体分析法(IRGA)原位连续测定白桦、兴安落叶松和水曲柳树干表面CO2释放通量,同时测定树干液流速度及树干温度。3树种树干CO2释放通量和液流速度在昼夜变化和季节变化上有一定规律,春、秋季节树干表面CO2释放通量昼夜动态均呈明显的单峰型曲线,但是峰值出现的时间有所区别: 6月份树干表面CO2释放通量峰值出现在夜间,温度峰值则在白天;9月份树干表面CO2 释放通量和液流速度及树干温度在昼夜间的变化规律总体上呈相同趋势,均为白天升高,晚上降低,呈单峰曲线,峰值基本在中午出现。3树种树干表面CO2释放通量有明显的季节性规律,即6月份的CO2释放通量明显高于9月份。9月份和6月份白桦、兴安落叶松和水曲柳的日平均树干表面CO2释放通量分别为0.82,3.32μmol m-2 s-1;0.74,3.78μmol m-2 s-1和1.98,4.98μmol m-2 s-1;6月份和9月份日平均液流速度分别为2.48,10.02g?cm-2?h-1;4.78,10.71g?cm-2?h-1和2.69-7.93g?cm-2?h-1。树干表面CO2释放通量与树干温度和液流速度相关关系显著,6月份和9月份树干表面CO2释放通量与树干温度均呈正相关;树干表面CO2释放通量与液流速度间的相关关系6月与9月不同,6月份液流速度与树干表面CO2释放通量呈负相关,而9月份呈正相关。实验发现,除落叶松外,同1株树24小时周期内水曲柳和白桦液流上升期和下降期液流速度对树干表面CO2 释放通量的影响不一致,可能是由于上下午之间温度不同,导致树干内部CO2溶解度不同,使上下午树干内部CO2与表面通量的平衡发生改变,这种改变存在种间差异,表明温度和液流的共同作用影响树干CO2释放通量。水曲柳月份间树干表面CO2释放通量的差异受液流速度影响较大,白桦和兴安落叶松树干表面CO2释放通量的月份间变化则是液流速度和温度的共同作用的结果。我们的结论是,温度是影响树干呼吸速率的关键因子,但树干呼吸产生的CO2向大气的释放也同时受树干液流速度的影响。温度与液流对春秋季节3树种树干表面CO2释放通量的影响有所不同。     

鄱阳湖秋季水-气界面CH4排放通量的区域差异及影响因素

有限的观测点以及空间的异质性已经成为准确估算湖泊水-气界面CH4通量的挑战。鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,为了解秋季湖区水-气界面的CH4排放通量,2010年10月利用密闭静态箱-气象色谱法对星子、都昌、南矶山和吴城4个湖区水-气界面CH4排放通量及气象、底泥、水体等因素进行了测定。研究表明,都昌湖区CH4排放通量平均值为0.26mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于星子(0.15mg·m-2·h-1)、吴城(0.13mg·m-2·h-1)和南矶山(0.10mg·m-2·h-1)湖区。鄱阳湖水-气界面秋季CH4排放通量平均为0.17mg·m-2·h-1,变异系数为58.6%。相关分析表明,风速显著影响CH4排放通量(P<0.01)。在排除风速>5m·s-1的数据后,底泥有机碳以及水体铵态氮含量与CH4排放通量显著相关,而水体DOC含量与CH4排放通量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。对鄱阳湖CH4排放量的精确估算,依赖于较广区域和较长时间的观测。     

苏北淤泥质海岸典型防护林地土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性

土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性研究是准确估计陆地生态系统碳平衡对未来气候变化响应的基础.我国漫长的淤泥质海岸有着大面积的防护林,其碳汇服务功能是一个非常值得研究的科学问题,因此,对淤泥质海岸防护林生态系统土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的研究具有重要的意义.研究采用碱液吸收法对苏北淤泥质海岸杨树Populus tomentosa Carr.及水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng两种典型海防林土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性进行了研究.结果表明:杨树和水杉林地4～11月份土壤呼吸速率变化范围分别为337～732mgCO2m-2h-1和257～821mgCO2m-2h-1,呼吸通量分别为128.57gCO2m-2和121.38gCO2m-2.杨树和水杉林地土壤呼吸速率季节变化均近似单峰曲线,最大值均出现在7月份,最小值分别出现在4月份和11月份.模型R=a×exp(b×T)能够很好地拟合林内气温及土壤温度变化对土壤呼吸的影响,温度是影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,能够解释土壤呼吸季节变化的50.5%～80.9%.土壤含水量与土壤呼吸关系不显著,不是其主要影响因子.利用林内气温及土壤2、5cm和10cm处温度得到杨树林地的Q10值分别为1.45、1.97、2.08、2.01,水杉林地的Q10值分别为1.92、3.29、2.89、3.00.研究结果表明,水杉林地土壤呼吸对全球变暖的响应比杨树林地更敏感.     

亚热带沟叶结缕草草坪土壤呼吸

随城市化进程加速,城市草坪生态系统释放CO2将对区域碳循环产生重要影响。采用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统对亚热带沟叶结缕草草坪（Zoysia matrella）土壤呼吸进行为期1a的定位研究,结果表明：草坪土壤呼吸季节动态呈现为单峰曲线,全年土壤呼吸速率的变化范围在38.99—368.50 mg C?m-2?h-1之间,年通量为1684 g C?m-2?a-1。土壤温度、总生物量、以及二者的交互作用对土壤呼吸季节变化的解释程度接近,分别为89%、88%和90%,但仅二者的交互作用进入土壤呼吸的逐步回归方程,表明草坪土壤呼吸的季节变化主要受土壤温度与总生物量共同驱动。春末修剪草坪对土壤呼吸速率没有显著影响。在秋末无雨时期,浇水后1—2d土壤湿度对土壤呼吸的促进作用可掩盖同期降温的影响,使土壤呼吸速率显著升高。     

西南喀斯特地区轮作旱地土壤CO2通量

中国已承诺大幅降低单位GDP碳排放,农业正面临固碳减排的重任.西南喀斯特地区环境独特,旱地面积占据优势比例,土壤碳循环认识亟待加强.以贵州省开阳县玉米-油菜轮作旱地为研究对象,采用密闭箱-气相色谱法对整个轮作期土壤CO2释放通量进行了观测研究,结果表明:(1)整个轮作期旱地均表现为CO2的释放源.其中油菜生长季土壤CO2通量为(178.8±104.8)mg CO2·m-2·h-1,玉米生长季为(403.0±178.8) mg CO2·m-2·h-1,全年平均通量为(271.1±176.4) mg CO2·m-2·h-1,高于纬度较高地区的农田以及同纬度的次生林和松林;(2)CO2通量日变化同温度呈现显著正相关关系,季节变化与温度呈现显著指数正相关关系,并受土壤湿度的影响,基于大气温度计算得出的Q10为2.02,高于同纬度松林以及低纬度的常绿阔叶林;(3)CO2通量与土壤pH存在显著线性正相关关系,显示出土壤pH是研究区旱地土壤呼吸影响因子之一.     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N_2O排放通量研究

应用静态箱/气相色谱法,测定了若尔盖高原沼泽N2O排放能量,测定期为该地植物生长期,即2004年4 月末至10月初。结果表明,若尔盖高原沼泽湿地N2O排放通量平均值为0.010 mg·m-2h-1,最大值为0.079 mg·m-2h-1, 最小值为-0.051mg·m-2h-1。高峰排放期为5月,最低排放期为地表水深最大的6月。沼泽湿地N2O排放通量季节变化与沼泽湿地水深呈负相关关系。沼泽湿地N2O排放通量日变化与大气温度呈正相关关系,排放高值出现在午后。若尔盖高原沼泽湿地在植物生长期的年排放总量约为0.159Gg·a-1。     

科尔沁温带草甸能量平衡的日季变化特征

利用2011年9月—2012年10月涡度相关数据和气象观测资料,对科尔沁温带草甸能量平衡的日季变化特征进行分析.结果表明:研究区涡度相关系统全年的能量平衡闭合度为0.77,不同时期能量平衡闭合度的大小顺序为:生长季裸土期积雪期.能量平衡各分量日变化均呈单峰曲线形式,净辐射日变化峰值出现在12:00前后,其余分量的峰值出现时间都稍有滞后.净辐射季节变化呈单峰曲线形式,年平均值为5.71 MJ·m-2·d-1.潜热通量季节变化趋势与净辐射相似,年平均值为2.84 MJ·m-2·d-1.感热通量季节变化呈双峰曲线形式,峰值分别出现在4月和9月,年平均值为1.87 MJ·m-2·d-1.土壤热通量的最大值(3.47 MJ·m-2·d-1)出现在4月,9月以后开始转为负值.全年能量平衡各分量收支比例的大小顺序为:潜热通量感热通量土壤热通量,潜热通量、感热通量和土壤热通量分别占净辐射的49.8%、35.8%和3.1%.全年波文比的季节变化近似"U"型,平均值为1.61;生长季数值较小且较为平稳,平均值为0.18;非生长季数值较大且波动较大,平均值为2.39.     

Spatial and temporal variation of soil solution chemistry and ion fluxes through the soil in a mature Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand

In this study we investigated the spatial and temporal variation in soil solution chemistry and of water and ion fluxes through the soil in a forest ecosystem. Our aim was to evaluate the relevance of these variations for the accuracy of average areal soil solution concentrations and ion fluxes with seepage at 90 cm depth.Twenty spatially distinct subcompartments of approximately 1 m² were established within a mature stand of Norway spruce and ceramic suction lysimeters were installed at depths of 20, 35 and 90 cm. A tensiometer was placed close to each suction lysimeter, and one throughfall sampler was established for each subcompartment.Soil solution samples were analysed for major ions (H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Cl^-, NO ₃ ^- , SO ₄ ^2- . We calculated water fluxes for each subcompartment separately by a numeric simulation of the soil water flux close to the lysimeters. The ion fluxes at each lysimeter were calculated by multiplying the simulated water fluxes with the ion concentrations on a fortnightly base. Averaging these 20 independent ion fluxes gave the areal average flux and an estimate of its statistical accuracy. The spatial variation of ion concentrations in the soil solution was high with coefficients of variance ranging from 5% to 128%. Part of the spatial variation was related to stem distance. Temporal variation of the concentrations was less than spatial for most ions. The spatial variation of water and ion fluxes with seepage was also substantial; for example the fluxes of SO ₄ ^2- -S calculated for each subcompartment ranged from 21 to 119 kg ha^-1 yr^-1, with an arithmetic average of 47 kg ha^-1 yr^-1. For H₂O, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, and SO ₄ ^2- , the spatial heterogeneity of seepage fluxes was largely explained by the heterogeneity of throughfall fluxes. No such relationship was found for nitrogen.Despite using 20 replicates, the 95% confidence intervals of the average annual areal fluxes with seepage were found to be 20–30% for most ions.     

Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils

Climatic change may influence decomposition dynamics in arctic and boreal ecosystems, affecting both atmospheric CO₂ levels, and the flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) to aquatic systems. In this study, we investigated landscape‐scale controls on potential production of these compounds using a one‐year laboratory incubation at two temperatures (10° and 30 °C). We measured the release of CO₂, DOC and DON from tundra soils collected from a variety of vegetation types and climatic regimes: tussock tundra at four sites along a latitudinal gradient from the interior to the north slope of Alaska, and soils from additional vegetation types at two of those sites (upland spruce at Fairbanks, and wet sedge and shrub tundra at Toolik Lake in northern Alaska). Vegetation type strongly influenced carbon fluxes. The highest CO₂ and DOC release at the high incubation temperature occurred in the soils of shrub tundra communities. Tussock tundra soils exhibited the next highest DOC fluxes followed by spruce and wet sedge tundra soils, respectively. Of the fluxes, CO₂ showed the greatest sensitivity to incubation temperatures and vegetation type, followed by DOC. DON fluxes were less variable. Total CO₂ and total DOC release were positively correlated, with DOC fluxes approximately 10% of total CO₂ fluxes. The ratio of CO₂ production to DOC release varied significantly across vegetation types with Tussock soils producing an average of four times as much CO₂ per unit DOC released compared to Spruce soils from the Fairbanks site. Sites in this study released 80–370 mg CO₂‐C g soil C^?1 and 5–46 mg DOC g soil C^?1 at high temperatures. The magnitude of these fluxes indicates that arctic carbon pools contain a large proportion of labile carbon that could be easily decomposed given optimal conditions. The size of this labile pool ranged between 9 and 41% of soil carbon on a g soil C basis, with most variation related to vegetation type rather than climate.     

Environmental controls on CH4 emission from polygonal tundra on the microsite scale in the Lena river delta,Siberia

The carbon budgets of the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems are closely coupled by vertical gas exchange fluxes. Uncertainties remain with respect to high latitude ecosystems and the processes driving their temporally and spatially highly variable methane (CH₄) exchange. Problems associated with scaling plot measurements to larger areas in heterogeneous environments are addressed based on intensive field studies on two nested spatial scales in Northern Siberia. CH₄ fluxes on the microsite scale (0.1–100 m²) were measured in the Lena River Delta from July through September 2006 by closed chambers and were compared with simultaneous ecosystem scale (10⁴–10⁶ m²) flux measurements by the eddy covariance (EC) method. Closed chamber measurements were conducted almost daily on 15 plots in four differently developed polygon centers and on a polygon rim. Controls on CH₄ emission were identified by stepwise multiple regression. In contrast to relatively low ecosystem‐scale fluxes controlled mainly by near‐surface turbulence, fluxes on the microsite scale were almost an order of magnitude higher at the wet polygon centers and near zero at the drier polygon rim and high‐center polygon. Microsite scale CH₄ fluxes varied strongly even within the same microsites. The only statistically significant control on chamber‐based fluxes was surface temperature calculated using the Stefan–Boltzmann equation in the wet polygon centers, whereas no significant control was found for the low emissions from the dry sites. The comparison with the EC measurements reveals differences in controls and the seasonal dynamics between the two measurement scales, which may have consequences for scaling and process‐based models. Despite those differences, closed chamber measurements from within the EC footprint could be scaled by an area‐weighting approach of landcover classes based on high‐resolution imagery to match the total ecosystem‐scale emission. Our nested sampling design allowed for checking scaling results against measurements and to identify potentially missed sources or sinks.     

Spatial Heterogeneity of Surface CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Fluxes in a Newly Created Eastmain-1 Reservoir in Northern Quebec,Canada

We assessed the spatial variability in both, surface carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes and in pelagic respiration rates in a newly created 600-km² boreal reservoir, located in Northern Quebec. We show that total CO₂ emission to the atmosphere was highest in the first year after flooding, and that surface fluxes were spatially heterogeneous. This spatial heterogeneity was not random, but was linked to the pre-flood landscapes: reservoir areas overlying former peatbogs and mature forests had the highest average emissions, whereas areas overlying former non-forest and burned soils had the lowest emissions. Total reservoir emissions appeared to decline exponentially in the next 2 years, and so did the degree of spatial heterogeneity in surface fluxes, suggesting a progressive weakening of the link to the pre-flood landscapes, and a homogenization of reservoir processes. We show that pelagic respiration rates were also initially high and spatially heterogeneous, the latter linked to the pre-flood landscapes. A simple, first-order mass balance for the first 3 years after flooding was used to derive potential benthic CO₂ production rates, and thus to apportion the total reservoir emissions between its pelagic and benthic components. Extrapolation of the observed declines (normal exponential) in total emission, as well as of the underlying pelagic and benthic fluxes, results in a large underestimation of the fluxes for the fourth year, relative to the measured emissions. We postulate that the initial exponential decline in total emissions is driven primarily by the patterns of decomposition of surface plant biomass, whereas at later stages emission is increasingly dominated by sediment and pelagic respiration, which decline in time at a slower rate.     

若尔盖高原沼泽湿地CO2排放时空变化特征

为了更好理解若尔盖高原不同微生境下沼泽湿地生态系统CO₂排放通量的变化特征,以若尔盖高原湿地自然保护区为研究对象,2013和2014年生长季期间,采用了静态箱和快速温室气体法原位观测了3种湿地5种微生境下沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量时空变化规律。结果表明：长期淹水微地貌草丘区湿地（PHK）和洼地区湿地（PHW） CO₂排放通量变化范围分别为38.99-1731.74 mg m^-2 h^-1和46.69-335.22 mg m^-2 h^-1,季节性淹水区微地貌草丘区湿地（SHK）和洼地区湿地（SHW） CO₂排放通量变化范围分别为193.90-2575.60 mg m^-2 h^-1和49.93-1467.45 mg m^-2 h^-1,而两者过渡区的无淹水区沼泽湿地（Lawn） CO₂排放通量变化范围194.20-898.75 mg m^-2 h^-1。相关性分析表明5种微地貌区沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量季节性变化与不同深度土壤温度均存在显著正相关,与水位存在显著负相关（PHW、SHW、SHK、Lawn）或不相关（PHK）,并且水位和温度（5 cm）共同解释了CO₂排放通量季节性变化的87%。3种湿地5种微生境下沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量存在空间变化规律,主要受水位影响,但植物也影响沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量空间变化规律,并且表明沼泽湿地CO₂排放通量与水位平均值存在显著负相关。     

若尔盖高原湿地不同微地貌区甲烷排放通量特征

若尔盖高原是我国泥炭沼泽湿地的主要分布区、青藏高原的主要甲烷(CH₄)排放中心。为了研究湿地微地貌环境对高原湿地CH₄排放通量的影响, 2014年5-10月, 采用静态箱和快速温室气体分析仪原位测量若尔盖高原湖滨湿地3种泥炭沼泽5种微地貌环境下的CH₄排放通量特征。结果表明: (1)常年性淹水泥炭湿地洼地(P-hollow)和草丘(P-hummock)生长季平均CH₄排放通量为68.48和40.32 mg·m^-2·h^-1, 季节性淹水的泥炭湿地洼地(S-hollow)和草丘(S-hummock)平均CH₄排放通量为2.38和0.63 mg·m^-2·h^-1, 而无淹水平坦地(Lawn)平均CH₄排放通量为3.68 mg·m^-2·h^-1; (2)湿地5种微地貌区CH₄排放通量为(23.10 ± 30.28) mg·m^-2·h^-1 (平均值±标准偏差)), 变异系数为131%。分析显示这5种微地貌区CH₄排放通量的平均值与其水位深度平均值存在显著的线性正相关关系(R² = 0.919, p < 0.01), 表明水位深度是控制湿地微地貌区CH₄排放通量空间变化的主要因子; (3) P-hummock、P-hollow和S-hummock的CH₄排放通量存在显著的季节变化, Lawn和S-hollow无明显的季节性变化, 但5种微地貌区在夏季或秋季均观测到CH₄排放通量峰值, 其影响因子可能与水位深度、土壤温度和凋落物输入密切相关; (4) P-hollow可能时常发生冒泡式CH₄排放, 这可能导致过去低估了若尔盖高原湿地的CH₄排放量。     

Characteristics of methane emission fluxes in the Zoigê Plateau wetland on microtopography

AimsThe Zoigê Plateau, as a very important wetland distribution region of China, was the major methane (CH₄) emission center of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. The objective of this study is to study the effects of microtopographic changes on CH₄ emission fluxes from five plots across three marshes in the littoral zone of the Zoigê Plateau wetland.
Methods CH₄ emission fluxes were measured in five plots across three marshes in Zoigê Plateau wetland using the closed chamber method and Fast Greenhouse Gas Analyzer from May to October in 2014.
Important findings During the growing season, mean CH₄ emission fluxes from the permanently flooded hollow (P-hollow) and hummock (P-hummock) in the Zoigê Plateau wetland were 68.48 and 40.32 mg·m^-2·h^-1, while mean CH₄ emission fluxes from the seasonally flooded hollow (S-hollow) and hummock (S-hummock) were 2.38 and 0.63 mg·m^-2·h^-1. CH₄ emission fluxes from non-flooded lawn was 3.68 mg·m^-2·h^-1. Mean CH₄ emission fluxes from five plots across three sites was 23.10 mg·m^-2·h^-1, with a standard deviation of 30.28 mg·m^-2·h^-1 and the coefficient of variation was 131%. We also found that there was a significant and positive correlation between mean CH₄ emission fluxes and mean water table depth in the five plots across three sites (R² = 0.919, p < 0.01), indicating that water table depth was controlling the spatial variability of CH₄ emission fluxes from the Zoigê Plateau wetland on microtopography. CH₄ emission fluxes in the P-hollow, P-hummock, and S-hummock showed an obvious seasonal pattern, which was not observed in the lawn and S-hollow. However, CH₄ emission peaks were observed in all the plots during summer and/or autumn, which could be closely related to the water table depth, soil temperature, and the magnitude of litter mass. In addition, we found that the CH₄ emission flux in the P-hollow was much higher than the other four plots in the Zoigê Plateau wetland, suggesting that CH₄ in the P-hollow could be often transported to the surface by ebullition and CH₄ emission from the Zoigê Plateau wetland may be under estimated in the past.     

Measurement of field scale N2O emission fluxes from a wheat crop using micrometeorological techniques

Measurements of N₂O emission fluxes from a 3 ha field of winter wheat were measured using eddy covariance and relaxed eddy accumulation continuously over 10 days during April 1994. The measurements averaged fluxes over approximately 10⁵ m² of the field, which was fertilised with NH₄NO₃ at a rate of 43 kg N ha^-1 at the beginning of the measurements. The emission fluxes became detectable after the first heavy rainfall, which occured 4 days after fertiliser application. Emissions of N₂O increased rapidly during the day following the rain to a maximum of 280 ng N m^-2s^-1 and declined over the following week. During the period of significant emission fluxes, a clear diurnal cycle in N₂O emission was observed, with the daytime maximum coinciding with the soil temperature maximum at 12 cm depth. The temperature dependence of the N₂O emission was equivalent to an activation energy for N₂O production of 108 kJ mol^-1. The N₂O fluxes measured using relaxed eddy accumulation, averaged over 30 to 270 min, were in agreement with those of the eddy covariance system within 60%. The total emission of N₂O over the period of continuous measurement (10 days) was equivalent to about 10 kg N₂O-N, or 0.77% of the N fertiliser applied.     

Calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of normal and dystrophic mice

Contraction of skeletal muscle is triggered by release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In this study, highly purified normal and dystrophic mouse sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were compared with respect to calcium release characteristics. Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were actively loaded with calcium in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system. Calcium fluxes were followed by dual wavelength spectrophotometry using the metallochromic indicators antipyrylazo III and arsenazo III, and by isotopic techniques. Calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was elicited by (a) changing the free calcium concentration of the assay medium (calcium-induced calcium release); (b) addition of a permeant anion to the assay medium, following calcium loading in the presence of a relatively impermeant anion (depolarization-induced calcium release); (c) addition of the lipophilic anion tetraphenylboron (TPB^?) to the assay medium and (d) using specific experimental conditions, i.e. high phosphate levels and low magnesium (spontaneous calcium release). Drugs known to influence Ca²⁺ release were shown to differentially affect the various types of calcium release. Caffeine (10 mM) was found to enhance calcium-induced calcium release from isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ruthenium red (20 μM) inhibited both calcium-induced calcium release and tetraphenylboron-induced calcium release, and partially inhibited spontaneous calcium release and depolarization-induced calcium release. Local anesthetics inhibited spontaneous calcium release in a time-dependent manner, and inhibited calcium-induced calcium release instantaneously, but did not inhibit depolarization-induced calcium release. Use of pharmacological agents indicates that several types of calcium release operate in vitro. No significant differences were found between normal and dystrophic sarcoplasmic reticulum in calcium release kinetics or drug sensitivities.     

Exchange of NO and NO2 between wheat canopy monoliths and the atmosphere

The fluxes of NO and NO₂ between wheat canopy monoliths and the atmosphere were investigated with the dynamic chamber technique. For this purpose monoliths were dug out at different plant growth stages from a field site, transported to the institute, and placed in an environmental growth chamber. The wheat canopy monoliths were exposed over a period of four days to the average ratios of atmospheric NO₂ and NO measured at the field site, i.e. NO₂ concentration of about 18 mL L^-1 plus NO concentration lower than 0.5 nL L^-1. Under these conditions NO emission into the atmosphere and NO₂ deposition into canopy monoliths was observed. Both fluxes showed diurnal variation with maximum rates during the light and minimum rates during darkness. NO₂ fluxes correlated with soil temperature as well as with light intensity. NO fluxes correlated with soil temperature but not with light intensity. From the investigation performed the diurnal variation of the NO and NO₂ compensation points, the maximum rates of NO and NO₂ emission, and the total resistances of NO and NO₂ fluxes were calculated. Under the assumption that the measured data are representative for the whole vegetation period, annual fluxes of NO and NO₂ were estimated. Annual NO emission into the atmosphere amounted to 87 mg N m^-2 y^-1 (0.87 kg ha^-1 y^-1), annual NO₂ deposition into canopy monoliths amounted to 1273 mg N m^-2 y^-1 (12.73 kg ha^-1 y^-1). Apparently, the uptake of atmospheric nitrogen by the wheat field from NO₂ deposition is about 15 times higher than the loss of nitrogen from NO emission. It can therefore be assumed that even in rural areas wheat fields are a considerable sink for atmospheric nitrogen. The annual sink strength estimated in the present study is ca. 12 kg N ha^-1 y^-1. The possible origin of the NO emitted and the fate of atmospheric NO₂ taken up by the wheat canopy monoliths are discussed.Preliminary results of this paper were presented at the Joint Workshop COST 611/Working Party 3 and EUROTRAC in Delft, The Netherlands (Ludwig et al., 1991).