兴安落叶松树干CO_2各通量成分对树干呼吸的贡献及其主要影响因子

树干呼吸(RS)的CO2通量由三部分组成,即液流中CO2运输通量(FT)、储存通量(△S)和树干表面CO2释放通量(EA)。其中木质部液流中CO2的运输(FT)在植物的气体交换中起到非常重要的作用,是茎、枝呼吸作用测定中非常重要且未予说明的组分。为探明兴安落叶松树干各通量成分对树干呼吸的贡献,采用红外气体分析法(IRGA)原位连续测定树干表面CO2释放通量,同时测定树干液流速度及树干温度,通过Arrhenius方程拟合树干呼吸与树干温度的关系,进而通过质量平衡法计算RS和FT、△S。结果表明:EA,FT和△S占RS的比例是动态变化的,EA与树干内部CO2通量密切相关,FT和△S可影响EA,在24 h周期内EA占总呼吸量的65.10%~100%,FT占总呼吸量的1.86%~29.46%,储存通量占总呼吸量的0.42%~5.44%。个体之间,树干呼吸的各通量成分所占的比例不同,FT和△S是木本组织呼吸与树干表面CO2释放通量之间差别的重要影响因子,液流速度对液流中CO2运输通量(FT)的影响在树木个体间也存在差异。     

四个温带树种树干呼吸的时间动态及其影响因子

揭示树干呼吸(RW)的时空变化规律及其影响因子,不但是模拟和估测森林碳收支的重要内容,而且对解释森林生产力的变化有重要意义。采用红外气体分析法于2008年5-9月份测定了自然条件下东北东部山区4个主要树种(红松Pinus koraiensis,兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii,白桦Betula platyphylla,水曲柳Fraxinus mandshurica)的RW日进程,探索其RW及其温度系数(Q10)的时间变化格局及其影响因子。结果表明:树种、径级、月份及其交互作用均显著地影响RW。测定期间RW的总体平均值分别为:落叶松(3.69μmol·m-·2s-1)、水曲柳(3.24μmol·m-·2s-1)、白桦(1.64μmol·m-·2s-1)、红松(1.62μmol·m-·2s-1)。4个树种的RW的日变化(7月除外)大体上与树干温度(TW)变化一致,呈单峰曲线格局,但峰值出现时间因树种和月份而异,RW比TW滞后2-6h。7月份的RW对TW的响应不明显,呈现S型或无峰的日变化格局。RW日平均的季节变化基本与TW和物候节律相符,呈单峰模式。虽然树种之间Q10的差异显著(波动在1.09-2.95之间),但所有树种Q10的季节变化格局一致,均在8月达到最低值,9月份反弹达到最大值。除白桦之外,同一树种不同个体的RW与其胸径之间有显著的正相关关系,但这种关系的形式和相关程度却因树种而异。在构建森林碳循环机理模型时,应考虑RW及其温度敏感性随树种和时间的变化特性。     

不同木材结构树干液流对比研究

采用热扩散法,对东北东部山区代表主要木材解剖构造的水曲柳和樟子松树干液流密度动态特征进行研究,并同步测定光合有效辐射、气温、空气相对湿度、风速、土温、土壤容积含水量等因子。结果表明,水曲柳和樟子松在生长季不同时期晴天的树干液流密度日进程一般为单峰型,水曲柳日最高液流峰值为430.53 cm3.cm-2.h-1,明显高于樟子松(142.43 cm3.cm-2.h-1)。晚上及凌晨液流量占全天比例在生长季结束后,明显增加,其他时期低于20%,说明水曲柳和樟子松存在根压。水曲柳和樟子松树干液流密度变化呈单峰曲线,平均液流密度分别为12.26、6.49 cm3.cm-2.h-1。影响树干液流密度日变化的主导因子为光合有效辐射和水汽压亏缺,二者对主导因子敏感度相当。     

东北东部14个温带树种树干呼吸的种内种间变异

采用红外气体分析仪—局部通量测定法于2009年6 — 10月原位测定了东北东部山区14个温带森林主要组成树种的树干表面CO2通量（RW）,旨在量化种内和种间RW的差异,探索RW随树木直径和季节的变化规律,为深入理解温带森林生态系统碳循环过程、构建和校验其模型提供基础数据。测定的树种包括：散孔材阔叶树（白桦、枫桦、山杨、紫椴、五角槭）、环孔材和半环孔材阔叶树（春榆、黄菠萝、胡桃楸、蒙古栎、水曲柳）、针叶树（兴安落叶松、红松、红皮云杉、樟子松）。结果表明：树种、月份及其交互作用均显著地影响RW（P < 0.001）。测定期间平均RW波动在1.32（黄菠萝）— 3.12 μmol CO2?m-2?s-1（兴安落叶松）之间,其中环孔材和半环孔材阔叶树的平均RW高于散孔材阔叶树,而针叶树的平均RW变异较大。各个树种RW的平均值均呈单峰型季节变化模式,其中7月份最高、10月份最低。RW种内的绝对变异（标准误,SE）波动在0.11 — 0.29 μmol CO2?m-2?s-1之间,相对变异（变异系数,CV）波动在61%（红皮云杉）— 89%（白桦）之间。各个树种的RW均有随胸径（DBH）增大而增加的趋势,但两者之间的回归模型及其决定系数因树种而异。除了春榆和水曲柳之外（P > 0.05）,其它树种的RW与DBH之间的回归关系显著（P < 0.05）,表明DBH可作为某些树种RW预测和上推的一个简便实用的指标。这些结果强调了在树干呼吸能力的比较和上推估测时应充分考虑其种内种间差异的重要性。     

不同年龄兴安落叶松树干呼吸及其与环境因子关系的研究

采用动态红外气体分析法研究了两个不同年龄兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)人工林内落叶松树干呼吸速率的季节变化,并分析了树干呼吸速率与环境因子的关系.两个年龄落叶松树干呼吸速率均是从春季到夏季逐渐升高,高峰值出现在7月(成熟林)和8月份(幼林),之后明显下降.幼林落叶松的树干呼吸速率(变化范围是1.99～6.15 μmol*m-2*s-1)显著高于成熟林(变化范围是1.52～3.38 μmol*m-2*s-1)(P<0.05).树干温度对树干呼吸影响较大,树干呼吸速率与树干温度呈指数相关关系;成熟林和幼林树干呼吸的Q10值分别为1.96和3.44.当空气相对湿度较低时,树干呼吸速率与其关系无明显规律,但当空气相对湿度很高时,能大大促进树干的呼吸作用.     

修枝对杉木人工林树干表面和土壤CO_2释放通量的短期影响

树干表面和土壤CO2释放通量是森林生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,但修枝措施对其如何影响还不太清楚。本文以杉木纯林为研究对象,通过修枝处理(对照、轻度修枝和重度修枝)改变光合产物供应,探讨其对树干表面CO2通量和土壤CO2通量产生的影响。在研究区内使用LI-6400-09便携式光合系统连续一个月测量树干表面和土壤CO2通量。结果表明:修枝对树干表面CO2通量并没有显著影响,尽管日最大液流略有下降。修枝轻微降低了土壤CO2通量,轻度修枝和重度修枝的土壤CO2通量相对于对照分别下降了11.8%和17.9%,但统计并不显著。因此,修枝对树干表面和土壤CO2通量的短期影响有限。     

模拟氮沉降对东北地区兴安落叶松树干呼吸的影响

2011年的5月至2012年的12月,对兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林进行了模拟氮沉降实验,设置了4个氮沉降水平处理,分别为:对照(0 g N m-2a-1)、低氮(5 g N m-2a-1)、中氮(5 g N m-2a-1)和高氮(15 g N m-2a-1),每个处理设置3个重复样地。所施氮肥为NH4NO3,以溶液方式在生长季内每月喷施1次。采用红外气体分析法于2012年4月底—10月份,每隔15d左右测定1次树干呼吸,共测定12次。结果表明:各个氮处理下的树干呼吸速率基本与树干温度的变化一致,均呈单峰型季节变化模式,其中7月底最高、10月底最低。氮处理均提高了落叶松的树干呼吸速率,且随着氮输入水平的增加,平均树干呼吸速率呈现逐渐增强的趋势。生长季内,对照、低氮、中氮、和高氮处理条件下的树干表面释放的CO2通量分别为67.3、72.5、78.9 g C/m2和86.5 g C/m2。树干温度与树干呼吸速率存在显著的指数函数关系,而且温度敏感性(Q10)随着氮输入的逐渐升高亦随之增强,对照、低氮、中氮、和高氮处理下的Q10值分别为1.67、1.80、2.01和2.54。另外,伴随氮输入的逐渐增加,树干的氮含量也逐渐升高,树干氮含量与树干呼吸速率之间也具有一定的相关性,能够解释树干呼吸变化的38.3%。     

寒温带兴安落叶松林土壤温室气体通量的时间变异

采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法,对寒温带兴安落叶松林区6-9月生长季土壤CO2、CH4和N2O通量进行原位测定,研究了土壤温室气体通量的季节和昼夜变化及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:在生长季,兴安落叶松林土壤为大气CH4的汇,吸收通量为22.3～107.8 μg CH4-C·m-2·h-1,6-9月月均甲烷吸收通量为(34.0±7.1)、(71.4±9.4)、(86.3±7.9)和(40.7-±6.2) μg·m-2·h-1;不同季节土壤CH4昼夜通量的变化规律相同,一天中均在10:00达到最大吸收高峰.土壤CO2日通量呈明显的双峰曲线,月均CO2通量大小顺序为7月＞8月＞6月＞9月.土壤N2O通量变异较大,在-9.1 ～31.7μg·m-2·h-1之间.土壤温度和湿度是影响CO2和CH4通量的重要因子,N2O通量主要受温度的影响.在兴安落叶松林区,10:00左右观测获得的温室气体地-气交换通量,经矫正后可以代表当日气体通量.     

古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭树干液流及耗水量

梭梭广泛分布于我国西部干旱区,利用热脉冲技术对古尔班通古特沙漠生长期原生梭梭的树干液流耗水特征进行了研究。随着水分条件的不同,影响树干液流过程的主导因素有所不同。根区土壤体积含水量在8.7%-12.1%时,梭梭日树干液流量与土壤水分显著相关;土壤含水量＞12.1%时,液流更多的受到气象因素的影响;土壤含水量＜8.7%,树干液流与气象要素之间没有相关性,液流更多的受植物生理特征影响。在土壤水分最丰富的4月份,随着土壤水分的降低,白天与夜间的液流变化趋同;4月份日平均液流量约是5-9月份的2倍。梭梭的液流通量从古尔班通古特沙漠原生林的0.156L?cm-2?d-1到塔中人工滴灌林的0.876 L?cm-2?d-1,均处于正常生长状态,表明梭梭生态需水的可塑性范围较广。基径为7.8cm和9.0cm的梭梭在4月至9月份生长期的实际耗水量分别是95mm和117mm。     

移栽自不同纬度的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)的树干液流特征

将4个纬度上(大兴安岭塔河、大兴安岭松岭、黑河孙吴、伊春带岭)8年生的兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii Rupr.)幼树移栽到其分布区的南缘构成4个实验处理,以探索树木水分关系的时空变化格局及其影响因子.采用基于热平衡方法的包裹式茎流计和环境因子自动测定系统同步测定移栽自4个纬度的兴安落叶松的树干液流及其相应的环境因子.研究结果表明:兴安落叶松的树干液流密度基本上呈现单峰曲线日变化格局,而日最大液流出现的时间随生长季节和实验处理不同而略有变化.移栽自4个纬度的兴安落叶松的平均单位边材面积液流通量在展叶前、中和后期分别为26.24～54.45 g·cm-2·d-1、114.33～355.39 g·cm-2.d-1和58.32～304.03 g·cm-2.d-1.展叶期间落叶松的日耗水量与距地面10cm处树干直径呈显著的正相关关系;单位边材面积液流通量与针叶长度呈显著的正相关关系.影响树干液流密度的环境因子随生长阶段和实验处理而变化,主要包括太阳辐射、水蒸气压亏缺、相对湿度、气温和风速,其中太阳辐射通常是影响树干液流密度的关键因子.     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Growth and mitogenic effects of arylphorin in vivo and in vitro

In insects, developmental responses are organ- and tissue-specific. In previous studies of insect midgut cells in primary tissue cultures, growth-promoting and differentiation factors were identified from the growth media, hemolymph, and fat body. Recently, it was determined that the mitogenic effect of a Manduca sexta fat body extract on midgut stem cells of Heliothis virescens was due to the presence of monomeric alpha-arylphorin. Here we report that in primary midgut cell cultures, this same arylphorin stimulates stem cell proliferation in the lepidopterans M. sexta and Spodoptera littoralis, and in the beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Studies using S. littoralis cells confirm that the mitogenic effect is due to free alpha-arylphorin subunits. In addition, feeding artificial diets containing arylphorin increased the growth rates of several insect species. When tested against continuous cell lines, including some with midgut and fat body origins, arylphorin had no effect; however, a cell line derived from Lymantria dispar fat body grew more rapidly in medium containing a chymotryptic digest of arylphorin.     

Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of purpurogallin in vitro and in vivo

Enzymatic oxidation of pyrogallol was efficiently transformed to an oxidative product, purpurogallin (PPG). Here, the anticoagulant activities of PPG were examined by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of thrombin and activated factor X (FXa). And, the effects of PPG on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were evaluated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment with PPG resulted in prolonged aPTT and PT and inhibition of the activities of thrombin and FXa, as well as inhibited production of thrombin and FXa in HUVECs. In addition, PPG inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. PPG also elicited anticoagulant effects in mice. In addition, treatment with PPG resulted in significant reduction of the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. Collectively, PPG possesses antithrombotic activities and offers a basis for development of a novel anticoagulant. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(7): 376-381]     

Growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the wild-type and in starch-deficient and nitrate-uptake-deficient mutants

We have investigated the interactions between resource assimilation and storage in rosette leaves, and their impact on the growth and reproduction of the annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. The resource balance was experimentally perturbed by changing (i) the external nutrition, by varying the nitrogen supply; (ii) the assimilation and reallocation of resources from rosette leaves to reproductive organs, by cutting or covering rosette leaves at the time of early flower bud formation, and (iii) the internal carbon and nitrogen balance of the plants, by using isogenic mutants either lacking starch formation (PGM mutant) or with reduced nitrate uptake (NU mutant). When plants were grown on high nitrogen, they had higher concentrations of carbohydrates and nitrate in their leaves during the rosette phase than during flowering. However, these storage pools did not significantly contribute to the bulk flow of resources to seeds. The pool size of stored resources in rosette leaves at the onset of seed filling was very low compared to the total amount of carbon and nitrogen needed for seed formation. Instead, the rosette leaves had an important function in the continued assimilation of resources during seed ripening, as shown by the low seed yield of plants whose leaves were covered or cut off. When a key resource became limiting, such as nitrogen in the NU mutants and in plants grown on a low nitrogen supply, stored resources in the rosette leaves (e.g. nitrogen) were remobilized, and made a larger contribution to seed biomass. A change in nutrition resulted in a complete reversal of the plant response: plants shifted from high to low nutrition exhibited a seed yield similar to that of plants grown continuously on a low nitrogen supply, and vice versa. This demonstrates that resource assimilation during the reproductive phase determines seed production. The PGM mutant had a reduced growth rate and a smaller biomass during the rosette phase as a result of changes in respiration caused by a high turnover of soluble sugars ( Caspar et al. 1986 ; W. Schulze et al. 1991 ). During flowering, however, the vegetative growth rate in the PGM mutant increased, and exceeded that of the wild-type. By the end of the flowering stage, the biomass of the PGM mutant did not differ from that of the wild-type. However, in contrast to the wild-type, the PGM mutant maintained a high vegetative growth rate during seed formation, but had a low rate of seed production. These differences in allocation in the PGM mutant result in a significantly lower seed yield in the starchless mutants. This indicates that starch formation is not only an important factor during growth in the rosette phase, but is also important for whole plant allocation during seed formation. The NU mutant resembled the wild-type grown on a low nitrogen supply, except that it unexpectedly showed symptoms of carbohydrate shortage as well as nitrogen deficiency. In all genotypes and treatments, there was a striking correlation between the concentrations of nitrate and organic nitrogen and shoot growth on the one hand, and sucrose concentration and root growth on the other. In addition, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was correlated with the total carbohydrate concentration: low carbohydrate levels in starchless mutants led to low NRA even at high nitrate supply. Thus the concentrations of stored carbohydrates and nitrate are directly or indirectly involved in regulating allocation.     

Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares

In order to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of acute endometritis in cows and mares, we established an in vivo model in both species. Based on the results of an in vitro transmigration system, human recombinant interleukin-8 (rhIL-8; 1.25 microg per mare and 5 microg per cow in 50 ml phosphate-buffered saline) was used to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) into the uteri. Peak numbers of uterine neutrophils were attracted after 6h, in both cows and mares. On average, mares responded more sensitively than cows, with 15 times higher numbers of rhIL-8-attracted uterine neutrophils (72+/-8 x 10(7)cells). In contrast to in vitro studies, in vivo migrated neutrophils (uterine neutrophils) of both species displayed a significantly reduced MHC class I expression. Expression of the CD11a molecule was significantly enhanced on equine uterine neutrophils but downregulated on bovine cells. Compared with untreated autologous peripheral neutrophils, both uterine and in vitro migrated neutrophils showed no alteration of phagocytic capacity. The ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly upregulated in bovine and equine uterine neutrophils. This was also observed after in vitro migration of equine neutrophils, whereas ROS generation by bovine neutrophils was significantly depressed. In summary, the concept of inducing endometritis directly by local application of human interleukin-8 has been reliably successful in cows and mares. The model permits the analysis of PMN migration into the uterus under defined and controlled conditions. The observed differences between cows and mares with respect to phenotypical and functional characteristics of in vivo attracted uterine cells point to species-related features of neutrophil migration. In vitro transmigrated bovine and equine cells partially differ in phenotype and function from uterine neutrophils. Therefore, the in vitro transmigration assay cannot completely represent the in vivo endometritis model described here.