外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对干旱胁迫下甘草种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以药用植物甘草种子和幼苗为材料,在20%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,测定了不同浓度外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)处理甘草种子的发芽势(Gv)、发芽率(Gr)、发芽指数(Gi)和活力指数(Vi)的变化,以及ALA处理幼苗叶片的质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果显示:(1)在20%PEG-6000胁迫下,甘草种子萌发受到显著抑制,而各项萌发指标经过不同浓度的ALA进行恢复处理后均有明显提高,且均以10 mg.L-1ALA处理的各项指标值最大,其种子发芽势(75%)、发芽率(91%)比干旱胁迫对照显著提高了35%和30%,发芽指数(36.2)和活力指数(709.7)分别提高至干旱胁迫的2.6和3.5倍。(2)各ALA处理较对照均显著提高了干旱胁迫下甘草幼苗总生物量、可溶性糖的含量及脯氨酸含量,却显著降低了甘草叶片的MDA含量和质膜透性,同时显著提高了干旱胁迫下甘草叶片中的SOD、POD和CAT的活性,且以10 mg.L-1ALA处理后的酶活性最强。研究表明,适宜浓度(10 mg.L-1)的ALA能显著提高干旱胁迫下甘草种子的萌发能力,通过调节渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性来有效减缓干旱胁迫对甘草幼苗的伤害,提高甘草种子及幼苗的抗旱能力。     

模拟水分胁迫对不同种源麻楝种子萌发能力的影响

以麻楝6个种源种子为试验材料,用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及幼苗苗高和胚根长及根苗比的影响,为麻楝的引种和推广种植提供依据。结果显示:(1)不同水势胁迫处理均降低了麻楝种子的发芽率和发芽势,当水势为-0.40MPa时延缓了种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均随干旱胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降的趋势;当胁迫水势为-0.86MPa时,干旱胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,即-0.86MPa是麻楝种子萌发的临界水势。(2)当胁迫水势高于-0.40MPa时,麻楝幼苗的胚根长度与对照组差异不显著且长于对照组,说明高于-0.40MPa的水势有利于麻楝种子胚根的生长;麻楝幼苗苗高生长则是随着PEG浓度的升高而逐渐减缓。(3)适当的干旱胁迫可以增大各种源麻楝幼苗根苗比,且在胁迫水势高于-0.20MPa时都达到最大值。研究表明,麻楝种子具有一定的抗干旱胁迫的萌发能力,并以来自缅甸的Khin Aye Pale和泰国的Phu Wiang材料较强,来源于中国三亚和马来西亚Ulu Tranan的较弱。     

激光对干旱胁迫下油松种子萌发的生物学效应

用He-Ne激光以不同的时间辐照油松种子,在聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫条件下对其进行萌发实验。结果表明:激光辐照油松种子在干旱胁迫条件下的发芽率、活力指数、生物量等分别提高32.23%、81.19%和46.58%;萌发期油松种子幼苗保护酶系统的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著提高,与对照组相比分别提高28.70%、46.52%。膜脂的过氧化物丙二醛含量明显下降,防止或降低了膜脂过氧化作用对膜的伤害。激光辐照油松种子其保护酶活性的提高,可能是激光促进干旱胁迫条件下种子发芽率、活力指数、生物量等生物学效应增强的原因。     

聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫抑制矮沙冬青种子的萌发

本研究以新疆特有濒危保护植物矮沙冬青(A mmmopiptanthus nanus(M.Pop.)Cheng f.)的种子为材料,用不同渗透势浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对矮沙冬青种子发芽率、平均发芽速度、胚轴和胚根长度及发芽指数、活力指数的影响.结果表明,不同浓度PEG胁迫处理均降低了种子的发芽率,延缓了矮沙冬青种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均随胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势.当-1.20 MPa的PEG胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,表明-1.20 MPa是矮沙冬青种子萌发的临界水势.PEG模拟干旱胁迫中,当PEG处理为-0.2 MPa时,虽然最终发芽率与对照一样,但其胚根、胚轴的长度都比对照短,说明矮沙冬青胚根、胚轴的生长比发芽率对干旱胁迫更敏感.干旱胁迫可能是导致矮沙冬青种群天然更新能力弱的原因之一.本研究将为矮沙冬青种质资源的保护和种群的恢复提供科学依据.     

PEG模拟干旱胁迫对栓皮栎种子萌发及生长生理的影响

为了阐明栓皮栎种子萌发期对水分胁迫的耐受性,以当年采集的栓皮栎种子为材料,采用培养皿滤纸萌发的方法研究了不同浓度（0%、5%、10%、20%、30%）PEG-6000溶液对其种子萌发、生长、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质的影响,并对种子萌发率、胚根生长速率等与PEG浓度进行了回归分析。结果表明:（1）随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎种子的发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度、胚根生长速率和活力指数均呈先升高后下降趋势,说明低浓度（5%、10%）PEG胁迫可以促进栓皮栎种子萌发及生长,而高浓度（20%、30%）则具有抑制作用。（2）建立水分胁迫条件下种子萌发率、胚根生长速率等与PEG浓度的回归方程发现,栓皮栎种子在PEG胁迫下的萌发临界值和极限值分别为32.01%和36.99%,胚根生长速率的临界值和极限值分别为30.1%和33.35%。（3）随着PEG浓度的升高,栓皮栎种子中3种保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性和3种有机渗透调节物质（可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸、可溶性糖）含量呈现不同的变化,但均有不同程度升高趋势。由此可见,栓皮栎种子可通过增加保护酶活性和体内渗透调节物质来适应水分胁迫环境,使自身萌发和生长受抑制程度降到最低。     

空间条件对几种粮食作物的同工酶和细胞学特性的影响

搭载１９８７年发射的两颗返地卫星（８月５—１０日和９月９—１７日）的几种小麦、大麦种子,经回收后初步研究表明：（１）对发芽率的影响：空间处理的种子,其发芽率与对照无差别;（２）对茎及生育期的影响：空间处理的种子长成的幼苗比对照强壮,植株高度有些品种明显的矮于对照。生育期有不同程度延长;（３）对染色体结构的影响：花粉母细胞减数分裂观察表明搭载卫星的种子当代可诱导出比地面更多的染色体桥、落后染色体及染色体数目异于正常体细胞数目的现象。小麦品种Ｃｏｃｏｒｉｔ—７１经空间处理后花粉母细胞的染色体数目异常可高达２０．５１％,而地面对照组其花粉母细胞基本正常（２ｎ＝２８）;（４）对同工酶的影响：经空间处理的小麦种子酯酶、过氧化物酶的同工酶谱带空间处理的比地面对照减少。由此可见,空间处理可诱导纯合植物种子发生变异,为农作物育种创造一个新途径。     

磁场处理番茄种子对其生理生化影响的研究

磁场处理番茄种子观察种子的发芽率,幼苗的过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的变化,以及对过氧化物酶同工酶的影响。实验结果表明,磁场强度在１０００￣２０００ＧＳ范围内,种子发芽率最高,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性最高,过氧化物酶同工酶活性亦最高,磁场强度高于３０００ＧＳ时,种子发芽率及其酶活性随之降低。     

亚精胺浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶种子萌发及淀粉代谢的影响

以‘拉丁诺’白三叶为材料,用0、10%、15%、20%（W/V）的聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液模拟干旱条件,研究亚精胺（Spd）浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶种子萌发和淀粉代谢的影响。结果表明,在PEG渗透胁迫下,白三叶种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重和胚根长度均显著（P<0.05）降低,淀粉水解为糖类的速率减慢;与蒸馏水浸种相比,0.05mmol·L^-1Spd浸种处理显著（P<0.05）提高了在渗透胁迫条件下种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重、干重和胚根长度,同时大幅提高了α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶及（α+β）-淀粉酶总活性,降低了淀粉含量,增加了还原糖和葡萄糖含量。说明Spd浸种提高了白三叶种子在渗透胁迫下的萌发能力和幼苗生长的环境适应性,这可能与增强种子体内淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉水解为还原糖和葡萄糖,为种子萌发和幼苗早期生长及时提供充足能量有关。     

不同浓度5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)浸种对NaCl胁迫下番茄种子发芽率及芽苗生长的影响

为探讨外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对NaCl胁迫下番茄种子发芽率及芽苗生长的影响,以‘中杂九号’番茄种子为试材,不同浓度ALA(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0mg/L)浸种24h后,在0、25、50、100mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,28℃,黑暗培养7d,研究ALA对番茄种子发芽参数(发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、芽苗总鲜重)及胚芽和胚根中的抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明:非盐胁迫下,ALA浸种使番茄种子的发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、芽苗总鲜重增加,胚根中SOD、POD活性降低,MDA含量减少;25 mmol/L NaCl胁迫能够提高发芽率、活力指数、芽苗总鲜重,而50-100mmol/L NaCl胁迫极显著的降低发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数;0.1-0.5mg/L ALA浸种能够提高NaCl胁迫下番茄种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、芽苗总鲜重和抗氧化酶活性,降低MDA含量,而高浓度ALA(10.0mg/L)浸种导致发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数降低.总之,ALA浸种能够促进番茄种子萌发和芽苗生长,浸种浓度不宜超过5.0mg/L,NaCl胁迫下以0.1 mg/L ALA浸种处理效果最佳.     

磁场处理蕃茄种子对幼苗CAT、POD酶活性影响

磁场处理蕃茄种子,观察种子的发芽率幼苗的过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性的变化,结果,磁场强度在１０００～２０００ＧＳ范围内,种子发芽率最高,幼苗的过氧化氢酶的过氧化物酶的活性也最高,磁场强度高于３０００ＧＳ以上时,种子发芽率和幼苗酶活性随之降低。     

Effect of laser pretreatment on germination and membrane lipid peroxidation of Chinese pine seeds under drought stress

The germination of laser-irradiated Chinese pine seeds was carried out under drought stress.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD),and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined.Results showed notably increased germination percentage,root length,vitality index and fresh weight.The SOD and POD protective enzyme system activity of the Chinese pine seedlings obviously rose.It can be concluded that the germination and juvenile resistance of Chinese pine seeds under drought stress are enhanced after laser processing.     

Drought tolerance of Periploca sepium during seed germination: antioxidant defense and compatible solutes accumulation

Periploca sepium Bunge is a native and widespread shrub on the Loess Plateau, an arid and semi-arid region in China. To understand the adaptability of its seed germination to dry environments, we investigated the germination rate, water relations, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity and accumulation of major organic solutes during seed germination under water deficit conditions. Results showed that seeds pre-treated by hydration–dehydration or ?0.9 MPa PEG germinated faster than control seeds, indicating strong resistance of P. sepium to drought condition. The re-dried seeds showed higher proline, total free amino acids (TFAA) and soluble proteins (SP) contents than control dry seeds, indicating the maintenance of physiological advancement when dehydrated. Osmotic stress made seed germination stay on the plateau phase (phase II). However, germinating seeds moved into phase III immediately once transferred into distilled water. Large increases in SP and soluble sugars (SS) of both re-dried and osmotic stressed seeds help themselves to resist drought stress. The re-hydrated seeds showed significantly higher levels of proline, TFAA, SP and SS than control seeds. The largely accumulated SS during osmotic stress declined sharply when transferred into distilled water. Our data demonstrate that P. sepium’s tolerance to drought stresses during germination is associated with enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of some compatible solutes. Seed physiological advancement progressed slowly under low water conditions and it was maintained when seeds were air dried. This strategy ensures high and more rapid seed germination of P. sepium under drying and wetting conditions in drought-prone regions.     

外源CO及NO对干旱胁迫下水稻糊粉层细胞死亡的影响

采用荧光显微技术结合药理学方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)种子及其糊粉层为实验材料,研究外源CO、NO对干旱胁迫下水稻种子萌发过程中糊粉层细胞DNA降解及死亡的影响。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫促进糊粉层细胞的死亡,且近胚端糊粉层细胞的死亡进程早于远胚端的细胞。(2)外源CO及NO供体处理能缓解干旱胁迫下水稻糊粉层细胞DNA的降解,延迟细胞死亡进程;CO专一性抑制剂及NO清除剂能逆转CO及NO的效应,缩短细胞死亡进程。(3)外源CO及NO供体促进干旱胁迫下水稻种子的萌发,CO专一性抑制剂及NO清除剂能抑制干旱胁迫下水稻种子的萌发。(4)CO合成酶抑制剂并不能抑制外源NO对干旱胁迫伤害的缓解效应,即CO能通过NO介导调节干旱胁迫下水稻种子糊粉层细胞的死亡及种子萌发。     

Germination and establishment of Sahelian rangeland species

Summary In order to understand the vegetation dynamics of Sahelian rangelands, the effects of water availability on germination were investigated under controlled conditions in climate rooms. Mixtures of seeds from species that occur in the same habitats but have different seed characteristics were exposed to different watering treatments. Responses to the treatments in the climate room were comparable to those observed in the field situation. However, induction time was generally some-what longer, and in some cases the germination rate was lower. The size, frequency, and timing of showers decisively influenced the ratio between the proportions of the various species among the seedlings that established. In general, conditions were favourable for fast germinating species with rainfall patterns without serious intermittent periods of drought, whereas the conditions became favourable for the slower germinating species after dry periods had eliminated the seedlings of the fast germinating species. Large differences in drought resistance were found among seedlings of different species. This causes more differentiation in establishment of species. Seed losses during the pre-emergence phase were also important. These losses can be very high, especially for the fastest germinating species. The dynamics observed in field situations could be explained on the basis of germination characteristics and drought resistance.     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用砂培方式,研究了外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的萌发、幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及其抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨ALA缓解菘蓝受盐胁迫伤害的响应机制。结果显示:(1)菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长在100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下受到明显的抑制,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数与自然含水量均显著降低,丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高。(2)盐胁迫下适宜浓度的ALA处理显著提高了种子萌发率、自然含水量及SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了可溶性糖和丙二醛的含量,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势最大,其幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT活性最强。研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制菘蓝种子的萌发及幼苗生长,适宜浓度的ALA能够有效缓解盐胁迫对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长的伤害,提高植株的抗盐性,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理效果最佳。     

干旱胁迫对甘草幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用人工控制水分模拟干旱的处理方法,研究了干旱胁迫对甘草幼苗生长状况、水分状况和主要渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果显示:轻度干旱胁迫有利于甘草幼苗根系生长,植株根冠比加大.干旱胁迫下甘草根叶组织中相对含水量下降,束缚水/自由水升高.甘草幼苗组织中渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量在干旱胁迫下也均显著增加;且...     

不同硬实程度乌拉尔甘草种子的活力差异

根据乌拉尔甘草种子吸胀时间的长短将种子硬实程度分为H0、H1、H2、H3、H4和Hmax6个等级,测定其活力指标;同时于盐胁迫和水分胁迫下测定硬实和非硬实种子的发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度及幼苗的抗氧化酶活性。结果表明:随着硬实程度的增大,种子的发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度、脱氢酶活性和ATP含量均呈上升趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量则表现出下降趋势;在逆境条件下,硬实种子比非硬实种子的适应能力强。硬实种子的活力高于非硬实种子,硬实程度与种子活力呈正相关。