聚乙二醇模拟水分胁迫对沙地樟子松种子萌发影响研究

以引种区沙地樟子松种子为材料,观测了聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟水分胁迫对沙地樟子松种子萌发的影响.结果表明,不同浓度PEG处理胁迫对种子的萌发均有一定的延缓作用;种子的发芽率、发芽指数和发芽势随胁迫强度的增加呈现明显下降趋势.30%PEG处理的种子在试验结束后仍未能萌发,表明樟子松种子的萌发的临界PEG水分胁迫值小于30%,相当于-1.20MPa的水势.种子发芽后胚根和胚轴的生长亦受到PEG模拟水分胁迫,当PEG浓度为10%时(相当于-0.2MPa水势),胚根、胚轴的长度都较短,说明樟子松种子的胚根、胚轴的生长对PEG模拟干旱胁迫更敏感;但胚根/胚芽的比值随PEG模拟水分胁迫的强度增加而增加,表明樟子松种子萌发后对水分胁迫具有较强的适应性.由此可见,干旱胁迫影响引种区沙地樟子松种子的萌发可能是导致沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的因素之一.     

扁蓿豆和苜蓿种子萌发期抗旱性和耐盐性比较

为明晰扁蓿豆[Medicago ruthenica(Linn.)Trautv.]和苜蓿(Medicago varia Martin.)种子萌发期的抗旱性和耐盐性强弱,以不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)和Na Cl溶液模拟干旱和盐胁迫,研究了不同程度干旱和盐浓度对采自甘肃景泰的扁蓿豆和苜蓿品种阿尔冈金(M.varia Martin.cv."Algonquin")种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫和盐胁迫降低了扁蓿豆和苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,抑制了胚芽和胚根的生长。-0.3~-0.9 MPa和-1.5 MPa的PEG处理下苜蓿和扁蓿豆种子的相对发芽率间无显著差异,-1.2 MPa的PEG胁迫下苜蓿种子的相对发芽率显著高于扁蓿豆。-0.3~-1.2MPa的PEG胁迫下苜蓿种子的相对发芽指数均显著高于扁蓿豆,其相对芽长无显著差异。Na Cl渗透势为-0.9~-1.5 MPa时,苜蓿种子的相对发芽率显著高于扁蓿豆;-0.3~-1.2 MPa的Na Cl胁迫下苜蓿种子的相对发芽指数和相对活力指数均显著高于扁蓿豆。通过种子萌发期的相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、相对胚根长和相对胚芽长5项指标,应用隶属函数法对参试材料种子萌发期抗旱性和耐盐性进行综合评价的结果表明,苜蓿品种阿尔冈金种子萌发期的抗旱性、耐盐性均强于来自景泰的扁蓿豆。此结果和人们以往对扁蓿豆和苜蓿的认识"扁蓿豆的抗旱性和耐盐性优于苜蓿"不一致。     

模拟水分胁迫对不同种源麻楝种子萌发能力的影响

以麻楝6个种源种子为试验材料,用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱胁迫,探讨干旱胁迫对种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及幼苗苗高和胚根长及根苗比的影响,为麻楝的引种和推广种植提供依据。结果显示:(1)不同水势胁迫处理均降低了麻楝种子的发芽率和发芽势,当水势为-0.40MPa时延缓了种子萌发进程;种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均随干旱胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降的趋势;当胁迫水势为-0.86MPa时,干旱胁迫处理的种子在试验结束时仍未能萌发,即-0.86MPa是麻楝种子萌发的临界水势。(2)当胁迫水势高于-0.40MPa时,麻楝幼苗的胚根长度与对照组差异不显著且长于对照组,说明高于-0.40MPa的水势有利于麻楝种子胚根的生长;麻楝幼苗苗高生长则是随着PEG浓度的升高而逐渐减缓。(3)适当的干旱胁迫可以增大各种源麻楝幼苗根苗比,且在胁迫水势高于-0.20MPa时都达到最大值。研究表明,麻楝种子具有一定的抗干旱胁迫的萌发能力,并以来自缅甸的Khin Aye Pale和泰国的Phu Wiang材料较强,来源于中国三亚和马来西亚Ulu Tranan的较弱。     

模拟干旱胁迫下六个种源梓树种子萌发特性及地理变异研究

该研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,测定了发芽率、发芽势和胚根长度等指标,运用相关性分析、聚类分析和隶属函数法综合评价梓树六个种源种子萌发期的抗旱性大小,初步筛选出抗旱性较强的种源。结果表明:随着溶液水势的降低,六个种源种子的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数表现为持续下降趋势;除河南洛阳种源的胚根、胚轴长度以及甘肃正宁种源的胚根长度外,其余种源胚根、胚轴长度均表现为逐渐下降趋势;溶液水势为-1.0 MPa时,河南洛阳种源失活,其余种源各指标趋于一致。将各种源种子发芽特性与原产地地理环境因子进行相关分析表明,种子活力指数与经度、纬度呈显著正相关(0.903和0.871),经度、纬度较大的种源活力更强、抗旱性更佳;年均气温越高,种子发芽率和活力均降低;年降雨量与种子的发芽率和活力指数呈中偏弱的负相关,但与胚根和胚轴的生长呈中等正相关;温度和降雨量对梓树种子的抗旱性有一定影响,主要体现在年均温和年降雨量越低,种子的发芽率也越低;初步发现处于干旱和寒冷等相对恶劣环境下的梓树种源表现为以提高种子发芽率和降低种子胚生长活性的调节机制来适应不良环境。运用聚类分析及隶属函数法对六个种源梓树种子萌发期进行抗旱性综合评价,辽宁恒仁种源种子抗旱性最强,河南洛阳种源种子抗旱性最弱。综上结果认为,梓树六个种源抗旱性差异明显,温度和降雨量在一定程度上影响了种子萌发的抗旱性。     

等渗的盐分和水分胁迫对杠柳种子萌发的影响

通过等渗的NaCl和PEG溶液模拟盐分和水分胁迫,设置渗透梯度,在控制条件下对杠柳种子的萌发过程中总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、胚根生长、种子活力、发芽值等指标系统研究,对种子萌发率与渗透势之间关系进行回归分析,主要结果包括：（1）杠柳种子萌发过程中总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数和发芽值四项指标均随NaCl和PEG溶液的渗透势降低逐渐下降,综合研究活力指数和发芽值表明渗透势≥-0.5 MPa和≤-1.4 MPa时,PEG对种子萌发抑制作用大于NaCl,其他情况相反;（2）杠柳种子逐日萌发率和胚根日变化研究表明,与NaCl相比,PEG推迟杠柳种子萌发,并且对胚根增长抑制作用较大;（3）建立盐分和水分胁迫条件下种子萌发率与渗透势回归方程,发现杠柳种子在PEG胁迫下的萌发临界值和极限值为-1.0和-1.4 MPa,在NaCl胁迫下是-0.9和-1.3 MPa,解除胁迫条件,不同处理的杠柳种子复水萌发率均达到100%。说明杠柳具有良好的耐盐抗旱的特性。     

温度对干旱、盐胁迫下两种黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨温度对干旱、盐胁迫下黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响,以黄芪属蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪2种种子为研究对象,纯净水处理为对照组,NaCl、PEG处理为实验组,设置4个渗透势水平(0、-0.1、-0.3、-0.5 MPa),置于5种不同的温度(10、15、20、25、30 ℃)下,每日观察并记录两种种子萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明：旱盐胁迫下蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪种子萌发最适宜的温度分别为25和20 ℃左右;蒙古黄芪耐高温不耐低温,而扁茎黄芪恰恰相反;但25和20 ℃均适宜两种幼苗生长,包括胚根、胚轴和子叶的生长。蒙古黄芪各处理组(除未发芽的种子)的平均发芽时间都比扁茎黄芪长;NaCl胁迫程度的增加使得两种种子的最终发芽率降低,但蒙古黄芪的耐盐性高于扁茎黄芪;随着PEG胁迫程度的增加,二者的发芽均受到抑制,甚至会出现完全不萌发,但扁茎黄芪的耐旱性高于蒙古黄芪;在相同的渗透势时,尤其是-0.5 MPa,PEG比NaCl对两种种子的影响大;交互胁迫作用下,随着渗透势的增加两种幼苗的鲜重、干重以及胚根、胚轴、子叶的长和宽变化较大;利用Design Expert软件预测发现：温度25 ℃、NaCl渗透势为-0.1 MPa,温度24 ℃、PEG渗透势为-0.04 MPa的处理是蒙古黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长达到最优化的组合;而扁茎黄芪最优化的组合则为23 ℃下NaCl渗透势为-0.07 MPa的处理,20 ℃下PEG渗透势为-0.13 MPa的处理。     

温度对干旱、盐胁迫下两种黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨温度对干旱、盐胁迫下黄芪属种子萌发和幼苗生长特性的影响,以黄芪属蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪2种种子为研究对象,纯净水处理为对照组,NaCl、PEG处理为实验组,设置4个渗透势水平(0、-0.1、-0.3、-0.5 MPa),置于5种不同的温度(10、15、20、25、30℃)下,每日观察并记录两种种子萌发和幼苗生长情况。结果表明:旱盐胁迫下蒙古黄芪和扁茎黄芪种子萌发最适宜的温度分别为25和20℃左右;蒙古黄芪耐高温不耐低温,而扁茎黄芪恰恰相反;但25和20℃均适宜两种幼苗生长,包括胚根、胚轴和子叶的生长。蒙古黄芪各处理组(除未发芽的种子)的平均发芽时间都比扁茎黄芪长; NaCl胁迫程度的增加使得两种种子的最终发芽率降低,但蒙古黄芪的耐盐性高于扁茎黄芪;随着PEG胁迫程度的增加,二者的发芽均受到抑制,甚至会出现完全不萌发,但扁茎黄芪的耐旱性高于蒙古黄芪;在相同的渗透势时,尤其是-0.5 MPa,PEG比NaCl对两种种子的影响大;交互胁迫作用下,随着渗透势的增加两种幼苗的鲜重、干重以及胚根、胚轴、子叶的长和宽变化较大;利用Design Expert软件预测发现:温度25℃、NaCl渗透势为-0.1 MPa,温度24℃、PEG渗透势为-0.04 MPa的处理是蒙古黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长达到最优化的组合;而扁茎黄芪最优化的组合则为23℃下NaCl渗透势为-0.07 MPa的处理,20℃下PEG渗透势为-0.13 MPa的处理。     

干旱胁迫对鹿角杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

为探明鹿角杜鹃种子萌发和幼苗生长期的耐旱性,以鹿角杜鹃干种子和90d苗龄幼苗为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,研究干旱胁迫对其种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及幼苗的细胞膜透性、MDA含量、有机渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶活性的影响,并对种子萌发率、早期幼苗生长量与PEG胁迫浓度间进行了回归分析。结果表明:(1)5%~25%PEG胁迫范围内,随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,鹿角杜鹃种子的发芽启动时间推迟,发芽持续时间延长,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗生长量显著降低;重度干旱胁迫(25%PEG)下,鹿角杜鹃种子完全未萌发。(2)发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数以及幼苗生长量的变化均与干旱胁迫程度呈极显著负相关关系,回归分析求得鹿角杜鹃种子萌发的半致死PEG干旱胁迫浓度为15.68%、半致矮PEG干旱胁迫浓度为15.37%。(3)随着PEG胁迫浓度的增加,鹿角杜鹃幼苗叶片SOD活性呈先升后降的趋势,但各胁迫处理仍显著高于CK(0%PEG);细胞膜透性、MDA、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、POD和CAT活性则在中度(15%~20%PEG)和重度胁迫下显著升高,与干旱胁迫程度呈极显著正相关关系。研究表明,干旱胁迫显著抑制了鹿角杜鹃种子萌发和早期幼苗生长,使其细胞膜受到损伤,同时鹿角杜鹃可通过体内渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶活性的增加来适应干旱环境,使得自身受抑制、损伤程度降到最低。     

盐对夏至草种子萌发以及盐胁迫解除后种子萌发能力恢复的影响

检测NaCl、Na2SO4,Na2CO3和3种盐的混合盐对夏至草种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根和胚轴生长以及解除盐胁迫后的这些生理指标变化的结果表明,随着Na2CO3和混合盐溶液浓度的增加,夏至草种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根、胚轴生长均呈下降趋势。低浓度（25～50mmol·L^-1）NaCl和（4-10mmol·L^-1）Na2SO4促进种子萌发,高浓度（200mmol·L^-1）NaCl和（150mmol·L^-1）Na2SO4抑制种子萌发;Na2CO3和混合盐溶液对夏至草种子萌发有明显的抑制作用。盐胁迫解除后,夏至草种子的发芽率随着原盐浓度的增加呈升高趋势。除75mmol·L^-1Na2CO3处理的以外,其它处理的胚根长度都大于未经盐处理的。中性盐处理的胚轴长度都大于未经盐处理的。     

亚精胺浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶种子萌发及淀粉代谢的影响

以‘拉丁诺’白三叶为材料,用0、10%、15%、20%（W/V）的聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液模拟干旱条件,研究亚精胺（Spd）浸种对渗透胁迫下白三叶种子萌发和淀粉代谢的影响。结果表明,在PEG渗透胁迫下,白三叶种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重和胚根长度均显著（P<0.05）降低,淀粉水解为糖类的速率减慢;与蒸馏水浸种相比,0.05mmol·L^-1Spd浸种处理显著（P<0.05）提高了在渗透胁迫条件下种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽及胚根鲜重、干重和胚根长度,同时大幅提高了α-淀粉酶、β-淀粉酶及（α+β）-淀粉酶总活性,降低了淀粉含量,增加了还原糖和葡萄糖含量。说明Spd浸种提高了白三叶种子在渗透胁迫下的萌发能力和幼苗生长的环境适应性,这可能与增强种子体内淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉水解为还原糖和葡萄糖,为种子萌发和幼苗早期生长及时提供充足能量有关。     

Alginate encapsulation of axillary buds of Ocimum americanum L. (hoary basil), O. Basilicum L. (sweet basil), O. Gratissimum L. (shrubby basil), and O. Sanctum. L. (sacred basil)

Summary Propagation and conservation of four pharmaceutically important herbs, Ocimum americanum L. syn. O. canum Sims. (hoary basil); O basilicum L. (swett basil); O. gratissimum L. (shrubby basil); and O. sanctum L. (sacred basil) was attempted using synthetic seed technology. Synthetic seeds were produced by encapsulating axillary vegetative buds harvested from garden-grown plants of these four Ocimum species in calcium alginate gel. The gel contained Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrients and 1.1-4.4 μM benzyladenine (BA). Shoots emerged from the encapsulated buds on all six planting media tested. However, the highest frequency shoot emergence and maximum number of shoots per bud were recorded on media containing BA. Of the six planting media tested, both shoot and root emergence from the encapsulated buds in a single step was recorded on growth regulator-free MS medium as well as on vermi-compost moistened with halfstrength MS medium. Rooted shoots were retrieved from the encapsulated buds of O. americanum, O. basilicum, and O. sanctum on these two media, whereas shoots of O. gratissimum failed to root. The encapsulated buds could be stored for 60 d at 4°C. Plants retrieved from the encapsulated buds were hardened off and established in soil.     

Pollination Ecology ofChloranthus serratus(Thunb.) Roem. et Schult. andCh. fortunei(A. Gray) Solms-Laub. (Chloranthaceae)

Flowering and pollination biology ofChloranthus serratusandChloranthusfortuneiwere studied. Flowering took place from early Marchto mid–April inCh. fortunei, and from April to September,the whole growth period, inCh. serratus.The flowering periodof an inflorescence ofCh. serratusaveraged about 8 d and anthesisof a single flower was 5–6 d. Flowers are slightly protogynous.The flower emitted fragrance when the androecium became white.Both species are entomophilous with thrips as exclusive pollinators.Under natural conditions, fruit set occurs mainly as a resultof cross-pollination, but self-pollination and agamospermy mayoccur in some cases. In flowers ofCh. fortuneiandCh. serratus,theincurved androecium, the carpel and the spike axis form a nearlyclosed chamber that contains the anthers and stigma. The developmentof a floral-axial chamber may be an important step towards amore economical and effective pollination system. Floral morphology,pollination biology and fossil evidence suggest that the mainevolutionary trend in the genusChloranthusis towards developmentof ‘closed’ flowers. The fidelity of the relationshipbetweenChloranthusand thrips is regarded as a specialized featureof pollination biology and this relationship may have originatedearly in the evolutionary lineage.Copyright 1999 Annals of BotanyCompany Chloranthaceae,Chloranthus, Thysanoptera,flowering, floral-axial chamber, pollination, evolution trends.     

A comparison of Dichodontium flavescens (Dicks.) Lindb. and D. pellucidum (Hedw.) Lindb. (Bryopsida)

Abstract

Fifty-three herbarium samples of the genus Dichodontium, originating from 15 countries in Europe and North America, were examined to critically assess new distinguishing characters between D. flavescens and D. pellucidum. The examination, including SEM, revealed some new characteristics in the gametophyte, notably leaf shape, leaf length: width ratio, and width of the nerve, permitting accurate determinations even on sterile material. D. flavescens is recognized here as a distinct species.     

The gynostemium of Bulbophyllum ecornutum (J. J. Smith) J. J. Smith (Orchidaceae)

RASMUSSEN, F. N., 1985. The gynostemium of Bulbophyllum ecornutum (J. J. Smith) J.J. Smith (Orchidaceae) . Stages in the development of the gynostemium of Bulbophyllum ecornutum demonstrate that the pollinium stalk is a hamulus in this and in a closely related species, B. gibbolabium . A hamulus arises by apical growth and reflexion of the median carpel. Hamuli have recently been discovered in several orchid genera, and a transverse fold of the rostellar apex is already known from a large group of orchids. The closely related B. cornutum has a quite different gynostemium structure.     

Chemical constituents of Medinilla septentrionalis (W. W. Sm.) H. L. Li (Melastomataceae)

Our phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Medinilla septentrionalis (W. W. Sm.) H. L. Li led to the isolation of five tannins (1–5), five phenolic acids and phenolic acid derivatives (6–10), four flavonoids (11–14), two triterpenes (15 and 16), and one hydantoin derivative (17). The structures of the obtained compounds were identified using spectrometric methods (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and MS). This is the first study reporting on the chemical constituent of M. septentrionalis and the chemotaxonomic relationships between Medinilla and other genera of Melastomataceae.