施硫肥对内蒙古典型草原放牧生态系统硫循环的影响及硫肥需要量的研究

应用总体平衡 (mass_balance)法研究了施硫肥 (0 ,30及 6 0kgS/hm2 )对内蒙古典型草原放牧生态系统硫循环的影响及在硫肥需要量上的应用。结果表明 ,施硫肥使牧草硫的吸收量提高了 5 0 % ,并使放牧系统硫的生物循环速率提高了 15 %以上。 1995和 1996年两年内两种硫肥处理 30和 6 0kgS/hm2 的硫的利用效率分别为 74.0 %和37.6 %。当其他硫的来源较低时 ,土壤中有机硫的矿化是草原有效硫的主要来源 ,约占整个有效硫输入量的 70 %。放牧家畜在物质循环中具有重要的生态功能 ,其硫采食量的 90 %左右以排泄物的形式返回到土壤 ,经过排泄物而释放的有效硫量约占硫的生物再循环量的 30 %。土壤中硫的淋溶损失是放牧系统中硫的主要输出形式 ;同时 ,家畜尿和粪中硫的损失 (包括转移到非生产区和淋溶损失 )也影响着放牧系统硫的平衡状况。因此 ,应该深入研究粪尿硫的再循环速率及其影响因素。基于总体平衡原则 ,该地区放牧系统中至少每年应施入 10kgS/hm2 才能保持有效硫的平衡状态     

内蒙古典型草原主要土壤类型和植物硫状况的研究（英文）

通过对内蒙古典型草原4种主要土壤类型及122种主要植物硫含量的分析,并与主要放牧家畜的营养需要相结合,综合评价了内蒙古典型草原硫的营养状况.研究表明4种主要土壤类型不同层次(0.2～0.4m,0.1～0.2m和0～0.1m)的土壤中有机硫的含量变化很大,为17～397μg*g-1,有机硫的含量与土壤中有机碳和全氮含量呈高度正相关.土壤中平均无机硫含量低于10μg*g-1,但黑钙土土壤中无机硫的含量较高,达20μg*g-1左右.土壤中微生物硫含量占土壤中全硫含量的1.78%～2.80%.所测定的122种主要植物中有75%的植物体内硫含量低于0.16%,氮/硫比大于14∶1;与主要放牧家畜的营养需要相比,有约80%的植物缺硫.植物体中硫的含量与土壤中有效硫的含量显著正相关.     

施硫对‘豫麦50’籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

选用弱筋小麦品种‘豫麦50’为材料,通过大田试验研究了较高供氮水平下(施纯氮330 kg/hm2)施用低量(S 20 kg/hm2)、中量(S 60 kg/hm2)和高量(S 100 kg/hm2)硫肥对小麦籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响.结果显示,不同施硫处理的小麦籽粒灌浆进程均“呈慢—快—慢”的S型曲线,拟合的Logistic方程决定系数均大于0.993 2,并达到极显著水平;灌浆持续期(T)、渐增期平均灌浆速率(V1),快增期和缓增期持续期(T2、T3)、灌浆期各阶段干物质积累量(m1、m2、m3)和理论最大千粒重(K)均随施硫量增加而提高,并以中硫处理的各项灌浆参数表现较优;中硫处理的千粒重(46.47 g)和籽粒产量(7 416.0 kg/hm2)显著高于低硫处理,极显著高于对照(不施硫)和高硫处理.表明在当前较高施氮水平下,每公顷施纯硫60 kg可有效改善小麦灌浆特性,显著提高籽粒产量.     

硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥对小麦干物质积累分配及产量的影响

在田间高产条件下,设置硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥(SRCU)、树脂包膜尿素控释肥(RCU)、普通尿素加硫磺粉(SU)、普通尿素(U)处理,研究硫和SRCU对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及产量的影响.结果表明:施用RCU处理的植株干物质积累量和籽粒产量与分期施氮不施硫处理相比无显著差异.在土壤有效硫含量为43.2 mg·kg-1的条件下,施硫量为91.4 kg·hm-2的SRCU处理与相同施硫量分期施氮处理相比,花后干物质积累与分配及产量无显著差异;与无硫的RCU处理相比,花后同化物输入籽粒量、籽粒灌浆中期的灌浆速率、千粒重和产量均显著提高.在土壤有效硫含量为105.1 mg·kg-1的条件下,施硫量为120kg·hm-2的SRCU处理籽粒产量显著高于相同施硫量分期施氮处理,与不施硫分期施氮处理和RCU处理无显著差异.说明SRCU释放的氮素对冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的调节作用与速效氮素分期施用的效果一致.SRCU释放的硫素对冬小麦的调节作用受土壤有效硫含量高低的影响,在有效硫含量为43.2 mg·kg-1的条件下,能促进花后干物质积累和籽粒灌浆,显著提高籽粒产量;在有效硫含量为105.1 mg·kg-1的条件下,则无显著增产作用,过多施用硫磺粉还可导致产量显著降低.     

硫硒配施对茎瘤芥生长和营养效应的研究

以茎瘤芥品种‘涪杂1号’为材料,通过盆栽实验探讨不同浓度的硫(S)、硒(Se)配施处理对茎瘤芥干物质积累、矿质元素吸收及膨大茎营养品质的影响,为生产中合理施用硫、硒肥提供理论依据.结果表明:与对照(S0Se0,未施硫硒肥)相比,增施硫、硒肥处理均能显著提高茎瘤芥的根、膨大茎、叶片和单株干物质产量,并以S50Se1[S/Se=50(mg/kg)/1(mg/kg)]和S100Se1的处理效果较好,其单株干物质产量分别比对照显著增加32.3%和36.2%;不同硫、硒浓度配施处理对茎瘤芥13种矿质元素积累的影响不同,主要显著促进了茎、叶对氮、磷、钾、硫、硒的吸收积累,而对其它元素的影响不显著,其中茎、叶的硒含量以S50Se3处理最高,硫含量以S100Se1处理最高;各硫硒配施处理对膨大茎营养品质的影响不同,其中S50Se1和S50Se3处理能显著提高膨大茎有机硒、总氨基酸和粗蛋白含量,而对维生素C和可溶性糖含量无显著影响.可见,适宜的硫硒配施可以明显促进其对矿质元素的吸收,提高植株干物质积累,有效改善茎瘤芥膨大茎营养品质,且硫硒配施用量以S 50mg/kg、Se 1mg/kg为宜.     

中国温带草地土壤硫的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

以内蒙古和青藏高原的6种主要草地类型为研究对象,分析了不同类型草地表层土壤硫(S)的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1)青藏高原草原表层土壤(0—10 cm)的全硫含量(430.8 mg/kg)显著高于内蒙古草原(181.4 mg/kg;P0.01)。土壤硫素一般以有机硫的形式存在,具有植物有效性的土壤无机硫所占比例较少,内蒙古土壤这一比例为14.7%,青藏高原为24.5%。2)土壤硫的含量与土壤C、N的分布格局关系紧密,呈显著正相关关系;与土壤p H呈负相关关系。内蒙古与青藏高原研究区土壤的C/S和N/S值较低,这表明硫可能成为对草原生产力起限制性作用的营养元素。3)内蒙古草原表层土壤全硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫均与年均温呈显著负相关(P0.05);土壤硫与年均降水呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。青藏高原草地土壤硫中,除水溶性硫与年均降水呈显著正相关关系外,其余土壤硫含量均未与气候因子呈现显著相关关系。     

控释肥硫膜降解对微域土壤性质的影响

硫包膜控释肥在农业上的大面积应用,引起了硫膜降解产物对土壤环境影响的广泛关注。选用山东有代表性的耕作土壤棕壤和潮土,设置处理包括硫加树脂残膜、硫残膜、硫磺片,采用尼龙滤网分隔法获取受控释肥硫膜影响较强的微域土壤,对比研究了硫膜对微域和非微域土壤某些化学性质的影响。结果表明,在棕壤上施用各含硫材料会显著影响微域土壤的pH值,微域各含硫材料的氧化高峰期出现在60d左右。硫膜降解对潮土pH值影响与棕壤相比不显著,但肥际微域与非微域相比下降明显。硫残膜对土壤中的微量元素能起到一定的活化作用,尤其是对潮土肥际微域有效铁的影响最为显著,培养结束时硫加树脂残膜处理是空白处理的6.58倍。潮土中施用含硫包膜控释肥可活化土壤养分,从而提高土壤中有效硫和有效磷的含量。控释肥硫膜降解对土壤性质影响显著的区域是在硫膜≤5mm范围内的土壤,而对非肥际微域土壤的化学性质无显著影响。     

不同包膜控释尿素对农田土壤氨挥发的影响

为了探索包膜控释尿素土壤氨挥发损失规律特征和提高肥料氮素利用率,采用小麦玉米轮作田间试验,通过与普通尿素进行对比,运用土壤氨挥发原位测定方法——通气法系统研究了硫包膜和树脂包膜控释尿素的施用对小麦玉米轮作农田土壤氨挥发的影响.研究结果表明:在两种施氮量水平下(210 kg/hm2和300 kg/hm2),与普通尿素相比,硫包膜和树脂包膜控释尿素在小麦基肥期、小麦追肥期和玉米施肥期的施用均减少了土壤氨挥发的累积损失量,分别达35.1％-54.3％、59.6％-75.2％、65.6％-98.1％;有效降低了土壤氨挥发通量峰值且延迟其出现时间3-8 d,并能延缓土壤氨挥发主要阶段的时间分别为4-12 d、5-12 d.在小麦玉米轮作周年中,控释尿素土壤氨挥发累积损失量为28.39-43.35 kg/hm2,土壤氨挥发损失率为4.48％-5.63％,控释尿素时段土壤氨挥发通量比普通尿素降低了51.0％-70.8％;且树脂包膜控释尿素的施用降低小麦玉米轮作农田土壤氨挥发的效果优于硫包膜控释尿素.     

长期施肥对红壤和黑土硫形态演变的影响

以红壤和黑土肥力与肥料效益监测站土壤为研究对象,研究了长期(21年)不同施肥(不施肥对照、施用氮磷钾、氮磷钾配施有机肥)处理下,表层(0～20 cm)和亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤硫素形态组成、分布及演变规律.结果表明: 长期施用化肥及化肥配施有机肥处理下,表层土壤全硫比对照分别增加42%、33%(红壤)和6%、76%(黑土);除红壤氮磷钾处理外,亚表层土壤全硫受施肥影响较小,且明显低于相应表层土壤.有效硫和盐酸可提取态硫分别为红壤和黑土中的主要无机硫形态.施用化肥及化肥配施有机肥的红壤表层有效硫比对照分别增加了447%和102%,并促进了有效硫向亚表层的迁移、累积;而施用化肥及化肥配施有机肥处理的黑土表层有效硫仅比对照分别增加54%和93%,其对亚表层土壤有效硫的影响也不大.有机硫形态在两种土壤中都以酯键硫和残渣态硫为主.长期施肥影响下的表层和亚表层土壤中残渣态硫含量比对照分别增加了32%和55%以上;土壤中性质相对活跃的酯键硫和碳键硫受施肥影响不显著,而与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05).此外,长期施肥试验表明大气硫沉降对土壤硫素输入的影响值得重视.     

硫氮配施对持绿型小麦氮素运转及叶片衰老的影响

以持绿型小麦品种‘豫麦66号’、‘潍麦8号’及非持绿型品种‘小偃6号’为材料,采用以氮肥为主区硫肥为副区的田间裂区试验,研究了2个施氮水平[纯氮120kg/hm2(N120)、220kg/hm2(N220)]和3个施硫水平[纯硫0kg/hm2(S0)、20kg/hm2(S20)、60kg/hm2(S60)]下植株各部位的含氮量、叶片干鲜重及叶片叶绿素含量的变化,探讨硫氮配施对不同类型小麦氮吸收及衰老的影响。结果表明:在相同处理下,持绿型小麦植株的总含氮量、氮素转运量、叶绿素含量、叶片含水量及穗粒数和千粒重均高于非持绿型小麦。N120处理条件下,不同硫肥处理时持绿型小麦与非持绿型小麦变化趋势相同,开花期茎和叶含氮量及叶绿素含量在S60处理下均低于其他2个硫肥处理,生育后期叶片含水量下降幅度也明显高于其他处理;在N220处理条件下,3个品种开花期叶含氮量、收获期总氮累积量、氮收获指数、叶绿素含量及叶片含水量在S60处理下均高于其他2个处理,其中非持绿型小麦在高硫处理条件下灌浆期的叶绿素含量的增长率明显高于持绿型小麦,而灌浆中后期叶片含水量的下降幅度则明显低于持绿型小麦。研究发现,施用硫肥在氮肥不足时会对小麦植株氮素的吸收利用及叶片衰老等方面产生负面影响,但在氮肥充足时却在氮素的吸收利用、延缓叶片衰老及最终籽粒产量和总生物量等方面表现出正面效应;本实验条件下,220kg/hm2左右施氮量和60kg/hm2左右施硫量有利于各品种小麦生长发育和产量提高;高N和高S水平对于延缓小麦的衰老而言,非持绿性小麦比持绿型小麦更明显。     

Sulphur phytoaccumulation in plant species characteristic of Gypsiferous soils

The SO4= toxicity in gypsiferous soils, which represent more than 100 million hectares worldwide, constitutes one of the major problems limiting world agricultural output. Currently, phytoremediation of SO4= is regarded, from agricultural and environmental standpoints, as one of the most effective alternatives for the decontamination and recovery of these soils. In this study, we analyzed the behavior of five plant species characteristic of gypsiferous soils (Gypsophila struthium, Helianthemun alypoides, H. squamatum, H. syriacum, and Lepidium subulatum) in order to establish the variability of these plants in terms of S-extraction mechanisms. Our results indicate that the species best adapted and with the densest population was Lepidium subulatum. This plant showed the highest concentration of total S and the greatest organic S, as well as the highest levels of amino acids and proteins. In this study, we propose that the incorporation of S into organic compounds is the essential metabolic process determining the tolerance of Lepidium subulatum to gypsiferous soils. In conclusion, the foliar accumulation of organic S could be defined a priori as one of the key characteristics in developing plants with a potential for regenerating zones with high SO4= concentrations.     

二氧化硫污染对植物体酶活性的影响

通过用６种浓度的ＳＯ２气体对６种植物进行熏气处理,然后测定植物叶片内的过氧化物酶,抗坏血酸氧化酶及多酚氧化酶的活性,为环境监测提供理论依据。通过试验,发现ＳＯ２气体对植物叶内不同酶的活性的影响有别。６种植物受不同浓度的ＳＯ２污染,叶内的过氧化物酶活性随ＳＯ２浓度增加而增加,促进叶片的衰老;而对其他的２种酶,则６种植物表现不同     

Sulphur stable isotopes can distinguish trophic dependence on sediments and plankton in boreal lakes

1. Stable isotopes of carbon are useful for differentiating between freshwater food chains based on planktonic algae or benthic algae, but are reported to be of limited use for identifying food chains based on sedimentary detritus. Because data from marine systems suggest that stable isotopes of sulphur (δ³⁴S values) have potential in this regard, we tested their utility in freshwater lakes.
2. We found that sulphate in the water column of four boreal lakes was enriched in ³⁴S compared to the sulphur in bulk sediments from these lakes. Furthermore, within a given lake, insects known to feed on sediment (directly or via predation) had δ³⁴S values similar to those of sediment, whereas planktonic and benthic invertebrates known to feed on suspended particles had δ³⁴S values similar to those of sulphate in the water column.
3. Using the stable S isotope values of invertebrates that obtain their S from either the sediment or the water column as end members in a two-source mixing model, we show that two fish species obtain their food from both planktonic and sedimentary sources. Furthermore, model results suggest that, as expected, the more benthic-feeding fish species obtains more of its S from the sediment compartment than does the species that feeds in the water-column.
4. Our results suggest that measurements of stable sulphur isotopes provide a means of distinguishing between members of food chains that are based in the water column from those based on sedimentary detritus. As such, they would be a useful complement to stable C isotopes that are used to distinguish between food chains based on planktonic or benthic algae.     

含硫氨基酸衍生物的研究进展

含硫氨基酸衍生物主要由三个常见的含硫氨基酸———蛋氨酸 ,半胱氨酸 ,胱氨酸衍生转化而来 ,可以在体内参与转甲基 ,转硫基等生化过程 ,同时也具有抗氧化 ,清除自由基等功能 ,在医药和食品中具有重要的应用价值。含硫氨基酸衍生物产品众多 ,其中最具代表性的是N 乙酰 L 半胱氨酸 ,谷胱甘肽 ,腺苷蛋氨酸。本文就这三个衍生物的研究进展作一简要综述。     

Sulphur, thiols, and disulphides in the fish epidermis, with remarks on keratinization

Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis and qualitative and quantitative histochemistry were applied to study the distribution and contents of sulphur, thiols and disulphides in the epidermis of the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis , the lesser spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and the brown trout Salmo trutta fario . Thiols generally reacted weakly throughout the entire epidermis, whereas disulphide reactions were more distinct and differentiated. In the river lamprey, the concentrations of -S-S- groups clearly increased in the developing mucous cells from the stratum basale to the stratum superficiale; skein cells and granular cells reacted negatively to weakly. In the lesser spotted dogfish, amounts of disulphides appeared at moderate concentrations, and only goblet cells displayed a strong reaction. In the brown trout, filament cells showed low concentrations or weak reactions of disulphides, goblet cells and the most outer superficial cells stained strongly. Sulphur distribution and contents generally supported the histochemical observations in normal epidermis cells (absolute sulphur contents: 41–59 mM), only the brown trout showed high amounts of sulphur in the stratum basale (81 mM). The findings corroborate the view that there is an inverse correlation between keratinization and mucous secretion in normal fish epidermis. The sometimes distinct contents of disulphides in the outer mucous layer indicate that this system could endure higher mechanical stress than predictable from its large amounts of neutral glycoproteins.     

Sulphur oxidation by a Streptomyces sp. growing in a carbon-deficient medium and autoclaved soil

Streptomyces colonies, apparently all of the same species, were isolated from a range of soils using a polysulphide medium lacking an organic carbon source. Growth on this medium, and clearing of the otherwise white, opaque overlay, suggested that the organisms were capable of growing autotrophically. However, investigation of one of these isolates showed that it was unable to fix ¹⁴CO₂ and did not possess the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, showing that it was incapable of autotrophic growth. The isolate oxidized elemental sulphur, thiosulphate and tetrathionate to sulphate in vitro in carbon-deficient medium, and also oxidized elemental sulphur to sulphate when inoculated into autoclaved soil supplemented with sulphur. It also oxidized polysulphide when growing on Czapek Dox and plate count agars. The isolate can therefore grow heterotrophically in both carbon-rich media and in media lacking organic carbon — presumably by scavenging organic carbon from the laboratory atmosphere. The possible role of these organisms in sulphur oxidation in soils is commented upon.     

Interactive Effects of Sulphur Dioxide and Mineral Nutrient Supply on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield in Four Wheat Cultivars

Field experiments were conducted on four cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to examine the variability in cultivar response to sulphur dioxide (SO₂) under different concentrations of mineral nutrients. Thirty-days-old plants were exposed for 8 weeks to 390±20 µg m^–3 (0.15 ppm) SO₂ for 4 h per day, 5 d per week. Decline in net photosynthetic rate, contents of pigments and nitrogen, biomass and grain yield of each cultivars were due to SO₂ at all the nutrient concentrations studied. However, the magnitude of reduction was higher in plants grown without nutrient application. On the basis of the reductions in photosynthesis and yield, the susceptibility of wheat cultivars to SO₂ was in the order of Malviya 213 > Malviya 37 > Malviya 206 > Malviya 234 at recommended dose of NPK, whereas the same without the nutrients was Malviya 206 > Malviya 234 > Malviya 213 > Malviya 37.     

陶瓷工业污染区41种植物的硫含量特征

为提高酸污染地区植物净化吸收大气S污染物的能力,研究了广东西樵山41种主要植物的S含量特征.结果表明:(1)41种植物的叶片或地上部分S含量介于1.81～16.47mg·g^-1平均值为4.00mg·g^-1,高于我国其他地区植物S含量的平均水平.马尾松(Pinus massoniana)和荷木(Schima superba)的叶片S含量是大气相对清洁区鼎湖山的2～3倍.(2)华山矾(Symplocos chinensis)、银柴(Aporosa dioica)和光叶山矾(Symplocos lancifolia)和山胡椒(Lindera glauca)的叶片S含量最高,分别为16.47、12.42、11.31和6.68mg·g^-1,是优良的S污染净化植物.(3)同科植物具有相近的S富集能力,目前常用作绿化植物的3种山矾科植物均有较强的大气污染抗性和高S含量特征,预示着山矾科可能存在其他一些优良的S污染净化种类,有待进一步的研究发掘.     

酸与酸肥混合处理对瑞典中部里兹堡松林地上部分的影响

在实验处理期间，瑞典Ｌｉｓｅｌｂｏ地区实验松林受益于硫酸的施用和酸肥的混合使用．１９７１～１９７７年间，酸处理的松树林分基径面积的增长比对照提高了４％；１９７６年酸处理结束，但其潜在的正效应在１９７８～１９８５年间得到增强，基径面积的增长比对照提高了２０％，随后的某一阶段开始下降，１９９３～１９９４为１１％．酸肥混合处理的松树林分的基径面积增长在１９７１～１９７７年比对照提高了３８％；１９７８～１９８５年略有下降，为３０％；１９９３～１９９４年间为－１６％，提示酸肥混合处理对松林基径面积的促进作用至少在１９８５年处理结束后开始减弱，最后表现为负的生长效应．１９９４年，和对照、酸处理的松林样地比，酸肥处理的松林地上部分具有较高的生物现存量，较低的针叶生产力水平．然而，酸处理的松林样地的地上部分现存量相对高于对照，明显低于酸肥混合处理，其针叶生产力水平则相对比对照的高，显著高于酸肥混合处理的松林样地