施硫对''''豫麦50''''籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

选用弱筋小麦品种‘豫麦50’为材料,通过大田试验研究了较高供氮水平下（施纯氮330kg／hm^2）施用低量（S20kg／hm^2）、中量（S60kg／hm^2）和高量（S100kg／hm^2）硫肥对小麦籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响。结果显示,不同施硫处理的小麦籽粒灌浆进程均呈“慢-快-慢”的S型曲线,拟合的Logistic方程决定系数均大于0．9932,并达到极显著水平;灌浆持续期（T）、渐增期平均灌浆速率（V1）,快增期和缓增期持续期（T2、T3）、灌浆期各阶段干物质积累量（m1、m2、m3）和理论最大千粒重（K）均随施硫量增加而提高,并以中硫处理的各项灌浆参数表现较优;中硫处理的千粒重（46．47g）和籽粒产量（7416．0kg／hm^2）显著高于低硫处理,极显著高于对照（不施硫）和高硫处理。表明在当前较高施氮水平下,每公顷施纯硫60kg可有效改善小麦灌浆特性,显著提高籽粒产量。     

硫氮配施对持绿型小麦氮素运转及叶片衰老的影响

以持绿型小麦品种‘豫麦66号’、‘潍麦8号’及非持绿型品种‘小偃6号’为材料,采用以氮肥为主区硫肥为副区的田间裂区试验,研究了2个施氮水平[纯氮120kg/hm2(N120)、220kg/hm2(N220)]和3个施硫水平[纯硫0kg/hm2(S0)、20kg/hm2(S20)、60kg/hm2(S60)]下植株各部位的含氮量、叶片干鲜重及叶片叶绿素含量的变化,探讨硫氮配施对不同类型小麦氮吸收及衰老的影响。结果表明:在相同处理下,持绿型小麦植株的总含氮量、氮素转运量、叶绿素含量、叶片含水量及穗粒数和千粒重均高于非持绿型小麦。N120处理条件下,不同硫肥处理时持绿型小麦与非持绿型小麦变化趋势相同,开花期茎和叶含氮量及叶绿素含量在S60处理下均低于其他2个硫肥处理,生育后期叶片含水量下降幅度也明显高于其他处理;在N220处理条件下,3个品种开花期叶含氮量、收获期总氮累积量、氮收获指数、叶绿素含量及叶片含水量在S60处理下均高于其他2个处理,其中非持绿型小麦在高硫处理条件下灌浆期的叶绿素含量的增长率明显高于持绿型小麦,而灌浆中后期叶片含水量的下降幅度则明显低于持绿型小麦。研究发现,施用硫肥在氮肥不足时会对小麦植株氮素的吸收利用及叶片衰老等方面产生负面影响,但在氮肥充足时却在氮素的吸收利用、延缓叶片衰老及最终籽粒产量和总生物量等方面表现出正面效应;本实验条件下,220kg/hm2左右施氮量和60kg/hm2左右施硫量有利于各品种小麦生长发育和产量提高;高N和高S水平对于延缓小麦的衰老而言,非持绿性小麦比持绿型小麦更明显。     

不同氮素水平下施硫对高产小麦碳氮运转和产量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以2个不同穗型的高产冬小麦品种为试验材料,在施240 kg·hm-2(N240)和330 kg·hm-2(N330)纯氮水平下,分别施纯硫60 kg·hm-2(S60)和0 kg·hm-2(S0),研究了施硫对小麦不同器官碳氮运转及其对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响.结果显示:(1)2个供氮水平下,施硫(S60)均比对照(S0)增加了2个小麦品种的叶片、茎、鞘、颖壳和穗轴等营养器官花前贮藏干物质、氮素的运转量和运转率以及总运转量和总运转率,提高了转运干物质、氮素对籽粒重和籽粒氮素的贡献率,极显著提高了籽粒和蛋白质产量.(2)施硫对豫农949品种籽粒和蛋白质产量提高幅度显著高于兰考矮早八;与对照(S0)相比,豫农949的N240S60和N330S60处理使籽粒产量分别增加12.74%和16.41%,蛋白质产量分别增加16.84%和16.14%.结果表明,中氮和高氮水平下施硫均可明显促进高产小麦植株的C-N运转,提高植株对氮的吸收利用和碳物质的积累,从而增加籽粒产量,但不同品种间的施硫效应存在差异.     

施氮量对小麦/玉米带田土壤水分及硝态氮的影响

通过田间试验研究了河西绿洲灌区典型的小麦/玉米间作群体不同施氮量(0、210、420和630 kg/hm2)对小麦、玉米带田土壤水分和硝态氮(NO3(-)-N)的动态的影响.结果表明:小麦/玉米总籽粒产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,但当施氮量超过420kg/hm2时,总籽粒产量不再随施氮量增加而增加,最高总籽粒产量可达13661-14668 kg/hm2.水分利用效率在施氮420 kg/hm2时最高可达21.25 kg·hm-2·mm-1.小麦收获后,0-120 cm土层内土壤含水量随施氮量增加而减少,NO3(-)-N的累积量随施氮量增加而增加,并且表层土壤(0-60 cm) NO3(-)-N含量明显高于深层土壤(60-200 cm).在小麦/玉米整个生育期,土壤硝态氮的变化呈双峰曲线.施氮0和210 kg/hm2的土壤硝态氮第一峰值和第二峰值均分别出现在小麦三叶期和玉米大喇叭口期;施氮420和630 kg/hm2的土壤硝态氮第一峰值出现在小麦挑旗期,第二峰值分别出现在玉米大喇叭口期和玉米灌浆期.因此,在该地区小麦/玉米间作栽培模式下,施氮水平控制在420 kg/hm2时,使混合产量达到最高,同时可减轻土壤硝态氮的累积和运移,从而达到高效、安全的目的.     

施钾对强筋小麦生理特性及产量的效应

以强筋面包小麦临优145为试验材料,于大田生产条件下研究了施用钾肥对强筋小麦叶片光合、膜脂氧化及产量特性的影响.结果显示,适量施钾能显著降低开花14d以后旗叶中超氧阴离子的产生强度和MDA含量,并显著提高旗叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率,显著增加千粒重;在施钾(K2O)37.5~150.0kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,各处理产量呈先上升后下降趋势且均比对照极显著增产14.5%~30.7%,各处理间产量差异显著,以施钾(K2O)112.5kg/hm2时籽粒产量最高.结果表明,中产条件下施用钾肥可显著提高强筋小麦籽粒产量,且以施钾(K2O)103.0~112.5kg/hm2为宜.     

硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥对小麦干物质积累分配及产量的影响

在田间高产条件下,设置硫加树脂包膜尿素控释肥(SRCU)、树脂包膜尿素控释肥(RCU)、普通尿素加硫磺粉(SU)、普通尿素(U)处理,研究硫和SRCU对冬小麦干物质积累与分配及产量的影响.结果表明:施用RCU处理的植株干物质积累量和籽粒产量与分期施氮不施硫处理相比无显著差异.在土壤有效硫含量为43.2 mg·kg-1的条件下,施硫量为91.4 kg·hm-2的SRCU处理与相同施硫量分期施氮处理相比,花后干物质积累与分配及产量无显著差异;与无硫的RCU处理相比,花后同化物输入籽粒量、籽粒灌浆中期的灌浆速率、千粒重和产量均显著提高.在土壤有效硫含量为105.1 mg·kg-1的条件下,施硫量为120kg·hm-2的SRCU处理籽粒产量显著高于相同施硫量分期施氮处理,与不施硫分期施氮处理和RCU处理无显著差异.说明SRCU释放的氮素对冬小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的调节作用与速效氮素分期施用的效果一致.SRCU释放的硫素对冬小麦的调节作用受土壤有效硫含量高低的影响,在有效硫含量为43.2 mg·kg-1的条件下,能促进花后干物质积累和籽粒灌浆,显著提高籽粒产量;在有效硫含量为105.1 mg·kg-1的条件下,则无显著增产作用,过多施用硫磺粉还可导致产量显著降低.     

氮硫配施对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

采用二元二次正交旋转组合设计,通过田间试验研究了关中地区氮硫配施条件下冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量效应.结果表明：在氮硫配施条件下,小麦籽粒灌浆进程呈“慢 快 慢”的S型曲线.在N₂（108 kg·hm^-2）和N₄（267 kg·hm^-2）水平下,籽粒灌浆持续期、理论最大粒重和平均灌浆速率等籽粒灌浆参数均随施硫量的增加而下降;在S₂（97.5 kg·hm^-2）和S₄（202.5 kg·hm^-2）水平下,增加氮肥用量可以提高籽粒灌浆参数;而在N₃（187.5 kg·hm^-2）或S₃（150 kg·hm^-2）水平下,各灌浆参数随施硫量或施氮量的增加先升高后降低.花后25 d之前,各处理灌浆速率上升趋势相同;开花25 d后,各处理灌浆速率呈现不同的下降趋势.在N₃或S₃水平下,灌浆速率下降趋势随施硫量或施氮量的增加先减缓后加速.可见,适宜的氮硫配施水平能提高穗密度、延长有效灌浆时间、提高灌浆速率,从而增加籽粒产量.从肥料效应函数可得,在高施氮量（178.31～256.36 kg·hm^-2）和中等施硫量（131.95～167.65 kg·hm^-2）条件下,冬小麦产量可超过平均产量（3753 kg·hm^-2）.     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运的影响

氮素平衡对干物质积累与分配的影响是农业生态系统研究的重要内容,在保障产量前提下减少氮肥施用量可减少环境污染与温室气体排放。以晚播冬小麦为研究对象,设置4个施氮量水平:0 kg/hm2(N0)、168.75 kg/hm2(N1)、225 kg/hm2(N2)、281.25 kg/hm2(N3),每个施氮量水平下设置2个追氮时期处理:拔节期(S1)、拔节期+开花期(S2),研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦氮素和干物质积累与转运及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:拔节期追施氮肥(S1)条件下,在225 kg/hm2(N2)基础上增施25%氮肥(N3)对开花期氮素积累总量和营养器官氮素转运量无显著影响;拔节期+开花期追施氮肥(S2)条件下,随施氮量增加,开花期氮素积累总量和花后营养器官氮素转运量升高;S2较S1显著提高成熟期籽粒及营养器官氮素积累量、花后籽粒氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了成熟期的干物质积累量、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累强度和花后籽粒干物质积累量。同一追氮时期条件下,籽粒产量N2与N3无显著差异,氮肥偏生产力随施氮量增加而降低;同一施氮量条件下,S2较S1提高了晚播冬小麦的籽粒产量和氮肥吸收利用率。拔节期+开花期追施氮肥,总施氮量225kg/hm2为有利于实现晚播冬小麦高产和高效的最优氮肥运筹模式。     

氮磷钾硫对冬小麦产量及加工品质的调节效应

试验在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地进行,以强筋小麦品种为试验材料,研究不同氮磷钾硫肥料处理对小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在高产的条件下以120kg/hm2施氮的处理,产量、千粒重和容重最高,过度施氮使产量、千粒重和容重呈逐渐降低的趋势,子粒硬度随施氮量增加而提高.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、形成时间和稳定时间均有随施氮量增加而提高的趋势,增加施氮量显著增加了面包体积.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和稳定时间有随施钾量增加而提高的趋势.施磷和硫处理对产量和品质的影响不显著.     

苏北滩涂海水灌溉与施氮对籽粒苋生长的影响

为创建海涂海水种、养复合清洁生产模式,首先要探索海水灌溉经济植物的种植条件,为此,在苏北滩涂布置田间小区试验,研究海水灌溉下氮肥与海水对籽粒苋生长的耦合效应。结果表明:1)20%海水灌溉下,施纯氮量120kg.hm-2,植株鲜草和籽粒产量均显著高于施纯氮量60kg.hm-2下的产量,且与施纯氮量180kg.hm-2处理下的产量差异不显著;40%海水灌溉下,施氮120kg.hm-2时籽粒产量最高,但其产量显著低于20%海水灌溉、施纯氮量120kg.hm-2下的产量。2)鲜草产量在淡水灌溉、施纯氮60kg.hm-2下达到最高值,籽粒产量在淡水灌溉,施纯氮180kg.hm-2下达到最高值。但20%海水灌溉、施纯氮120kg.hm-2组合下,籽粒产量和鲜草产量均未与最高产量达显著差异。3)随施氮量的增加,茎、叶中K+含量增加,而根、茎、叶中Na+含量和Cl-含量均先减少后增加。在施氮量为120kg.hm-2范围内,茎K+/Na+随施氮量的增加而升高,施氮量进一步增加,K+/Na+又随之下降。4)20%海水灌溉下,叶片氮素含量在120kg.hm-2处理下达到最高值,在40%海水处理下,氮肥施用对叶片氮素含量影响不显著。...     

Moderate Salinity Stress Reduces Rice Grain Yield by Influencing Expression of Grain Number- and Grain Filling-Associated Genes

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Soil salinity is an environmental stress severely impacting on rice grain yield. However, limited information is available on how salinity affects expression...     

Antifungal Proteins during Sorghum Grain Development and Grain Mould Resistance

Proteins potentially inhibitory to the growth of grain‐moulding fungi in vitro have been identified from sorghum seeds. However, their role in vivo during fungi infection is still not clear. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of antifungal proteins (AFPs) during grain development. Sureño (a grain mould‐resistant line), RTx430 (a grain mould‐susceptible) and their F₁ hybrid, were planted at two moisture levels. Caryopses were collected from each genotype every 7 days after anthesis (DAA) during development and maturity of the grain. Significant levels of grain mould occurred naturally. Levels of four AFPs (sormatin, chitinases, β‐1,3‐glucanases and ribosomal‐inactivating proteins) were determined using the immunoblotting technique. During grain development (7–35 DAA), Sureño and the F₁ hybrid showed higher levels of sormatin and chitinase than RTx430. RIPs levels in Sureño and the F₁ hybrid were higher than those in RTx430 after 21 DAA. Sormatin, chitinases, β‐1,3‐glucanases and RIPs levels in Sureño and in the F₁ hybrid were higher than those of RTx430 after grain physiological maturity. AFPs are associated with grain mould resistance because Sureño and the F1 hybrid induce and/or retain higher AFPs levels under grain mould infection pressure than did RTx430.     

Genetic Dissection of Grain Size and Grain Number Trade-Offs in CIMMYT Wheat Germplasm

Grain weight (GW) and number per unit area of land (GN) are the primary components of grain yield in wheat. In segregating populations both yield components often show a negative correlation among themselves. Here we use a recombinant doubled haploid population of 105 individuals developed from the CIMMYT varieties Weebill and Bacanora to understand the relative contribution of these components to grain yield and their interaction with each other. Weebill was chosen for its high GW and Bacanora for high GN. The population was phenotyped in Mexico, Argentina, Chile and the UK. Two loci influencing grain yield were indicated on 1B and 7B after QTL analysis. Weebill contributed the increasing alleles. The 1B effect, which is probably caused by to the 1BL.1RS rye introgression in Bacanora, was a result of increased GN, whereas, the 7B QTL controls GW. We concluded that increased in GW from Weebill 7B allele is not accompanied by a significant reduction in grain number. The extent of the GW and GN trade-off is reduced. This makes this locus an attractive target for marker assisted selection to develop high yielding bold grain varieties like Weebill. AMMI analysis was used to show that the 7B Weebill allele appears to contribute to yield stability.     

Breeding Perennial Grain Crops

Referee: Ms. Peggy Wagoner, Rodale Institute, 611 Siegfriedale Road, Kutztown, PA 19530-9749 One-third of the planet's arable land has been lost to soil erosion in recent decades, and the pace of this degradation will increase as the limits of our food production capacity are stretched. The persistent problem of worldwide soil erosion has rekindled interest in perennial grain crops. All of our current grain crops are annuals; therefore, developing an array of new perennial grains - grasses, legumes, and others – will require a long-term commitment. Fortunately, many perennial species can be hybridized with related annual crops, allowing us to incorporate genes of domestication much more quickly than did our ancestors who first selected the genes. Some grain crops — including rye, rice, and sorghum — can be hybridized with close perennial relatives to establish new gene pools. Others, such as wheat, oat, maize, soybean, and sunflower, must be hybridized with more distantly related perennial species and genera. Finally, some perennial species with relatively high grain yields — intermediate wheatgrass, wildrye, lymegrass, eastern gamagrass, Indian ricegrass, Illinois bundleflower, Maximilian sunflower, and probably others — are candidates for direct domestication without interspecific hybridization. To ensure diversity in the field and foster further genetic improvement, breeders will need to develop deep gene pools for each crop. Discussions of breeding strategies for perennial grains have concentrated on allocation of photosyn-thetic resources between seeds and vegetative structures. However, perennials will likely be grown in more diverse agro-ecosystems and require arrays of traits very different from those usually addressed by breeders of annuals. The only way to address concerns about the feasibility of perennial grains is to carry out breeding programs with adequate resources on a sufficient time scale. A massive program for breeding perennial grains could be funded by diversion of a relatively small fraction of the world's agricultural research budget.     

Ceramide in Rice Grain

A rice lamina inclination test that is simple and specific for brassinosteroids was used as a micro-quantitative bioassay for brassinolide 1 and its 6-keto congener, castasterone 2, in the concentration range of 5 x 10^–5 /ig/ml to 5 x 10^–3μg/ml, when uniform seedlings of the rice cultivars Arborio J-l and Nihonbare were selected. A phytohormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), showed similar activity in this bioassay. Its lowest effective concentration, however, was 50 /ig/μl, about five orders of magnitude greater than that of brassinolide. Other phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and the cytokinins kinetin and A⁶-benzyladenine, inhibited the lamina inclination of rice seedlings. The addition of a cytokinin reduced the promoting effect of brassinolide. Thus, the rice lamina inclination test can be used both as a micro-quantitative bioassay for brassinosteroids and as a method for detecting antibrassinolide compouds.     

Thermal Stress Impacts on Reproductive Development and Grain Yield in Grain Legumes

Temperature stress (cold, heat) during reproductive development is one of the serious constraints to the productivity of grain legumes as their cultivation is expanding to warmer environments and temperature variability is increasing due to climate change. Grain legumes exposed to temperature below 10-15°C or above 30°C show flower abortion, pollen and ovule infertility, impaired fertilization, and reduced seed filling, leading to substantial reduction in grain yield. For managing these effects of temperature extremes, it is important to improve the resistance of grain legumes by using improved breeding and genetic engineering tools. In this review article, the impact of both high and low temperature stress on different phases of the reproductive stage, from meiosis to grain filling, and the sensitivity of different reproductive organs to temperature extremes are discussed. The review also covers the management options to improve resistance to temperature stress in grain legumes. Furthermore, innovative breeding, genetic and molecular strategies in grain legumes against temperature stress are also discussed.