斑须蝽在玉米田分布型及抽样方法的研究

采用6种空间分布型聚集度指标,测定了斑须蝽成虫,若虫,卵等3种虫态在玉米田的空间分布型,研究表明,斑须蝽3种虫态在玉米田中均呈聚集分布,并提出了相应的抽样技术。     

不同猎物饲喂对南方小花蝽捕食量和喜好性的影响

为探讨南方小花蝽对不同猎物的捕食喜好性,室内用西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜、二斑叶螨、混合饲料(同时饲喂3种猎物)分别饲喂南方小花蝽驯化两代,研究了4种饲喂处理的南方小花蝽初孵若虫、5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜和二斑叶螨的捕食量和喜好性。结果显示不同猎物饲喂处理驯化的南方小花蝽1龄若虫对同一种猎物的捕食量和喜好性均不存在显著差异。南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对某种猎物的捕食量因前期取食的猎物种类不同而有显著差异。南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对西花蓟马2龄若虫的正喜好性。蚕豆蚜饲喂处理的5龄若虫和雌成虫对蚕豆蚜表现出正喜好性,除二斑叶螨饲喂处理外其余3种处理的南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对二斑叶螨的负喜好性。以上结果表明4种饲喂驯化处理的南方小花蝽1龄若虫的喜好性不受前期取食猎物的影响,但5龄若虫和雌成虫对前期取食过的猎物的喜好性增强,存在一定的学习行为。     

齿缘刺猎蝽生活史及其生物学特性

齿缘刺猎蝽是国内广泛分布的一种捕食性天敌昆虫,能捕食多种农林业害虫。为了充分利用该虫,我们对齿缘刺猎蝽的生活史、形态特征和行为进行了研究。结果表明,齿缘刺猎蝽在湖南一年发生一代,以成虫越冬;5月份产卵,若虫4龄,初孵若虫黄褐色,2-4龄若虫由黄绿色到淡绿色,4龄若虫可见明显白色翅芽,8月份羽化为成虫,成虫灰褐色。各龄若虫和成虫体表均分布有较多棘或刺。成虫平均寿命长达312.5 d,不太活跃,有一定的飞行能力,取食和交配的时间较长,整个产卵期产卵量为每头雌虫35-41粒。     

蓝蝽对马铃薯甲虫低龄幼虫的捕食潜能初探

室内研究了蓝蝽Zicrona caerula(Linnaeus)对马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应和选择效应。HollingII型圆盘方程和HollingⅢ型新模型拟合结果共同显示,蓝蝽若虫对马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫的捕食量随着龄期的增加而增大;4、5龄若虫及成虫的捕食量均在17头以上。由HollingII模型获得蓝蝽对马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫的控制能力为2龄<3龄<4龄<5龄<成虫;随着食物密度的增加,蓝蝽各虫态的寻找效应逐渐下降。田间防治马铃薯甲虫1龄幼虫时,2～5龄蓝蝽若虫及成虫的最佳益害比应该分别为1∶2、1∶4、1∶13、1∶14、1∶13,然而,食物选择效应显示蓝蝽原生境中猎物-兰叶甲可能会对防治产生影响。     

南方小花蝽对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的捕食作用

南方小花蝽Orius similis是多种小型害虫的重要天敌昆虫,为了掌握其控制潜能,本文研究了南方小花蝽对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和蚕豆蚜Aphis craccivora的捕食作用。研究结果表明南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫的瞬时攻击率均高于蚕豆蚜。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对蚕豆蚜的控制能力比雌成虫强,而对西花蓟马的控制能力比雌成虫差。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜的捕食率（E）随着捕食者自身的密度（P）的增加而下降,其干扰反应方程分别为E=0.412P-1.623和E=0.416P-1.639。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜有明显的选择性,5龄若虫喜欢取食西花蓟马2龄若虫,但前期取食的猎物对其选择性有明显的影响,更喜欢选择前期取食过的猎物。     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是2019年新入侵我国的重大农业害虫,已对我国的农作物产生严重为害,筛选、利用本地天敌控制草地贪夜蛾是实现可持续控制的一个重要途径。叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是一种广泛分布于热带、亚热带地区的捕食性天敌,是许多鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目害虫的潜在生防因子。本文采用捕食功能反应方法评价了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效能。研究结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄、5龄若虫以及雌、雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄及5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling-Ⅱ方程。在饱和猎物密度条件下,叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为32.20头(5龄若虫)19.40头(雌成虫)18.20头(雄成虫)6.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值(a为瞬时攻击率,Th为处置单头猎物时间)为82.25(5龄若虫)40.39(雌成虫)36.12(雄成虫)17.19(3龄若虫);叉角厉蝽各虫态对草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫的平均日最大捕食量依次为7.80头(5龄若虫)6.40头(雌成虫)5.50头(雄成虫)4.60头(3龄若虫),a/Th值为11.36(5龄若虫)10.75(雌成虫)9.63(雄成虫)7.45(3龄若虫)。本研究表明叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具较强的捕食能力,尤其是5龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫。研究结果为利用叉角厉蝽防控草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据,也为其田间释放应用提供技术支撑。     

军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽若虫的捕食作用

茶网蝽Stephanitis chinensis是一种为害春茶的重要害虫，本文研究了天敌军配盲蝽Stethoconus japonicus和南方小花蝽Orius similis对茶网蝽的捕食能力，为茶网蝽的生物防治提供科学依据。在室内开展军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食功能反应和寻找效应以及南方小花蝽的种内干扰反应研究。结果表明军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型。军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽的捕食量与茶网蝽3龄若虫的密度呈正相关，但寻找效应与猎物密度呈负相关。南方小花蝽成虫、3龄若虫对茶网蝽3龄若虫的日最大捕食量（11.49头、12.82头）大于军配盲蝽成虫、3龄若虫（10.10头、6.41头）；军配盲蝽成虫对茶网蝽的寻找效应高于其3龄若虫，而南方小花蝽3龄若虫的寻找效应高于成虫。南方小花蝽成虫、3龄若虫对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食作用均存在种内干扰反应，且符合Hassell模型，分别为E=0.4263P^-0.825和E=0.5234P^-0.762。综上研究结果，军配盲蝽和南方小花蝽对茶网蝽3龄若虫的捕食作用较强，均具有良好的生物防治潜能。     

Bioactivity and sublethal effects of benzoylphenylurea insecticides on Apolygus lucorum

本文系统地比较了有代表性的4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)的生物活性和亚致死剂量对绿盲蝽生长发育及繁殖的影响.结果表明,苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽各龄若虫均有较高的毒力,供试苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂中,氟啶脲对绿盲蝽2龄若虫的毒力最高,其LC50为51.63mg/L;氟铃脲对其3龄若虫毒力最高,其LC5o为66.87mg/L;杀铃脲对绿盲蝽4龄若虫毒力最高,其LC50为93.04mg/L,3种药剂毒力均高于马拉硫磷.以4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂LC30-40剂量处理绿盲蝽若虫后,对其存活若虫的生长发育和繁殖产生明显的后续影响.氟铃脲对试虫的影响最大,处理2龄若虫,表现为其若虫发育历期延长、成虫产卵量略有降低、成虫寿命降低;处理4龄若虫,羽化率降低、成虫产卵量、成虫寿命均降低.     

龙眼角颊木虱若虫空间分布型及抽样技术初探

应用6种聚集度指标对龙眼角颊木虱若虫的空间分布型及抽样技术进行研究,结果表明：角颊木虱若虫分布型属于聚集分布,生产上采用五点式取样为宜。运用Iwao的m＊-m直线回归方程建立了Kuno理论抽样数模型,田间理论抽样数可用Tn=4．030／（D^2-0．394／n）来估计。     

棉田绿盲蝽的空间分布型及其抽样模型

2009—2010年于河北省廊坊市对棉田绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)的空间分布型及其抽样模型进行了研究。结果表明,绿盲蝽成虫空间分布型与其种群密度有关,当种群密度大于百株1.6头时呈随机分布,当小于百株1.6头时一般呈聚集分布;绿盲蝽若虫在不同种群密度下均呈聚集分布;绿盲蝽整个种群呈Possion分布。应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了棉田绿盲蝽的理论抽样数公式:N=(1.35/x珋)/D2。     

褐飞虱高温条件下应激反应及体内保护酶系活性的研究

利用34℃、36℃、38℃3个温度处理褐飞虱的若虫和不同型成虫,研究其在热休克过程中体内保护酶系活性及脂质过氧化物含量的变化。结果表明,热休克对4龄若虫过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性影响大于3龄、5龄,而其成虫期CAT活性则随日龄增加而增加,36℃为CAT清除H2O2最适温度。高龄若虫全内谷胱甘肽过氧化物本(GSH-px）活性高于低龄若虫,老熟成虫体内GSH－px清除H2O2能力强于初羽化成虫,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与处理温度呈正相关,而同一处理温度下SOD活性随成虫龄期和成虫日龄增加而降低,长型成虫体内CAT、GSH－px、SOD活性均高于短翅型,而雌、雄成虫间CAT、GSH－px、SOD活性无明显差异（α＞0.05）。褐飞虱体内脂质过氧化物（LPO）含量随处理温度升高而上升,同一处理温度下随若虫龄期和成虫日龄的增加而增加,短型成虫体内LPO含量高于长翅型。     

Potential resistance of tricin in rice against brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

The aerial parts of resistant rice plant (IR36) was immersed in 85% ethanol at room temperature, and ethanol-soluble extracts were prepared. Different solvents including petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, absolute ethanol, and water were then used to separate the ethanol-soluble extracts and different solvent fractions were obtained. These fractions were tested for their effects on the mortality rate of the brown planthopper nymphae (BPH). The results indicated that EtOAc fractions had significant effects on the mortality of brown planthopper nymphae after the third day of treatment. EtOAc fractions of resistant rice plants (IR36) were separated using column chromatography over silica gel and 5,7,4′ -trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone (tricin) was isolated. After the BPH were allowed to feed on diets containing tricin for 15 days, it was found that the weight of honeydew of the nymphae showed a decrease as tricin concentrations in the diets increased. The mortality rate of the nymphae increased with increasing tricin concentration. The corrected mortality rate was 58.21% for the 3rd instar nymphae and 31.75% for the 4th instar nymphae, respectively, at 500 μg/ml concentration. In addition, tricin (500 μg/ml) significantly inhibited oviposition behavior and feeding of the brown planthopper females in choice tests when spread on susceptible rice plant (TN1).     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒介体昆虫白背飞虱的传毒特性

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)为传播南方水稻黑条矮缩病病毒(SRBSDV)的媒介昆虫,阐明其传毒特性将有助于了解南方水稻黑条矮缩病的发生流行规律和建立相应的防治方法。本研究通过RT-PCR技术测定了白背飞虱的传毒参数。结果表明,白背飞虱初孵若虫、3龄若虫、5龄若虫、长翅型成虫和短翅型成虫的最短获毒时间分别是11、6、3、2和2min,最长获毒时间分别是19、12、9、8和8min。在26℃时,SRBSDV在不同虫态(初孵若虫、3龄若虫、5龄若虫、长翅型成虫和短翅型成虫)的白背飞虱体内的循回期分别是7～11、5～8、3～7、4～8和3～6d。5龄若虫、长翅型和短翅型成虫在三叶一心稻苗的最短接毒时间为4、5和6min,最长接毒时间为8、10和11min;它们在分蘖初期稻苗上的最短接毒时间分别是5、7和7min,最长接毒时间分别是10、12和12min。白背飞虱获毒后可终身传毒,但不能经白背飞虱卵传毒,单虫最多传毒株数为87株,平均传毒48.3±0.8株。可见,该虫具有较强的获毒能力和传毒能力,秧苗易感染SRBSDV。因此,在防治上应尽量清除田间SRBSDV毒源植物,减少白背飞虱获毒的机会,在秧田期和移栽初期应重点防治飞虱。     

Functional response of Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus (Hem.: Reduviidae) to different densities of Spartocera dentiventris (Hem.: Coreidae) nymphae.

This study evaluated the functional response of the predator Cosmoclopius nigroannulatus on first instar nymphae of Spartocera dentiventris, both species associated with Nicotina tabacum. The experiment was carried out in laboratory conditions: 27 +/- 1 degree C; 80 +/- 5%, RH; 12 h, photophase. Ten newly emerged adults of each sex of C. nigroannulatus were used in each of five densities (5, 15, 25, 35, and 45 individuals) of S. dentiventris nymphae. The predators were observed every 24 h for five days, when the number of dead and/or consumed nymphae was recorded. The results showed a positive correlation between the number of ingested nymphae and the increase in prey density. Females ingested more nymphae than the males. The estimated handling time per prey (Th) was higher in males (3.07 h) than in females (1.93 h), with total handling time (Th x Na) increased with density. Other components of the functional response, such as attack rate (a'), searching time (Ts), and search efficiency (E) showed, in neither males nor females, a negative correlation regarding density. The results indicated a higher predatory efficiency in the females. The components of the functional response fitted significantly the randomic model of the Holling discs equation (Na = N [1 - exp[- a'(T - ThNa)]]), evidencing a functional response of type II.     

灰飞虱的种群特性及其与温度的关系

调查了南京地区2007～2008年灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)全年的种群结构和数量动态,结合当地温度资料分析了灰飞虱虫量与温度间的关系。结果表明,灰飞虱在南京地区存在明显的春秋季高峰期及冬夏季的低谷期,且夏季的低谷出现在夏季高温时期。越冬种群以高龄若虫为主,越夏种群的年龄结构在年度间变化较大,2007年以高龄若虫为主,而2008年则以低龄若虫为主。夏季采于田间的灰飞虱若虫能在室内稻苗上连续生长发育,并且饲养一个世代后其产卵量显著提高。由此说明,南京地区灰飞虱不是以滞育形式越夏。灰飞虱若虫的耐寒性很强,在不同温度下饲养及田间越冬的不同时期,其过冷却点均在-22℃以下,且无显著差异。     

高温及水稻类型对灰飞虱种群的影响

近年来,灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fall n)在江浙等地呈明显上升态势。采用不同温度及水稻类型处理灰飞虱若虫,获得灰飞虱种群在不同处理组合下的存活率、发育进度及抗寒力。结果表明,35℃的高温下,灰飞虱各龄若虫无论在杂交籼稻还是粳稻上,其发育进度均比25~30℃推迟2~7d。35℃高温下若虫死亡率较高,并且不能正常羽化。粳稻上饲养的灰飞虱若虫的存活率明显高于杂交籼稻,但水稻类型和温度对灰飞虱存活率的影响不存在明显的互作作用。在适宜温度下(27~30℃)用杂交籼稻饲养的灰飞虱,其过冷却点及结冰点均要比在高温(35℃)或低温(25℃)下饲养的低。在26~30.5℃变温条件下,杂交籼稻上饲养的灰飞虱的过冷却点和结冰点显著低于粳稻上饲养的,而且不同温度和水稻类型上的灰飞虱的过冷却点均低于零下10℃。可见江浙稻区冬季低温对灰飞虱的越冬已不存在制约作用。温度和水稻类型的变化是近年灰飞虱暴发成灾的重要原因。     

Multi-linear regression analysis, preliminary biotic ligand modeling, and cross species comparison of the effects of water chemistry on chronic lead toxicity in invertebrates

The current study examined the chronic toxicity of lead (Pb) to three invertebrate species: the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia, the snail Lymnaea stagnalis and the rotifer Philodina rapida. The test media consisted of natural waters from across North America, varying in pertinent water chemistry parameters including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), calcium, pH and total CO(2). Chronic toxicity was assessed using reproductive endpoints for C. dubia and P. rapida while growth was assessed for L. stagnalis, with chronic toxicity varying markedly according to water chemistry. A multi-linear regression (MLR) approach was used to identify the relative importance of individual water chemistry components in predicting chronic Pb toxicity for each species. DOC was an integral component of MLR models for C. dubia and L. stagnalis, but surprisingly had no predictive impact on chronic Pb toxicity for P. rapida. Furthermore, sodium and total CO(2) were also identified as important factors affecting C. dubia toxicity; no other factors were predictive for L. stagnalis. The Pb toxicity of P. rapida was predicted by calcium and pH. The predictive power of the C. dubia and L. stagnalis MLR models was generally similar to that of the current C. dubia BLM, with R(2) values of 0.55 and 0.82 for the respective MLR models, compared to 0.45 and 0.79 for the respective BLMs. In contrast the BLM poorly predicted P. rapida toxicity (R(2)=0.19), as compared to the MLR (R(2)=0.92). The cross species variability in the effects of water chemistry, especially with respect to rotifers, suggests that cross species modeling of invertebrate chronic Pb toxicity using a C. dubia model may not always be appropriate.     

角倍蚜干母种群的空间格局及其形成机理研究

对角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis(Bell)干母种群的空间格局及其形成机理的研究表明,角倍蚜干母种群在倍林间呈聚集分布．导致其聚集分布的原因是角倍蚜本身的聚集行为和盐肤木Rhus chinensts Mill复叶生长状况的异质性两个方面：角倍蚜干母种群分布的基本成分是琉松个体群,个体群的大小为3—6株倍树所占的面积(2．3—4．6m^2);当样方大小为1、3、6株时为聚集分布,大于6株时为均匀分布。     

玉米田斜纹夜蛾空间分布型及抽样技术

对秋甜玉米田的斜纹夜蛾不同发生密度田块调查 ,取得了 7组样本资料 ,运用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Taylor法等对其空间分布型进行测定检验 ,结果表明斜纹夜蛾幼虫呈聚集分布 ,其聚集原因经Blackith种群聚集均数测定 ,当m <3 .2 60 4时 ,其聚集是由于某些环境如气侯、土壤湿度、植株生长状况等所致 ;当m >3 .2 60 4时 ,其聚集是由于害虫本身的群集行为与环境条件综合影响所致。在此基础上 ,通过几种抽样方式比较以五点式为最佳 ,并提出了最佳理论抽样数和最佳序贯抽样模型 :N =1 D2 (3 .8981 m +0 .75 0 3 ) ,To(n) =0 .5n± 2 .865n。