南方小花蝽对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的捕食作用

南方小花蝽Orius similis是多种小型害虫的重要天敌昆虫,为了掌握其控制潜能,本文研究了南方小花蝽对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和蚕豆蚜Aphis craccivora的捕食作用。研究结果表明南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫的瞬时攻击率均高于蚕豆蚜。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对蚕豆蚜的控制能力比雌成虫强,而对西花蓟马的控制能力比雌成虫差。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜的捕食率（E）随着捕食者自身的密度（P）的增加而下降,其干扰反应方程分别为E=0.412P-1.623和E=0.416P-1.639。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜有明显的选择性,5龄若虫喜欢取食西花蓟马2龄若虫,但前期取食的猎物对其选择性有明显的影响,更喜欢选择前期取食过的猎物。     

海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马的捕食作用研究

为了明确海岛小花蝽Orius maxidentex对美洲棘蓟马Echinothrips americanus的捕食情况及防治潜能,在27℃条件下研究了海岛小花蝽5龄若虫、雌成虫对美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫、伪蛹、成虫的捕食功能反应、自身密度干扰效应及喜好性。结果表明：海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马的捕食功能符合HollingⅡ、HollingⅢ模型,采用HollingⅡ模型拟合,海岛小花蝽雌成虫及5龄若虫对美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫捕食能力(a′/Th)最强,分别为52.97和58.15,捕食上限最大,分别为47.38头/d和49.22头/d;采用HollingⅢ模型拟合,海岛小花蝽雌成虫及5龄若虫对美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫捕食上限最大,分别为27.50头/d和27.41头/d。海岛小花蝽在捕食时存在自身密度干扰情况,随着自身密度的增加单头捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率逐渐降低,分摊竞争强度逐渐增大,表明海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马的捕食存在较强的种内干扰,符合Hassell-Varley干扰模型。捕食选择性试验表明,海岛小花蝽更偏向于捕食美洲棘蓟马2龄若虫,其次为成虫,对伪蛹偏好性最弱。综上所述,海岛小花蝽对美洲棘蓟马有较...     

东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食作用

室内开展了东亚小花蝽二龄、四龄若虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应研究.结果表明,在26℃试验温度下其捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,东亚小花蝽若虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低,捕食上限分别为9.2头和23.0头.     

东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马的室内捕食作用研究

【目的】为明确东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对黄胸蓟马Thrips hawaiiensis的捕食作用及生物防治潜能。【方法】室内系统研究了东亚小花蝽不同虫态对黄胸蓟马不同虫态的捕食功能反应、寻找效应、自身密度的干扰反应与捕食选择性。【结果】东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型,东亚小花蝽5龄若虫与成虫分别对黄胸蓟马2龄若虫和成虫的捕食能力(a'/Th)最强,分别为126.64头和64.30头,捕食上限(1/Th)最大,分别为149.25头/d和84.75头/d。东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马的捕食量与黄胸蓟马猎物密度正相关,但寻找效应与猎物密度呈负相关,东亚小花蝽高龄若虫与成虫对黄胸蓟马表现出较高的寻找效应。东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马的捕食作用同时受自身密度的影响,随着天敌密度的增大,平均捕食率随之降低,表明东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰反应,该反应符合Hassell模型方程。捕食选择性试验表明,东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马2龄若虫的捕食偏好性最强,其次为成虫,对伪蛹喜好性较弱。【结论】东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马具有较强的捕食能力,所获研究结果为正确评价东亚小花蝽对黄胸蓟马的生防潜能提供了理论依据。     

军配盲蝽对五种网蝽捕食作用研究

【目的】网蝽科Tingidae害虫严重危害我国农林经济作物,盲蝽科Miridae昆虫作为该虫的主要天敌类群之一,对网蝽害虫的绿色防控具重要意义。为明确军配盲蝽Stethoconus japonicus(Schumacher)雌、雄成虫对5种重要网蝽害虫的控害潜能,评价其生防潜力。【方法】在恒定条件(温度(26±1)℃,相对湿度70%±5%,L︰D=14︰10)下研究了军配盲蝽雌、雄成虫对茶网蝽Stephanitis chinensis(Drake)、梨网蝽S.nashi(EsakietTakeya)、桂花网蝽Eteoneussigillatus(Drakeet Poor)、入侵害虫菊方翅网蝽Corythucha marmorata(Uhler)和悬铃木方翅网蝽C. ciliate(Say)成虫的捕食选择性及捕食作用。【结果】军配盲蝽雌、雄虫对5种网蝽捕食选择率大小依次为茶网蝽悬铃木方翅网蝽梨网蝽菊方翅网蝽桂花网蝽,且雌虫比雄虫选择偏好性更强;军配盲蝽对5种网蝽的平均捕食量存在显著性差异,雌虫较雄虫平均捕食量大;军配盲蝽雌、雄虫对5种网蝽的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型,对茶网蝽捕食效能a'/Th最高,最大日捕食量1/Th,分别为36.2和28.6头,其次为悬铃木方翅网蝽,而对桂花网蝽捕食效能最低,最大日捕食25.4和18.7头。【结论】军配盲蝽成虫对5种网蝽均具有较好的控害潜能,对茶网蝽和入侵害虫悬铃木方翅网蝽有较强的选择偏好性和捕食效能,研究为准确评价军配盲蝽捕食网蝽的生防潜能提供了理论依据。     

东亚小花蝽(Orius sauteri)成虫对入侵害虫西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)成虫的捕食作用

为探明东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马的控制效能,开展了东亚小花蝽成虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食功能反应与寻找效应研究。试验结果表明,在供试温度下,其捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程。在相同温度下,东亚小花蝽成虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增大,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低。在18～26℃,随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽成虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食量增加,而在26～34℃则有相反的趋势。在相同猎物密度条件下,随着东亚小花蝽成虫密度的增大,其平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率E也相应地降低,捕食作用率E与东亚小花蝽成虫密度P的关系为E=0．5224P^-0.7148,分摊竞争强度,与东亚小花蝽成虫密度P的关系为I=0．9689logP＋0．0763。     

大眼长蝽对苜蓿盲蝽的捕食作用

室内条件下,评价了大眼长蝽Geocoris pallidipennis(Costa)对苜蓿盲蝽Adelphocoris lineolatus(Goeze)的捕食效应。结果表明,大眼长蝽捕食苜蓿盲蝽的有效虫态为3～5龄若虫及成虫,其中成虫的捕食率最高。大眼长蝽对苜蓿盲蝽的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型,其捕食量随着猎物龄期的增长而减少,而随着自身龄期的增长而增加。24h内,大眼长蝽雌成虫最多能捕食37.88头苜蓿盲蝽1龄若虫。15～35℃范围内,大眼长蝽的捕食量随着温度的升高而增加;35℃下的捕食量为15℃下的1.78倍。上述研究表明,大眼长蝽是苜蓿盲蝽的重要捕食性天敌。     

南方小花蝽在不同试验空间对西花蓟马的捕食及搜寻效应

【背景】南方小花蝽是一类很有利用前景的捕食性天敌,而有关其在不同捕食空间下对我国局部地区暴发成灾的重要入侵害虫西花蓟马捕食控制效能的研究较少。【方法】在实验室条件下比较研究了南方小花蝽成虫在不同试验空间对西花蓟马成虫、若虫的捕食选择性、捕食功能反应与搜寻效应。【结果】南方小花蝽成虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食选择性强于成虫;在相同的试验空间,南方小花蝽成虫的日均捕食量随猎物数量的增加而增大,其对西花蓟马成虫和若虫的捕食量在猎物数量为每指形管中60头时最大,分别为15.90和19.30头;而搜寻效应随猎物数量的增加而降低。在各供试条件下,捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程;南方小花蝽成虫在小饲养容器中对西花蓟马若虫的瞬时攻击率最大,为1.2794;而在大饲养容器中对西花蓟马成虫的瞬时攻击率最小,仅为0.3506,其处理1头西花蓟马成虫的时间约需0.0402d,而处理1头若虫的时间仅需0.0242d。在相同的猎物数量下,南方小花蝽成虫在大饲养容器中对西花蓟马的日均捕食量均低于其在小饲养容器中对西花蓟马的日均捕食量。【结论与意义】南方小花蝽对西花蓟马有很强的捕食效能,对西花蓟马的种群消长具有一定控制作用。本研究旨在为应用南方小花蝽防治西花蓟马积累资料,同时为西花蓟马的综合治理奠定理论基础。     

不同猎物饲喂对南方小花蝽捕食量和喜好性的影响

为探讨南方小花蝽对不同猎物的捕食喜好性,室内用西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜、二斑叶螨、混合饲料(同时饲喂3种猎物)分别饲喂南方小花蝽驯化两代,研究了4种饲喂处理的南方小花蝽初孵若虫、5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜和二斑叶螨的捕食量和喜好性。结果显示不同猎物饲喂处理驯化的南方小花蝽1龄若虫对同一种猎物的捕食量和喜好性均不存在显著差异。南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对某种猎物的捕食量因前期取食的猎物种类不同而有显著差异。南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对西花蓟马2龄若虫的正喜好性。蚕豆蚜饲喂处理的5龄若虫和雌成虫对蚕豆蚜表现出正喜好性,除二斑叶螨饲喂处理外其余3种处理的南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对二斑叶螨的负喜好性。以上结果表明4种饲喂驯化处理的南方小花蝽1龄若虫的喜好性不受前期取食猎物的影响,但5龄若虫和雌成虫对前期取食过的猎物的喜好性增强,存在一定的学习行为。     

微小花蝽对温室白粉虱的捕食作用

研究微小花蝽Orius minutus(L.)对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的捕食作用。结果表明,微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱各虫态的功能反应呈HollingⅡ型。微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵、1龄和2龄混合若虫及其3龄若虫的理论最大捕食量分别为123,74和52头/d。微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵的捕食效应随捕食者个体间干扰作用的增加而下降,符合Hassel-Varley方程,捕食作用率(E)随着微小花蝽数(P)增加而呈幂指数下降,模拟模型E=0.1021P-0.3189,干扰系数为0.3189。在15～40℃的温度范围内,随着温度的升高微小花蝽成虫对温室白粉虱卵的寻找效率提高,最高达1.1990,处置时间缩短,最低达到0.0035d。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.