野生与栽培甘草不同部位甘草酸分布特点及其意义

研究了乌拉尔甘草（Glycyrrhiza uralensis）不同部位的甘草酸分布特点及动态变化。野生及栽培甘草地下部分甘草酸含量较高,其中不定根中甘草酸含量与主根接近。野生甘草与栽培甘草地下部分甘草酸含量的月变化规律相似,且根茎中甘草酸含量比主根、不定根变化幅度大。在一个生长季中,栽培甘草主根甘草酸以10月份含量最高,表明秋末是最佳采收期。栽培甘草主根在1．0m土壤深度甘草酸含量较高且有继续增加的趋势,故直接播种方式种植甘草不利于根系采收,造成资源浪费,需要探索更有效的甘草栽培技术。     

野生与栽培乌拉尔甘草不同部位甘草酸含量分析

采用超声提取法结合高效液相色谱(HPLC)对黑龙江省西部野生与栽培乌拉尔甘草不同部位的甘草酸含量进行测定,结果表明:超声方法提取甘草酸是便捷、有效的方法之一,最佳提取条件为50%甲醇提取液,超声提取45m in。甘草地下部分甘草酸含量较高,野生甘草的甘草酸含量主根 > 横根茎 > 不定根 > 垂根茎;栽培甘草则为不定根 > 主根 > 横根茎;总体上看地上部分甘草酸含量是微量的,其中叶的甘草酸含量相对较多,地上茎、种子等器官甘草酸含量较低。无论野生甘草还是栽培甘草, 10月份甘草地下部分甘草酸含量大于5月份,并且这种差别在栽培甘草中表现更明显。人工管理措施对甘草酸含量具有较大影响,野生甘草和栽培甘草经过土壤翻松和良好的田间管理模式反而使甘草酸含量下降,按种植农作物模式对栽培甘草进行管理对提升甘草酸含量效果不佳,给予一定的环境胁迫可以提高甘草酸的含量。在黑龙江省西部,野生甘草主根在1.0~2.0 m深度为甘草酸含量分布较高的部位;栽培甘草主根甘草酸含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,其根尾的甘草酸含量最高,表明栽培甘草主根尚未伸长到其甘草酸含量最高的土壤深度。     

人为扰动对乌拉尔甘草不同部位甘草酸与总黄酮含量的影响

人为扰动对甘草不同部位甘草酸含量和总黄酮含量均有较大的影响。即使是轻度的人为扰动 (土壤翻松 1次 )也会导致野生甘草的甘草酸含量明显下降 ,尤其对地下根茎 (兼有运输和储存功能 )中的甘草酸的积累影响最大。重度扰动栽培甘草各部位的甘草酸含量均较低 ,相对而言黄酮类物质的积累速率高于甘草酸 ,表明土壤扰动因素对甘草酸的形成与积累的影响大于总黄酮的形成与积累。无扰动野生甘草和轻度扰动野生甘草总黄酮含量从地上到地下呈下降趋势 ,而重度扰动栽培甘草的叶和不定根各有一个含量较高的部位 ,据此推断叶和不定根 (含毛状根 )是黄酮类物质的主要产生部位 ;具有输导功能的地上茎、复叶柄中总黄酮含量较低且波动较大。人为扰动对不同土壤深度甘草主根中甘草酸含量和甘草总黄酮含量的变化规律影响较小。无扰动野生甘草和轻度扰动野生甘草主根在 1.0～ 2 .0 m深度甘草酸含量分布较高是对该生境不同土壤深度长期适应的结果 ,而重度扰动栽培甘草主根可能尚未达到相应的土壤深度 ,因而表现为 1.0 m以下深层土壤中甘草酸含量较高。总之 ,旨在改善甘草生长条件的人为扰动对甘草酸和总黄酮的积累具有消极影响 ,适当的胁迫环境条件对提高药用植物的品质有益     

宁夏乌拉尔甘草营养器官中甘草酸含量的动态变化研究

利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对宁夏中部干旱带半野生乌拉尔甘草营养器官中甘草酸含量的动态变化规律进行了研究.结果表明：地下营养器官（根和根状茎）是甘草酸主要积累部位,而地上茎和叶中甘草酸含量很低甚至检测不到.就地下器官而言,甘草酸的积累随生长年限增加而递增,且1～4 a生甘草均表现出主根中甘草酸的含量高于根状茎的规律.分别对3 a、4 a生的半野生甘草根和根状茎进一步研究发现,在一个生长季节中甘草酸含量的变化呈现相似的变化规律.即从7～10月份,甘草根和根状茎中甘草酸含量呈波动性上升趋势,10月份达到最大值.     

黑龙江省西部乌拉尔甘草总黄酮含量的动态变化研究

采用超声提取和分光光度法对黑龙江省西部地区乌拉尔甘草不同部位的总黄酮含量进行测定,并对其季节变化进行了分析,研究结果表明:采用50%甲醇溶液提取,超声45 min对甘草总黄酮提取效果较好,适于进行大批量样品的提取测定.无论是野生甘草还是栽培甘草,在一个生长季中,叶的总黄酮含量最高,而地下部分含量则相对较低.在5～10月期间,叶的总黄酮含量逐渐下降,而地下部分总黄酮含量如根和根茎具有上升的趋势.甘草各部位总黄酮含量在不同生长季存在波动现象,尤其在具有运输功能的部位如复叶柄、地上茎表现更为明显.野生甘草不同部位的总黄酮含量的波动可能与有性繁殖有关,而栽培甘草的总黄酮含量的波动可能与无性生殖有关.     

人为扰动程度对土壤环境和甘草地下根系的影响

在相对一致的生境条件下 ,人为干扰 (即土壤耕作 )是土壤物理性质改变的重要原因 ,而土壤条件的变化又是影响甘草地下部分形态变化和无性繁殖效率的主要原因。按照土壤扰动程度将甘草分为无扰动野生甘草、轻度扰动野生甘草、重度扰动野生甘草和栽培型甘草。土壤扰动程度对土壤的水分通透性、土壤保水能力、有机质含量、p H值等指标产生较大的影响。土壤干扰的程度越强 ,表层土壤水分含量降低 ,土壤 p H值增大 ;土壤干扰的程度对 4 0 cm以下的土壤受到影响较小。土壤干扰可使适合甘草根茎生活的密沙壤层变薄。不同土壤扰动程度对无扰动野生甘草、轻度扰动野生甘草、重度扰动野生甘草的横走根茎的分布深度具有较大影响。在重度干扰土壤中 ,如果不考虑对横走根茎的人为破坏 ,野生甘草的主根分布的上限可能达到 2 0 cm。在不同土壤扰动程度下 ,3种野生型甘草休眠芽萌发率均在 10 %～ 15 %之间 ,而栽培甘草高达 2 9.78% ;随着对土壤干扰的加强 ,野生甘草休眠芽萌发率有下降的趋势 (栽培甘草例外 )。不同类型的甘草的休眠芽成苗率较低 ,均不超过 7% ,其中野生型、野生轻度干扰型、野生重度干扰型甘草休眠芽成苗率有上升的趋势 ,但栽培甘草的成苗率最低 ,只有 2 .3%。横走根茎是甘草无性繁殖的重要器官 ,受土壤     

甘草根中甘草酸的免疫组织化学定位研究

应用免疫组织化学定位和HPLC分析方法,对人工种植乌拉尔甘草根中的甘草酸分布和积累变化规律进行分析,以阐明药用甘草根在发育过程中甘草酸的积累变化规律,探讨甘草药材质量形成的内在机制。结果表明:(1)甘草酸主要分布在根的次生韧皮部薄壁细胞和维管射线细胞中,且主要积累在这些细胞的细胞壁上。(2)HPLC分析显示,主根的韧皮部中甘草酸含量最高,其次是木质部,根皮中含量最少。(3)甘草酸在主根中的含量随着生长年限的增加而提高,2、3年生甘草根中甘草酸含量上升较快,3年后甘草酸的含量达到3.66%,超过了国家药典规定的甘草酸含量标准。     

狭叶红景天引种驯化后抗氧化能力、主要活性物质含量及挥发性组分的变化

以甘肃省甘南藏族自治州碌曲县栽培和野生狭叶红景天为材料,分别对根茎(主根和侧根)的抗氧化能力、可溶性糖、总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量,以及挥发性组分进行研究.结果表明: 狭叶红景天栽培根茎的自由基抑制率(I)、铁离子还原/氧化能力(FRAP),以及可溶性糖、总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量均显著大于野生根茎;栽培和野生根茎中均含有21种挥发性组分,相对含量较高的为苯乙酮、2-糠醛、棕榈酸等;与野生根茎相比,栽培根茎有15种组分的相对含量增加,主根中相对变化量较大的为3-羟基月桂酸、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、亚麻酰氯等,侧根为2-乙酰呋喃、对羟苯基乙醇、丁子香酚等.栽培和野生侧根的I、FRAP值,以及总黄酮、酚类和红景天苷含量均显著大于主根.与主根相比,侧根有12种挥发性组分相对含量增加,变化量较大的为3-羟基月桂酸、10,13-十八碳二炔酸甲酯、对羟苯基乙醇等.栽培驯化后狭叶红景天根茎的抗氧化能力、主要活性物质含量及挥发性组分相对含量高于野生狭叶红景天,且侧根的品质更佳.     

不同繁殖模式下甘草药用成分含量积累速度差异研究

目的:系统比较野生甘草无性繁殖的甘草根和人工甘草种子有性繁殖的甘草根中药用成分的积累速度差异情况,为进一步研究影响甘草药用成分积累的基因机制奠定理论基础。方法:本研究基于HPLC和UV等分析方法,比较野生甘草和人工甘草在甘草酸、甘草苷和甘草总黄酮以及其他类成分的含量差异。基于HPLC指纹图谱技术,全面分析不同繁殖模式下甘草根的化学信息和内在质量的差异情况。结果:除甘草素和异甘草素外,野生甘草不定根中其他三种药用成分和总黄酮的含量均高于人工甘草实生根,经SPSS分析,除异甘草素外,其他成分在两组之间均存在显著差异;根据HPLC指纹图谱,两种甘草药用成分之间差异显著,相似度为0.647。结论:野生无性繁殖的甘草根和人工有性繁殖的甘草根中主要药用成分含量之间存在显著差异,野生甘草具有快速积累药用成分的功能。本研究结果对于今后人工调控生产优质甘草药材,实现甘草资源的可持续利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

12产地甘草中18α-甘草酸及18β-甘草酸的含量分析

目的:分析不同产地甘草中18α-甘草酸及18β-甘草酸的含量差异,为不同产地甘草的质量评价提供参考。方法:采集7个省区12个不同产地的甘草种子,栽培于北京中医药大学药草园,一年后以其中180株甘草作为实验材料,利用内转录间隔区(ITS)序列鉴定其基原,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其18α-甘草酸及18β-甘草酸含量,并分析其差异性及相关性。结果:ITS鉴定结果显示180株甘草样品均为乌拉尔甘草。HPLC分析结果显示,18α-甘草酸的标准曲线为y=6×10-7x-0.0029(R2=0.9982),在0.0111~0.2214μg范围内线性良好;18β-甘草酸的标准曲线为y=1×10-6x+0.0164(R2=0.9999),在0.2256~4.5120μg范围内线性良好。12个产地中山西应县甘草样品的18α-甘草酸及18β-甘草酸含量均最高,新疆尼勒克县甘草样品的18α-甘草酸及18β-甘草酸含量均最低,且所有样品中18α-甘草酸与18β-甘草酸的含量均存在显著相关关系。结论:不同产地甘草质量差异显著,本实验结果可为不同产地甘草的质量评价提供参考。     

栽培与野生化血丹不同部位中两种化学成分含量分析

为探讨并分析栽培与野生化血丹植株中不同部位中两种化学成分的含量差异,该研究采用超声法提取、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定栽培与野生化血丹根、茎、叶、花、混合样等部位中桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇的含量,并进行比较。结果表明:(1)桃叶珊瑚苷在栽培与野生化血丹植株内均有分布,含量均以根中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量表现分别为根叶混合样茎花、根混合样茎花叶,栽培化血丹不同部位中桃叶珊瑚苷的含量均高于野生化血丹。(2)梓醇在栽培化血丹的茎中未检出,在栽培与野生化血丹其他部位均有分布,含量均以叶中最高,其在栽培与野生化血丹植株内的含量分别表现为叶花混合样根、叶混合样茎花根,野生化血丹不同部位中梓醇的含量均高于栽培化血丹。(3)桃叶珊瑚苷和梓醇在栽培和野生化血丹植株不同部位中的含量均存在显著差异(P0.05),栽培与野生同一部位间总体上无显著差异,为该濒危药用植物资源药用部位选择和合理开发利用提供实验参考。     

Differences in lipid and in fatty acid composition of taproots and lateral roots of faba bean plants (Vicia faba L.) grown in saline media

Abstract

The content and composition of lipids and fatty acids of taproots and lateral roots of Vicia faba were investigated with plants grown under saline (80 mM NaCl) and non-saline conditions. Lipids of both types of faba bean roots are constituted of ～80% phospholipids, of ～15% glycolipids and of some 5% of wax-esters. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine are the main constituents of both root types. Di-phosphatyidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol are present in medium concentrations, whereas phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine are present only in trace amounts. The content of sulpholipids was much lower in salt-treated roots as compared with that of the controls. The content of cardiolipins and PE was higher in lateral roots than in the taproots. Roots of salt-treated plants had some 18% lower ether-soluble lipid content in the lateral roots, and approximately 28% lower than the taproots. Less than 25% of the fatty acids of the extracted phospholipids were saturated, with palmitic acid as the main constituent (13 – 18%). Linoleic acid comprised 65 – 70% of the unsaturated acids. Differences in the composition of some fatty acids were found between taproots and lateral roots of salt-treated plants. The observed differences in composition between root types suggests that the reported physiological differences between such roots could be based, at least in part, on structural or compositional differences in their lipids.     

人工栽培山莨菪和野生山莨菪中4种托烷类生物碱含量的比较研究

为了评估人工栽培山莨菪的药用价值,采用高效液相色谱技术对人工栽培和野生山莨菪的地上部分和根中具有生物活性的4种托烷类生物碱：樟柳碱、山莨菪碱、东莨菪碱和阿托品的含量进行了测定。结果表明无论是人工栽培还是野生植物,地上部分中4种生物碱含量均远低于根,这解释了人们为什么用山莨菪的根而不是整株人药。在栽培植物的根中,一年生山莨菪中各生物碱含量均小于二年生山莨菪,其根中4种生物碱总量与野生根相比差异不是很明显;二年生山莨菪根中,4种生物碱总量以及樟柳碱、东莨菪碱和阿托品含量均比野生的高。这说明人工栽培的山莨菪,尤其是二年生山茛菪,同野生山莨菪一样具有一定的药用价值。     

Comparative analysis of the chemical profile of wild and cultivated populations of Corydalis saxicola by high-performance liquid chromatography

Studies on the simultaneous determination and chemical fingerprinting of alkaloids in Corydalis saxicola Bunting. (Yanhuanglian) were performed for authentication purposes. Ninety samples prepared from different parts of C. saxicola, including whole plants, roots, stems, leaves and flowers, from wild and cultivated populations, were submitted to quantitative determination and fingerprint analysis. Five major alkaloids, namely, tetradehydroscoulerine, dehydroapocavidine, dehydroisoapocavidine, coptisine and dehydrocavidine, were quantitatively analysed by reversed-phase HPLC with acceptable recoveries (>98.2%). Chemical fingerprinting of C. saxicola was established and involved 11 markers. The results indicated that there were no obvious differences between the chemical profiles of wild and of cultivated C. saxicola populations, and that the mean alkaloid contents of the five marker compounds in cultivated populations were significantly higher than those of the wild plants. The highest content of total alkaloids (up to 28.8 mg/g) was found in roots of C. saxicola. The total alkaloids of the leaves were approximately 50% of those of roots, suggesting that the leaves may be employed as an alternative source of alkaloids. Chemical fingerprints and quantitative HPLC analysis will have a positive impact on the conservation and cultivation of this medicinal plant.     

Genetic characterization and phytochemical analysis of wild and cultivated populations of Scutellaria baicalensis

Scutellaria baicalensis was collected from four wild and four cultivated populations from different locations in China. Forty-two samples were analyzed using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) techniques for genetic profiling, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to determine the flavonoid content. The selected 23 RAPD primers yielded a total of 838 clear and reproducible bands of which 237 were found to be polymorphic. The wild population exhibited higher polymorphism than that of the cultivated population. The dendrogram generated by the UPGMA method via Nei's genetic distance revealed three distinct genotypes from the cultivated populations and several branches from the wild populations. The contents of baicalin and wogonoside in dried roots of the samples ranged from (w/w) 8.63 to 17.84%, and from 1.99 to 4.21%, respectively, whereas their aglycones, baicalein and wogonin, were within the range of only 0.04-0.23%. The total content of the four flavonoids varied from 9.45 to 26.24%. Comparatively, the cultivated populations contained much higher levels of baicalin and total flavonoids than those in the wild populations. The results from genetic characterization and phytochemical analysis demonstrated that the quality variation of this drug was mainly determined by extrinsic environmental or agricultural factors, rather than by genetic differences. Our findings can be used for the commercial production and germplasm management of this medicinal plant.     

Simultaneous Determination and Analysis of Major Ginsenosides in Wild American Ginseng Grown in Tennessee

Ginsenosides are the major constituent that is responsible for the health effects of American ginseng. The ginsenoside profile of wild American ginseng is ultimately the result of germplasm, climate, geography, vegetation species, water, and soil conditions. This is the first report to address the ginsenoside profile of wild American ginseng grown in Tennessee (TN), the third leading state for production of wild American ginseng. In the present study, ten major ginsenosides in wild American ginseng roots grown in TN, including Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rg3, were determined simultaneously. The chemotypic differences among TN wild ginseng, cultivated American ginseng, and Asian ginseng were assessed based on the widely used markers of ginsenoside profiling, including the top three ginsenosides, ratios of PPD/PPT, Rg1/Rb1, Rg1/Re, and Rb2/Rc. Our findings showed marked variation in ginsenoside profile for TN wild ginseng populations. Nevertheless, TN wild ginseng has significant higher ginsenoside content and more ginsenoside diversity than the cultivated ginseng. The total ginsenoside content in TN wild ginseng, as well as ginsenosides Rg1 and Re, increases with the age of the roots. Marked chemotypic differences between TN wild ginseng and cultivated American ginseng were observed based on the chemotypic markers. Surprisingly, we found that TN wild ginseng is close to Asian ginseng with regard to these characteristics in chemical composition. This study verified an accessible method to scientifically elucidate the difference in chemical constituents to distinguish wild from the cultivated American ginseng. This work is critical for the ecological and biological assessments of wild American ginseng so as to facilitate long‐term sustainability of the wild population.     

贯叶连翘野生转家化前后生物学性状特征观察

野生贯叶连翘 (HypericumperforatumL .)在江苏经过了 3a的引种栽培 ,其生物学特性检测结果表明 ,栽培贯叶连翘的生物量、开花的一致性和生长的适应性等明显优于野生贯叶连翘 ;良好的繁殖方式使贯叶连翘的收获期提前了 1a ;成熟后 3个月采收的种子萌发率较高 ,不同浓度赤霉素处理能明显提高其种子的萌发率 ;贯叶连翘的黑色腺体即分泌细胞球数量与金丝桃素间也基本存在着正相关关系 ,贵州贵阳居群和陕西丹凤居群黑色腺体明显多于其他居群 ,其金丝桃素含量在所有居群中为最高 ,而甘肃武都居群黑色腺体最少 ,其金丝桃素含量在 6个居群中最低。 6个野生居群栽培后生物量相近 ,在 4个不同土壤pH的基地大田中均能良好生长 ,说明江苏地区环境条件完全适合贯叶连翘引种栽培。