有毒亚历山大藻对卤虫存活率和摄食率的影响

研究了有毒亚历山大藻对卤虫存活率和摄食率两方面的影响,得出以下结论：在卤虫存活率实验中,有毒亚历山大藻在2000cells／ml的密度下,对卤虫具有致死效应,卤虫在24-168h内全部死亡;在摄食实验中,有毒亚历山大藻对卤虫的摄食产生明显的抑制作用,卤虫对有毒藻的平均摄食率明显低于无毒藻组和混合实验组。在加入无毒藻东海原甲藻的混合培养状态下。卤虫存活率上升,30-60min摄食率增加,东海原甲藻在一定程度上可以减轻塔玛亚历山大藻对卤虫的毒害作用。有毒藻产生的PSP毒素并非导致卤虫死亡的主要原因,毒害作用可能与出现在卤虫体外的黏附物质有关。通过对3个不同生长期卤虫的研究发现,后无节幼体卤虫对有毒亚历山大藻的毒害作用最为敏感。     

海洋动物对Cu,Zn,Cr和SLS的敏感性比较

采用ＡＲＣ－ｔｅｓｔ方法,测出Ｃｕ,Ｚｎ,Ｃｒ和表面活性剂对卤虫Ⅱ－Ⅲ期无节幼体的急性毒性,并用相同的方法,测出了这４种毒物对斑节对虾无节幼体、罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体的毒性,进而比较了这３种海洋动物的敏感性大小．表明一些海洋动物对某些毒物的敏感性,可以从卤虫的数据中得到反映,揭示卤虫可以作为其它海洋测试生物的替代物     

褶皱臂尾轮虫生产性培养的对比试验

褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)是鱼类的仔、稚、幼鱼和虾类幼体最好的活饵料,同时可以净化水质,提高鱼虾育苗成活率和成长度。本文对其生产性大量培养的条件进行了对比试验。1不同饵料种类的对比试验以五个3.5m3/个的水池接种2个/毫升轮虫,分别以扁藻Platymonas sp.、小球藻Chlorella sp.(均来自南海所藻种室)、骨条藻Skeletonema sp.(来自沙头角海区)20—30万个细胞/毫升投喂,随着藻类不断被摄食,不断给予补充,使培养水始终保持20—30万个细胞/毫升的浓度,另外2个池子只投喂人工饲料(面粉或米糠),每日3—4克/m3水体,各池均不断充…     

原绿球藻的营养组分分析及饵料效果研究

为探究原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus marinus)的应用, 采用生化分析测定了其营养组分, 并进行了投喂蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫饵料效果试验. 结果显示: 原绿球藻干品中含粗蛋白42.32%, 粗脂肪11.47%, 碳水化合物15.11%和灰分17.48%. 含16种氨基酸, 总氨基酸含量为35.88 mg/g, 包括必需氨基酸8种 (占总氨基酸的37.54%); 粗脂肪中含13种脂肪酸, 其中不饱和脂肪酸8种(占粗脂肪总重的58.26%), 单不饱和脂肪酸(54.12%)含量较高, 而多不饱和脂肪酸含量较低(4.14%). 用原绿球藻投喂蒙古裸腹溞, 藻最佳浓度是400104 cells/mL, 溞世代净生殖率达4.33, 内禀增长率为0.23. 蒙古裸腹溞在用原绿球藻强化之后, 二十碳五烯酸(EPA)能有效富集, 浓度可达6.69%. 不同密度的原绿球藻饲喂对褶皱臂尾轮虫抱卵数和抱卵率均影响显著. 投喂藻密度在48-96h阶段以600104 cells/mL为佳, 而96-144h以400104 cells/mL为佳. 通过研究发现, 原绿球藻具有较好的营养价值和饵料效果, 但在蒙古裸腹溞和褶皱臂尾轮虫培养中, 仍建议与其他藻混合投喂.       

两种饵料对褶皱臂尾轮虫生殖及休眠卵孵化的影响

四列藻被认为是介导广盐性轮虫有性生殖的优质饵料。然而,新鲜的四列藻培养成本高且营养单一难以维持轮虫的高密度、高质量培养。因此,寻找一种营养素含量高、经济效益好,且能提高轮虫增殖效率的商业化饵料对水产养殖业的发展有重要意义。本研究通过比较四列藻和富硒小球藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫复合品系(日本品系和澳大利亚品系)的生殖及休眠卵孵化率的影响,探究了富硒小球藻饵料在轮虫高密度培养中的可用性。研究发现,日本品系轮虫,富硒小球藻组的休眠卵孵化率(70.0±11.1)%显著高于四列藻组(24.0±10.8)%(p0.05);而澳大利亚品系,虽然休眠卵孵化率在两种饵料间无显著性差异,但小球藻组的种群生长率(0.28±0.02)高于四列藻组(0.23±0.00)(p0.05)。由此可见,富硒小球藻有利于褶皱臂尾轮虫复合品系的种群增长和有性繁殖。此外,富硒小球藻饵料组轮虫的体长和体宽均小于四列藻组,这一结果也证明了轮虫种群密度越大,体型越小的理论。本研究结果显示在褶皱臂尾轮虫复合品系的高密度培养中,商业化的富硒小球藻有望替代四列藻成为一种有效的提高轮虫有性生殖效率的饵料。     

球形棕囊藻对五种水生动物的急性毒性作用

利用室内半静水法研究球形棕囊藻培养液、藻细胞悬浮液、去藻细胞滤液、藻细胞内容物、藻细胞碎片以及溶血毒素粗提物对卤虫(Artemia sinica)、褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)、蒙古裸腹潘(Moina mongolia)、赤点石斑鱼幼鱼(Epinephelus akaara)和南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)5种水生动物的影响,并对其致毒途径进行分析.结果表明,与对照相比,培养液、藻细胞悬浮液处理卤虫,其运动速度下降,培养液、藻细胞悬浮液与毒素粗提物处理轮虫72 h,存活率显著降低(P＜0.05),卤虫、轮虫消化道中充满藻细胞,提示摄食球形棕囊藻可能是引起卤虫、轮虫中毒的主要途径.培养液、滤液和藻细胞内容物对赤点石斑鱼幼鱼均有显著的致死作用,而藻细胞碎片和溶血毒素粗提物对幼鱼的存活无明显影响,表明球形棕囊藻细胞表面并不存在毒性物质,球形棕囊藻可能会分泌有毒物质进入水体,进而影响鱼类的生长.培养液、藻细胞悬浮液、去藻细胞滤液、毒素粗提物处理蒙古裸腹溞72 h虽有死亡,但存活率与对照无显著差异;南美白对虾的情况与蒙古裸腹溞类似,表明球形棕囊藻及相关组分对蒙古裸腹溞和对虾的影响较小.这些结果表明,球形棕囊藻对不同生物的毒害作用不同;摄食和分泌有毒、有害物是球形棕囊藻引致生物中毒的主要途径;除了溶血毒素以外,球形棕囊藻还可能产生其他鱼毒性物质.     

饵料对河蟹溞状幼体变态发育的影响

报道饵料对河蟹状幼体 ( Z1～ Z3)变态的影响。结果表明 :梅尼小环藻是 Z1的适口饵料 ,适量投喂浓度为 80万个 /ml至 1 0 0万个 /ml;投喂衣藻或小环藻与衣藻的等浓度混合饵料都不能使 Z1顺利变态为 Z2 。2 0个 /ml褶皱臂尾轮虫密度是适于 Z2 的饵料密度 ,轮虫密度低于 5个 /ml或高于 40个 /ml都对 Z2 的变态有不良影响。另外 ,投喂 60万个 /ml小环藻加 2 0个 /ml轮虫混合饵料对 Z2 变态发育更为有利 ;而用 2 0万个 /ml衣藻加 2 0个 /ml轮虫投喂 Z2 ,却使 Z2 的变态率明显降低。 30个 /ml轮虫密度是适于 Z3的饵料密度 ,轮虫密度低于 2 0个 /ml或高于 40个 /ml都会对 Z3变态产生不良影响。     

饵料对河蟹zao状幼体变态发育的影响

报道饵料对河蟹Zao状幼体(Z1-Z3)变态的影响。结果表明：梅尼小环藻是Z1的适口饵料,适量投喂浓度为80万个／m1至l00万个／m1;投喂衣藻或小环藻与衣藻的等浓度混合饵料都不能使Z1顺利变态为Z2。20个／m1褶皱臂尾轮虫密度是适于Z2的饵料密度,轮虫密度低于5个／m1或高于40个／m1都对Z2的变态有不良影响。另外,投喂60万个／m1小环藻加20个／m1轮虫混合饵料对Z2变态发育更为有利;而用20万个／m1衣藻加20个／m1轮虫投喂Z2,却使Z2的变态率明显降低。30个／m1轮虫密度是适于Z3的饵料密度,轮虫密度低于20个／m1或高于40个／m1都会对Z2变态产生不良影响。     

4种生态因子对虎斑乌贼幼体生长与存活的影响

旨在研究温度、盐度、饵料种类、投饵量对虎斑乌贼（Sepia pharaonis）幼体生长与存活率的影响,以确定其生长发育的最佳生态条件,为人工育苗提供理论依据。在室内控制条件下,采用单因子试验研究了不同温度（18、21、24、27、30和33℃）、不同盐度（18、21、24、27、30和33）、不同饵料种类（虾糜、活糠虾、卤虫无节幼体、桡足类、死糠虾、虾糜＋强化卤虫后无节幼体、强化卤虫后无节幼体）、活糠虾不同投饵量（0、2、4、6、8和10 g/d）对虎斑乌贼幼体生长发育的影响。结果显示：不同温度对虎斑乌贼幼体生长影响显著（P〈0.05）,最适温度为24-27℃,在最适温度下,存活率为84.4%-91.1%,特定生长率为4.82%-6.13%,存活率（y）与温度（x）的函数关系为y=-0.15x3＋30.637x-447.002（r2=0.923）。幼体适宜盐度为24-33,最适盐度为27,在最适盐度条件下,其存活率为（90.0±5.29）%,特定生长率为（3.71±0.34）%。投喂7种开口饵料,以活糠虾效果最佳,存活率为（96.7±2.94）%,特定生长率为（3.77±0.23）%;强化卤虫后无节幼体效果次之,存活率为（95.6±2.31）%,特定生长率为（2.54±0.15）%,其余各组培养效果均不理想。投喂活糠虾,随着投饵量的增加,其存活率随之提高,摄食量（y）与个体重（x）的回归方程为y=0.227x-0.063（r2=0.921）。     

温度、盐度和食物条件对西藏拟溞摄食强度的影响

报道了不同温度、盐度和饵料条件下西藏拟溞的摄食强度、西藏拟溞对不同饵料生物蛋白核小球藻(Chlorellapyrenoidesa)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、湛江等鞭金藻(Isochrysis zhanjiangensis)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)、盐藻(Dunaliella salina)、新月拟菱形藻(Nitzschiella closterium)的选择性以及摄食节律。结果表明,在适温范围(2 20℃)内,西藏拟溞的滤水率、摄食率随着温度的升高而增加,14 16℃为西藏拟溞的适宜温度。在盐度20时,西藏拟溞的摄食率最高,幼、成溞对等鞭金藻的摄食率分别为1.88 ng C/(ind.h)和3.46 ng C/(ind.h)。西藏拟溞对角毛藻的滤水率和摄食率均随着龄期增加而增加,而对等鞭金藻呈相反趋势,但二者的日粮均随体长增大而减小。幼、成溞的滤水率和摄食率随食物密度变化的趋势基本一致,均是在盐藻密度为1×106 ind./L时均最高,分别为0.194、0.221 mL/(ind.h)和0.030μgC/(ind.h)和0.034μgC/(ind.h)。幼溞对6种藻的食物选择性为角毛藻小球藻盐藻扁藻金藻拟菱形藻;成溞为扁藻角毛藻盐藻金藻小球藻拟菱形藻。幼溞、成溞均对角毛藻和盐藻的选择性较好。西藏拟溞的幼溞和成溞对牟氏角毛藻的摄食有相同的节律,在15:00 17:00和01:00 03:00时有两个摄食高峰,在09:00 11:00和23:00 01:00有两个低谷。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.