栽培地区、采收季节和株龄对迷迭香精油成分和抑菌活性的影响

采用气相色谱-质谱联用的方法,研究了不同提取部位、栽培地区、采收季节和株龄对迷迭香精油提取率、成分和抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,在贵州栽培的迷迭香叶子中精油的主要成分为α-蒎烯（31.88%–39.09%）、1,8-桉叶素（8.82%–10.97%）和樟脑（7.63%–11.59%）;茎中精油的主要成分为龙脑（26.62%–39.05%）、樟脑（11.41%–15.27%）和α-蒎烯（7.23%–17.80%）;茎中精油的抑菌活性强于叶中精油。北京地区栽培的迷迭香,其叶子中精油的主要成分为樟脑（27.92%）和L-β-蒎烯（25.28%）,抑菌活性强;茎中精油和贵州栽培的成分和活性均相似。对于采收季节,夏季采收的迷迭香精油提取率高,抑菌活性强。而株龄对精油的成分和抑菌活性影响不大。该研究为我国引种迷迭香的合理配置栽培、采收、生产条件和高效开发利用其抑菌活性提供了科学的依据。     

肉桂不同植物部位精油成分分析及抑菌活性研究

本研究选用肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)的桂皮、桂叶、桂枝、果实、花萼5种植物部位为研究对象,通过气质联用对各部位精油的主要成分组成进行了分析比较。在此基础上,从抑菌圈、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC)等方面比较各部位精油对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)抑制活性。结果表明,各部位精油中的主要成分均为反式肉桂醛、邻甲氧基肉桂醛等,但各成分的含量存在明显差异,以花萼中的反式肉桂醛含量最高(87.68%)。各部位精油对两种供试微生物均具有显著抑菌效果,以桂枝中所含精油的抑菌效果最佳,对E.coli和S.aureus的MIC分别为0.05%和0.025%,MBC同样也分别为0.05%和0.025%。     

毛叶丁香罗勒精油的化学成分分析

西双版纳引种栽培的毛叶丁香罗勒精油用Finnigan-4510型毛细管色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成分分析,共分离了26个成分,鉴定了其中的16个成分,占全精油含量的98.5％。主要成分是:丁香酚(80.33％);罗勒烯(12.80％);β-毕橙茄烯(4.24％)。     

城固生姜精油化学成分的研究

用气相色谱—质谱联用技术,对陕西城固县生姜精油进行分析,共分离出19个化学成分鉴定了14个化合物,为精油总含量的96.2%。其中2—蒈醇,3—蒈醇,β—雪松烯未见报道。精油的主要成分2—蒈醇(29.2%)、莰烯(21.6%)。     

粤产紫罗勒精油的化学成分研究

水蒸气蒸馏法提取粤产紫罗勒精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC MS)技术进行化学成分分析,分离鉴定出15种化学成分,其中主要成分有芳樟醇(6.46%)、龙蒿脑(66.81%)、榄香烯(2.31%)和δ 杜松烯醇(9.13%)。     

侧柏叶精油的抗细菌和抗氧化活性(英文)

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取侧柏叶精油,通过GC和GC-MS分析精油的组成。从侧柏叶精油中鉴定出29种成分,主要为单萜和倍半萜,含量较高的化合物有:8-丙氧基-柏木烷(15.41%)、松油烯-4-醇(12.98%)、α-蒎烯(9.85%)、桧烯(9.92%)和3-蒈烯(6.77%)。侧柏叶精油具有广谱的抗细菌活性,对供试细菌的最低杀菌浓度(MBC)在0.1 mg/mL和1.0 mg/mL之间,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)在0.063 mg/mL和0.90 mg/mL之间,半抑制浓度(IC50)在0.044 mg/mL和0.763 mg/mL之间。侧柏叶精油能有效抑制菲啰嗪与Fe2+的螯合(IC50值为0.409mg/mL)和β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸的氧化(IC50值为0.526 mg/mL)。     

薄荷精油抗菌活性研究

采用气相色谱—质谱联用仪分析了薄荷精油的成分,在鉴定出的21种成分中,异佛尔酮(41.22%)、β-石竹烯(10.01%)、斯巴醇(2.89%)、β-蒎烯(1.45%)和桉树脑(1.13%)为主要成分。采用琼脂扩散法和微量肉汤稀释法对薄荷精油的抗菌活性进行了研究。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌及变形杆菌出现最大的抑菌环。MIC实验中,薄荷精油的浓度范围为5.00%~0.039%。在所选的8种菌种中,变形杆菌的MIC及MBC值最低,分别为0.625%及1.25%。结果充分证明,薄荷精油对于所选的8种病原菌都有很好的抗菌活性,在食品及制药工业中有广阔的应用前景。     

江西迷迭香精油的成分分析及抗氧化、抑菌活性研究

为了研究江西迷迭香精油的化学成分及抗氧化、抑菌活性,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取迷迭香精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对迷迭香精油成分进行分析,通过对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基的清除活性和还原力来研究迷迭香精油的体外抗氧化活性;通过以枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌为供试菌,测定抑菌圈大小和最低抑菌浓度(MIC)来研究迷迭香精油的抑菌活性。实验结果表明,从迷迭香精油中鉴定出40种化学成分,占精油总量的99.46%,其主要化学成分有α-蒎烯(39.05%)和1,8-桉叶素(16.86%),其次是莰烯(4.22%)、D-柠檬烯(3.87%)、龙脑(3.74%)、β-石竹烯(3.11%)等,α-蒎烯的含量高于国内其他产地;迷迭香精油对DPPH、羟基自由基和还原力的半数清除率IC₅₀值分别为76.42、51.40和49.15μL/mL;精油对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌圈大小分别为14.40±0.66、11.41±0.19、11.70±0.27 mm,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为2.50、10.00、10.00μL/mL,对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用明显强于金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌。结果表明迷迭香精油具有较好的抗氧化、抑菌活性。     

永州薄荷精油成分分析及其与异蛇蛇蜕浸液复配剂抑菌效果研究

为更好开发利用永州异蛇(尖吻蝮蛇)和永州薄荷两种地方特色资源,本研究通过GC-MS法分析了永州薄荷精油的成分,采用药敏纸片法测试了永州薄荷精油、异蛇蛇蜕浸液及二者复配剂的抑菌效果。结果发现,永州薄荷精油中共检出20种成分,其中含量较多的成分为薄荷醇(42.67%)、薄荷酮(27.30%),二者占总含量近70%;另有7种成分占总量比例超过1%,分别是α-蒎烯(3.65%)、β-蒎烯(3.28%)、柠檬烯(5.63%)、正辛醇(1.47%)、异薄荷醇(7.88%)、胡薄荷酮(1.35%)、乙酸薄荷酯(2.70%);还含有2种其他产区薄荷精油中未被检出的萜烯与二氢香芹醇(0.50%)。永州薄荷精油与异蛇蛇蜕浸提液均对金黄色葡萄球菌、痢疾杆菌表现出抑菌活性,其中薄荷精油对痢疾杆菌的抑制效果较金黄色葡萄球菌更佳,而异蛇蛇蜕浸提液则对二者的抑制活性无显著差异;两种提取物复配液的抑菌效果优于各自单方;相同原液浓度下,二者最佳复配比为薄荷精油:蛇蜕浸提液1∶2(V∶V);复配剂对痢疾杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌最小抑菌浓度分别为15和10 mg/mL。研究结果为两种地方特色动植物资源的协同开发提供了实验依据。     

玫瑰精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性

通过水蒸汽同步蒸馏法提取玫瑰精油,采用GC-MS方法分析了玫瑰精油的化学组成,共鉴定出其中14个化学成分并测定其相对含量,占总含量的95.25%。香茅醇为玫瑰精油的主要成分,相对含量为90.37%。体外抑菌实验表明,玫瑰精油除对黑曲霉没有抗菌活性外,对其它7种供试菌均具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中对表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.063%(v/v),对枯草芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌和白色念珠菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）为0.125%(v/v),而对绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)的抗菌活性相对较弱,MIC为0.5%(v/v)。抑菌直径结果也表明了玫瑰精油除对黑曲霉、绿脓杆菌的抗菌活性较弱外,对其它6种菌株的抑菌直径都大于8.5 mm。考察了玫瑰精油对3种敏感菌株包括金黄色葡萄球菌(革兰氏阳性菌)、大肠杆菌(革兰氏阴性菌)和白色念珠菌(真菌)的杀菌动态过程,为玫瑰精油的应用提供了理论依据。     

The in vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Chemometric Modelling of 59 Commercial Essential Oils against Pathogens of Dermatological Relevance

This study reports on the inhibitory concentration of 59 commercial essential oils recommended for dermatological conditions, and identifies putative compounds responsible for antimicrobial activity. Essential oils were investigated for antimicrobial activity using minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Ten essential oils were identified as having superior antimicrobial activity. The essential oil compositions were determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and the data analysed with the antimicrobial activity using multivariate tools. Orthogonal projections to latent structures models were created for seven of the pathogens. Eugenol was identified as the main biomarker responsible for antimicrobial activity in the majority of the essential oils. The essential oils mostly displayed noteworthy antimicrobial activity, with five oils displaying broad‐spectrum activity against the 13 tested micro‐organisms. The antimicrobial efficacies of the essential oils highlight their potential in treating dermatological infections and through chemometric modelling, bioactive volatiles have been identified.     

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mexican oregano essential oils (Lippia graveolens H. B. K.) with different composition when microencapsulated inβ‐cyclodextrin

Aims: To study how the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Lippia graveolens essential oils with different composition are affected after the microencapsulation process with β‐cyclodextrin (βCD). Methods and results: Three Mexican oregano essential oils (EOs) with different carvacrol/thymol/p‐cymene ratios (38 : 3 : 32, 23 : 2 : 42, 7 : 19 : 35) were used in this study. Microencapsulation was carried out by spray‐drying. Antimicrobial activities were measured as MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) using 0·05%/0·10%/0·20% (w/v) dilutions of EOs against Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Antioxidant activities were determined by the 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method. EOs showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, but microencapsulation preserved the antimicrobial activity in all cases and increased the antioxidant activity from four‐ to eightfold. Conclusions: Although the Lippia essential oils were from the same species, their composition affects the biological activities before and after the microencapsulation process, as well as encapsulation efficiency. Our study supports the fact that microencapsulation of EOs in β‐cyclodextrin preserves the antimicrobial activity, improves the antioxidant activity and acts as a protection for EOs main compounds. Significance and Impact of the Study: Microencapsulation affects positively EOs main compounds, improves antioxidant activity and retains antimicrobial activity, enhancing the quality of the oils.     

几种典型植物精油的化学成分与其抗菌活性

【目的】植物精油萃取自天然植物, 因具有抗菌活性, 近年来受到广泛关注。论文的目的是分析植物精油的化学成分, 测试其抗菌活性, 并研究其化学成分与抗菌活性之间的联系。【方法】实验选取了肉桂、山苍子、丁香、香茅、迷迭香和大蒜精油等6种典型植物精油, 通过气质联用分析方法研究了其化学组分, 并通过污染食物技术研究了其对黑曲霉和绳状青霉的抗真菌活性, 以及对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗细菌活性。【结果】气质联用分析结果表明, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种植物精油的化学成分主要是醛类和醇类, 丁香精油的主要化学成分是丁香油酚, 大蒜精油化学成分基本上都是含硫的醚类, 其中二烯丙基三硫醚(大蒜素)含量最高。抗菌活性结果显示, 不同植物精油的抗菌活性不同, 6种植物精油的抗真菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>大蒜>丁香>山苍子=香茅>迷迭香, 抗细菌活性由强到弱依次为: 肉桂>山苍子>丁香>香茅=迷迭香>大蒜。【结论】植物精油的抗真菌、细菌活性与其化学组分密切相关, 肉桂、山苍子、香茅和迷迭香等4种精油的抗菌活性可能主要与其化学成分中的醛类和醇类有关, 丁香精油较高的抗菌活性可能主要源于丁香油酚; 大蒜精油具有高效的抗真菌活性主要源于其化学成分中的含硫醚。不同植物精油化学成分不同, 抗真菌、细菌活性也不同, 表明其可能有不同的抗真菌与抗细菌机制。     

In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils

Essential oils and their components are becoming increasingly popular as naturally occurring antimicrobial agents. In this work the chemical composition and the antimicrobial properties of Thymus essential oils and of their main components were determined. Three essential oils obtained from different species of Thymus growing wild in Sardinia and a commercial sample of Thymus capitatus oil were analysed. The essential oil components were identified by GC/MS analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the oils and components was determined against a panel of standard reference strains and multiple strains of food-derived spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, using a broth microdilution method. The GC/MS analysis showed that the major constituents of the oils were monoterpene hydrocarbons and phenolic monoterpenes, but the concentration of these compounds varied greatly among the oils examined. The results of the antimicrobial assay showed that essential oils extracted from Sardinian Thymus species have an antimicrobial activity comparable to the one observed in other thyme oils. It seems also confirmed that the antimicrobial properties of thyme essential oils are mainly related to their high phenolic content. Among the single compounds tested carvacrol and thymol turned out to be the most efficient against both reference strains and food-derived bacteria. The results of this study confirmed the possibility of using thyme essential oils or some of their components in food systems to prevent the growth of foodborne bacteria and extend the shelf-life of processed foods.     

Composition and biological activities of essential oils from Limnophila geoffrayi Bonati

Essential oils from the dried aerial parts of Limnophila geoffrayi Bonati were obtained by water-distillation. d-Pulegone (27.14%), perillaldehyde (19.13%) and limonene (9.00%) were characterized as the major constituents using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils and their major components were evaluated against microorganisms encountered normally in contaminated cosmetic products, using the agar- and broth-dilution methods. Their insecticidal activities against the Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) were tested using a bioassay with impregnated filter paper. The results showed that the essential oils possessed high antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.2% per unit volume (v/v). Strong insecticidal activity as a fumigant was also observed at an oil dose of 5 μl/disc, with a 94% mortality. Perillaldehyde was the most active compound among the main components of these essential oils.     

Antimicrobial activity of six constituents of essential oil from Salvia

The antimicrobial activity of three Salvia species, i.e. S. santolinifolia, S. hydrangea and S. mirzayanii, essential oils were investigated. The essential oils were obtained from the aerial parts of plants and analyzed by GC-MS. The main constituents of aforementioned species were alpha-pinene (72.4%), beta-pinene (6.6%) and limonene (5.3%); beta-caryophyllene (25.1%), 1,8-cineol (15.2%) and caryophyllene oxide (11.5%); alpha-terpinenyl acetate (22.6%), 1,8-cineol (21.2%) and linalool (8.9%), respectively. Bioassays exhibited that the property of the oil of S. myrzayanii was superior to others. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Salvia species may well be due to the presence of synergy between six tested compounds (linalool, 1,8-cineol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, beta-caryophyllene and limonene) and other constituents of the oils with various degrees of antimicrobial activity. Among these, linalool and 1,8-cineol had the highest antimicrobial activity.     

Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of essential oils of Artemisia afra, Pteronia incana and Rosmarinus officinalis on selected bacteria and yeast strains

Essential oils are frequently used for flavour and fragrance in the perfume, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Artemisia afra, Pteronia incana and Rosmarinus officinalis were tested against 41 microbial strains. The test organisms were selected on the basis of their significance as food spoilage and/or poisoning, common human and plant pathogens. The agar diffusion assay was performed using nutrient agar and antibiotic medium. All the oils tested displayed some antimicrobial activities. However, the efficiency differed and depended both on the type and concentration of the oil, as well as the test microbial strain. Artemisia afra and R. officinalis showed similar and higher antimicrobial activity than P. incana. Due to their broad antimicrobial activities, the essential oils of the above plants growing in Eastern Cape may have preservative potential for the food and cosmetic industries.     

Repellent,Insecticidal and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaf Essential Oils from Three Eucalyptus Species

Developing effective and eco‐friendly antimicrobials and pesticides has become a highly important issue. The repellent, insecticidal and antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) isolated by hydrodistillation from dried leaves of the three Eucalyptus species (E. cloeziana, E. umbellata and E. benthamii) were investigated. During GC/MS analysis, α‐pinene (47.36 %), 1,8‐cineol (38.53 %) and α‐pinene (35.31 %) were identified as major components of E. cloeziana, E. umbellata and E. benthamii, respectively. The EOs from E. cloeziana exhibited the longest effective protection time (465 min, at 50.0 % w/w) for humans among the EOs studied. The effective protection time was 30 min and 300 min at concentrations of 12.5 % (w/w) and 25.0 % (w/w), respectively. Fumigating insecticidal activity of EOs from three Eucalyptus species was tested by airtight fumigation in conical flask, which indicated that essential oils had a highly and rapidly insecticidal activity on Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. The antimicrobial activity of EOs was evaluated by using disc diffusion and agar dilution methods. There was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity of EOs from E. cloeziana and E. umbellate and they had the same MICs (20 mL/L) on Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. E. benthamii had the worst microbial inhibitory effect among the three Eucalyptus essential oils and the MIC value for the test species is 40 mL/L except for Rhodotorula Harrison (10 mL/L).     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from the Aerial Parts of Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk.) Less. and Pulicaria incisa (Lam.) DC.: Two Asteraceae Herbs Growing Wild in the Hoggar

In recent years, antimicrobial activities of essential oils have been intensively explored, mainly in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents to overcome microbial resistance. The present study investigates the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained from two Asteraceae: Asteriscus graveolens (Forssk .) Less . and Pulicaria incisa (Lam .) DC. Chemical analysis was performed using a combination of capillary GC‐FID and GC/MS analytical techniques. The major component of Asteriscus graveolens were cis‐chrysanthenyl acetate (31.1%), myrtenyl acetate (15.1%), and kessane (11.5%), while for Pulicaria incisa the main components were chrysanthenone (45.3%) and 2,6‐dimethylphenol (12.6%). The oils obtained from the aerial parts were tested against sixteen microbial strains by agar well diffusion technique and dilution methods and showed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in the range of 19 – 1250 μg/ml. A good antibacterial activity against a common nosocomial pathogen, Acinetobacter baumanniiATCC 19606 was observed, especially from Pulicaria incisa essential oil, with a MIC value up to 19 μg/ml. These results give significant information about the pharmacological activity of these essential oils, which suggest their benefits to human health, having the potential to be used for medical purposes.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the Amazon Guatteriopsis species

The essential oils of Guatteriopsis blepharophylla, Guatteriopsis friesiana and Guatteriopsis hispida were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main compound found in the leaf oil of G. blepharophylla was caryophyllene oxide (1) (69.25%). The leaf oil of G. friesiana contained predominantly beta-eudesmol (2) (51.60%), gamma-eudesmol (3) (23.70%), and alpha-eudesmol (4) (14.56%). The major constituents identified in the leaf of G. hispida were beta-pinene (38.18%), alpha-pinene (30.77%) and (E)-caryophyllene (20.59%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was evaluated against 11 species of microorganisms. The oil of G. friesiana exhibited significant antimicrobial activity for all microorganisms tested, whereas that of G. hispida and G. blepharophyla had potent activity against Rhodococcus equi with MIC of 50 microg mL(-1). The major constituents of each oil were also tested separately, and showed lower activity compared to the oils. Moreover, mixtures of the main constituents, in the same proportions found in G. friesiana and G. hispida oils, did not show the same activity as the original oils.