不同形态微生物菌剂对不结球白菜生长和品质的影响

合理施用微生物菌剂可显著改善蔬菜土壤环境,增加产量,提升品质。本试验以不结球白菜为供试材料,在设施条件下设置不施微生物菌、施用液态和固态微生物菌剂处理,研究不同形态微生物菌剂对不结球白菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明: 施用液态和固态微生物菌剂均能显著提高土壤脲酶活性,增加植株全氮含量,增大叶面积,显著提升叶片SPAD值,提高叶片净光合速率,产量比不施微生物菌剂处理分别增加26.9%和34.4%。同时,施用微生物菌剂可提高不结球白菜的总酚和抗坏血酸含量,显著降低硝酸盐含量。可见,合理施用微生物菌剂可促进不结球白菜产量的提升和品质的改善。不同形态微生物菌剂中,液态微生物菌剂时效快,固态微生物菌剂长效性好,可根据土壤肥力情况酌情配施有机肥或无机肥以促进蔬菜的优质高产。     

Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)、Hg~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对碱蓬幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响

以水培法及分光光度法培养、测定碱蓬幼苗在重金属胁迫下的株高、鲜重及根数,叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量等各项生长指标以及过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶的活性变化.结果表明:Pb2+、Cr6+、Hg2+和Cu2+使碱蓬植株生长出现明显抑制效果的临界浓度分别为:45 mg/kg、15 mg/kg、10 mg/kg和5 mg/kg。此浓度胁迫下,碱蓬植株鲜重降低25%~30%、根数减少12%~34%。重金属处理后,碱蓬的叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量下降、丙二醛含量上升,且处理与对照间差异显著。Pb2+、Cr6+、Hg2+、Cu2+处理的叶绿素总量分别是对照的61%、59%、55%和67%,可溶性蛋白含量分别是对照的66.7%、58.3%、41.7%和75%,而丙二醛含量分别是对照的167%、147%、114%和131%。4种重金属胁迫下的碱蓬植株体内过氧化物酶活性均高于对照,而过氧化氢酶活性低于对照。     

伯克霍尔德氏菌GD17对黄瓜幼苗耐干旱的调节

干旱是影响农业生产的主要因子之一。根际促生菌可有效减轻干旱对植物的伤害，但其中的作用机理仍需探究。以接种Burkholderia sp. GD17菌和未接种的黄瓜幼苗为材料，经干旱处理（撤水7 d）后，分析其生理生化和相关基因表达，以此探究GD17菌促生拮抗的作用机理。结果表明，接菌5 d的植株根中GD17菌数量达到6.2×106 CFU/g鲜重，直至第15天撤水处理时仍维持这一数量级。正常浇水的加菌植株地上部鲜重与干重分别较未加菌对照高39%和36%；在干旱胁迫下，分别高38%和32%，叶片相对含水量高8.5%。干旱胁迫下，加菌叶片丙二醛和电解质渗透率分别较未加菌的低45%和26%。正常浇水的加菌植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性均显著低于未加菌植株的水平，而在干旱胁迫下，加菌植株的3种抗氧化酶活性明显高于未加菌的。干旱显著提高叶片的脯氨酸含量，其中，加菌植株的幅度更大。正常浇水的加菌植株净光合速率高于未加菌植株，但气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率没有明显变化，但在干旱条件下，这些参数在加菌植株中的值显著高于未加菌植株。叶绿素荧光成像进一步显示，接种GD17可有效...     

嫁接对铜胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生理特性的影响

以南瓜‘京欣砧三号’为砧木、薄皮甜瓜‘IVF09’为接穗,以自根苗为对照,研究了嫁接对铜胁迫下甜瓜幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明: 在铜胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗的生理特性受到抑制.与自根苗相比,嫁接苗的生物量、叶片中光合色素、葡萄糖和果糖含量及光合参数,蔗糖磷酸合成酶、中性转化酶、酸性转化酶活性均显著提高.嫁接改善了养分吸收,有效增加了K、P、Na等的含量,减少了Cu含量,在800 μmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺胁迫下,嫁接苗叶片和根部Cu含量分别比自根苗降低31.3%和15.2%;嫁接改善了植株内源激素平衡,嫁接苗叶片中生长素含量、过氧化物酶活性高于自根苗,脱落酸、丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性低于自根苗.表明嫁接减弱了铜胁迫对甜瓜幼苗生理特性的抑制作用,从而提高了幼苗对铜胁迫的抵抗能力.     

放线菌对干旱胁迫下黑麦草生长及抗氧化特性的影响

采用菌剂接种及盆栽生物实验,研究了干旱缺水条件下放线菌对黑麦草生长和抗氧化特性的影响。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下,土壤中接种放线菌显著促进黑麦草的生长,其中根分蘖及根部生物量分别显著增加35.00%和37.47%;(2)接种放线菌后,黑麦草叶片的叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量分别显著增加了12.02%和10.38%;(3)加菌后3种主要的抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)较不加菌对照均增加,其增率分别为12.72%、2.38%和24.83%,其中SOD和CAT的活性增加显著。研究表明,干旱胁迫下放线菌接种土壤后,提高了黑麦草叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量,增强了黑麦草抗干旱胁迫的抗氧化酶活性,可显著促进黑麦草的生长,增加其生物量。     

垃圾堆肥复合菌剂对干旱胁迫下草坪植物生理生态特性的影响

从生活垃圾堆肥中提取有益微生物菌种,配成不同浓度的复合微生物菌剂（CM）,施入草坪基质,研究了复合微生物菌剂对干旱胁迫下草坪植物生理生态特性的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,接种过复合微生物菌剂的草坪植物叶片的丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于未接种菌剂的对照,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于对照。不同草坪植物品种生理生态特性在接种CM后对干旱胁迫的响应程度不同。即高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea L.）,当接种200倍稀释液的菌剂,叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性达到最大,分别是对照的8.13、1.53和2.46倍;而黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）则当接种100倍稀释液的菌剂,POD和CAT活性分别高出对照64.4%和56.1%,而SOD活性是对照的6.50倍。和对照相比,各接种菌剂处理的脯氨酸（Pro）含量、可溶性蛋白含量明显降低,离体叶片持水力却保持了较高的水平。上述结果表明,接种复合微生物菌剂后,植物能够通过自身的保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而有效缓解干旱胁迫对草坪植物的伤害,提高草坪植物的抗旱性,为干旱环境草坪植物的建植提供依据。     

两株镰孢菌的鉴定及其粗毒素对甜瓜幼苗的化感作用

从甜瓜枯萎病发病植株及其根际病土中分离到8株真菌,以甜瓜品种“西甜1号”为材料,采用回接试验和种子萌发试验确定真菌分离物对甜瓜的致病性和生长抑制作用;通过测定盆栽幼苗根系诱导酶活性、抗性物质含量及细胞膜相对透性,研究两株有害真菌粗毒素对甜瓜幼苗的化感作用;根据形态学特征及ITS序列分析对两株有害真菌进行初步鉴定.结果表明： 两株有害真菌TF和HF粗毒素对甜瓜种子萌发以及胚轴、胚根生长具有抑制作用,可导致甜瓜幼苗根系丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及细胞膜相对透性增加,其中TF粗毒素原液处理下甜瓜幼苗根系MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性较对照分别增加108.6%和40.6%.两株有害真菌粗毒素可提高甜瓜幼苗根系保护性诱导酶活性,其中,TF粗毒素10倍稀释液处理下根系苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性较对照分别增加25.6%和23.2%;HF粗毒素原液处理下根系PAL活性较对照提高30.0%.两株有害真菌TF和HF初步鉴定为木贼镰孢菌(Fusarium equiseti)和层出镰孢菌(F. proliferatum).两株镰孢菌虽然不能通过回接侵染甜瓜,但能通过分泌毒素影响甜瓜正常生长和生理生化代谢,同时提高甜瓜根系保护性诱导酶活性,具有有害和有益双重作用,其化感危害是引起甜瓜连作障碍的主要原因之一.     

有机酸类化感物质对甜瓜的化感效应

以甜瓜种质“新银辉”为材料,用苹果酸、柠檬酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸、水杨酸和香豆酸等7种有机酸类化感物质处理甜瓜种子和幼苗,探讨其对甜瓜的化感效应及作用机理.结果表明:苹果酸可以促进甜瓜种子发芽和幼苗胚根生长,抑制植株鲜重增加和胚轴生长;柠檬酸促进发芽,对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸抑制发芽,但三者均抑制胚根生长,且对鲜重和胚轴生长表现为低促高抑效应,高浓度肉桂酸对种子发芽和胚轴生长的抑制效应最强,可能是甜瓜重要的化感物质;阿魏酸和香豆酸对发芽表现为低促高抑效应,抑制鲜重、胚根和胚轴生长;水杨酸对发芽和胚轴生长表现为低促高抑效应、抑制鲜重和胚根生长.7种有机酸处理后过氧化物酶活性均增强,有机酸类物质对甜瓜的化感效应可能和其体内的过氧化氢水平有较高的相关性;苹果酸、肉桂酸、对羟基苯甲酸和水杨酸处理后甜瓜幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶的活性基本呈下降趋势,柠檬酸、阿魏酸和香豆酸则表现为低促高抑效应;过氧化物酶活性变化较复杂,但基本随处理浓度升高而上升;丙二醛含量大多低于对照.     

不同磷水平配施生物炭对土壤磷有效性

生物炭在提高土壤磷素有效性及促进作物生长方面具有显著作用,但其效果因土壤类型不同存在较大差异。试验以赤红壤(pH 4.91)和褐土(pH 7.24)为供试土壤,设置3种磷肥水平(0、30、90 kg P·hm^-2,分别以不施磷、低磷、高磷表示)配施稻秆生物炭(0、4%)的大豆盆栽试验,研究了不同磷水平下配施生物炭对土壤磷有效性、磷酸单酯酶活性和植株磷吸收的影响。结果表明: 不同磷水平配施生物炭显著提高了两种土壤的速效磷和全磷含量,且低磷水平添加生物炭处理速效磷增幅最大,在赤红壤和褐土的增幅分别为192.6%和237.1%。与低磷相比,赤红壤中低磷配施生物炭处理的碱性磷酸单酯酶活性显著增加78.9%,活性有机磷含量降低39.3%,同时显著促进了植株生长与磷吸收;生物炭添加显著降低了褐土活性有机磷含量,但不同处理对土壤磷酸单酯酶活性和植株生长无显著影响。土壤活性有机磷含量与速效磷含量均呈显著负相关。综上,生物炭对土壤磷有效性的作用因土壤类型和磷肥水平差异而不同,其在赤红壤上对植株生长和磷吸收的促进效应强于褐土,且在低磷条件下效果更佳。本研究为生物炭在减施磷肥和促进大豆磷吸收,特别是在赤红壤上的应用提供了科学依据。     

AMF对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)品种"中蜜3号"为试材,摩西球囊霉菌(Glmous mosseae,GM)为供试菌种,采用温室盆栽试验研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以明确AMF对甜瓜复合逆境下的增抗作用并探讨其生理机制。结果显示:(1)在弱光及盐胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗生长受到明显抑制,其株高、干重和鲜重均明显降低,同时体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性均比对照显著升高。(2)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF可显著促进甜瓜幼苗的生长,菌根侵染率随胁迫时间延长与盐浓度呈负相关关系。(3)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF进一步提高了甜瓜幼苗体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性,显著降低了MDA含量,且叶片SOD、POD活性变化大于根系,CAT则相反。研究表明,AMF可通过促进弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的提高,有效降低体内膜脂过氧化水平,从而增强植株对弱光及盐胁迫的耐性。     

Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. for biocontrol of gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae) and growth promotion of Cucumis melo L.

Gummy stem blight of Cucumis melo L. (melon) caused by Didymella bryoniae is a serious disease in the major production area of northwest China. Two Streptomyces isolates (Streptomyces pactum A12 and S. globisporus subsp. globisporus C28) previously isolated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were investigated regarding their biocontrol of gummy stem blight and growth promotion of melon under controlled conditions. Streptomyces A12 and C28 indicated obvious antagonistic activity against D. bryoniae in vitro. Both A12 and C28 significantly decreased disease severity and AUDPC (area under the disease progress curve) of melon gummy stem blight in vivo (P < 0.05). Ten-fold dilution of C28 culture filtrate was more effective in controlling the disease compared with other treatments, the disease reduction effects were 41.0–64.2%. The mean fresh weights were increased by 40.4% for plants, 44.2% for roots, and 40.3% for aerial parts, when A12 was applied in both nursery soil and transplanted soil. Streptomyces C28 also increased the mean fresh weights of melon plants by 18.4–49.0% compared with the control in pot trial. Streptomyces A12 and C28 showed substantial colonization abilities in the rhizosphere and on the rhizoplane of melon plants. Results demonstrated that Streptomyces A12 and C28 were of positive effect on the biocontrol of gummy stem blight and growth promotion of Cucumis melo L.     

The Effect of the Induced Substances from Collectotrichum langenarium Related to some Enzyme Activities of Disease Resistance in Xin-jiang Melon

Xingjiang melon (Cucumis melo L.) was treated respectively with elicitors from culture filtrate (El) and mycelial walls (Ew) of Colletotrichum langenarium. Activities of phenylalanine arnmonialyase (PAL) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly higher in the treated pNnts. The effect of inducement was higher with El than with Ew. A new protein from plants treated with El was found on 5-20% polyacrylamide gel gradient electrophoresis. The Rf value of the new protein was 0.7-0.75. But no new protein was found in plants treated with Ew.     

瓜类刺盘孢诱导物对新疆甜瓜抗病相关酶活性的影响

近年来,应用病毒、细菌、真菌以及病原菌体及其代谢物作为诱导因子,已在多种作物上获得对病害的整体免疫,有些已开始在田间应用。我们也曾应用人工诱导免疫的方法使新疆甜瓜获得对瓜类疫霉病的抗性,但有关植物人工诱导免疫机理的研究,目前国外报道不多,国内尚未见报道。本文以瓜类刺盘孢(Colletotrichum langenarium)培养滤液和菌丝细胞壁作为诱导物,研究了免疫植株相关酶的活性以及可溶性蛋白的变化,探讨了人工诱导免疫的机理。     

保护地土传病害枯萎病和疫霉病生防菌剂的田间试验

为了克服保护地栽培作物的连作障碍,针对筛选的拮抗引起土传病害的枯萎病菌和疫霉病菌的微生物菌种进行了混合生防菌剂的制备,测定了制备菌剂中的菌体数量和抑菌活性;在人工接种的条件下研究了制备菌剂的生防效果;在保护地中试验了混合菌剂对枯萎病和疫霉病的防效。结果表明:制备的单菌剂中含有的活菌体数量能达到108 cfu/g以上,混合菌剂中每个菌种的活菌体数量能达到105 cfu/g,并且菌剂的粗提物中存在明显的抑制枯萎病菌和疫霉病菌的抑菌物质。在人工接种盆栽试验中单菌剂和混合菌剂对枯萎病和疫霉病均有一定的防效,其中混合菌剂对两种病害的防效均达到80%以上。混合菌剂田间实验对枯萎病和疫霉病防效能达到70%以上。     

2，4-D丁酯对罂粟（Papaver somniferum L.）保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响

罂粟（Papaver somniferum L.）花蕾期用不同浓度的2,4-D丁酯对植株进行处理,测定了4d中叶片相对含水量（RWC）、丙二醛（MDA）含量、膜相对透性及保护酶（SOD、POD）活性变化情况。结果表明：在1ml/L、2ml/L、4ml/L浓度处理下对罂粟叶片RWC影响不显著,8ml/L处理下的RWC随处理时间的延长呈显著下降趋势,第4天比第1天下降了48.7%。在各处理下MDA含量和膜相对透性的变化趋势基本一致,1ml/L、2ml/L、4ml/L处理前期下降,后期升高。8ml/L处理对MDA含量和膜相对透性的影响显著的高于其它处理,随处理时间的延长呈先升高后降低的趋势。保护酶在处理条件下随时间延长其活性有明显的变化：POD活性变化波动较大,除8 ml/L外其它处理在第2、第4天有两次上升峰,8 ml/L峰值出现在第2天,之后下降在第4天达最低。SOD活性先降低后升高,都高于对照,所有处理SOD活性在第3d最低,第4天8 ml/L处理的活性显著的高于其它处理。表明了高浓度（8 ml/L）的2,4-D能使膜脂过氧化而产生较大的损伤,其它浓度处理对膜脂过氧化及膜透性影响相对较小,表明8ml/L的2,4-D是灭杀罂粟的最适用量。     

不同生育期咸水灌溉对甜瓜叶片膜脂过氧化及保护酶活性的影响

采用砂培法在甜瓜不同生育时期用不同浓度咸水灌溉条件下,研究甜瓜叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的变化.结果表明,甜瓜叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量随咸水浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而增加,并且处理时期越早其含量越低;叶片细胞膜伤害率(MIP)在持续处理中随浓度增加而上升,而在其它处理中呈先下降再上升的趋势;各处理的CAT活性均高于对照,随咸水浓度的增加,CAT活性表现出先上升后下降的趋势,而SOD和POD活性基本上都是持续下降的趋势.研究发现,甜瓜在不同生育期所适宜灌溉咸水的最大浓度不同,其中伸蔓期约为7 g/L,开花坐果期和果实发育期约为5 g/L;不同保护酶的活性在咸水灌溉条件下变化规律不一致,不能有效反映甜瓜对咸水灌溉的适应程度.     

甜瓜遗传多样性的AFLP分析

利用AFLP(Amplified fragment length polymorphism)分子标记技术对48份甜瓜(Cucumis meloL.)材料遗传多样性和亲缘关系进行了研究.从64对引物中筛选出了10对进行选择性扩增,共扩增出423条带,其中多态性条带172条,多态率为40.66%.聚类分析将供试材料分成了两大类群,即厚皮甜瓜类群和薄皮甜瓜类群,并进一步将厚皮甜瓜类群分成了4个亚类,与甜瓜传统分类结果基本一致.     

Melon fruits: genetic diversity, physiology, and biotechnology features

Among Cucurbitaceae, Cucumis melo is one of the most important cultivated cucurbits. They are grown primarily for their fruit, which generally have a sweet aromatic flavor, with great diversity and size (50 g to 15 kg), flesh color (orange, green, white, and pink), rind color (green, yellow, white, orange, red, and gray), form (round, flat, and elongated), and dimension (4 to 200 cm). C. melo can be broken down into seven distinct types based on the previously discussed variations in the species. The melon fruits can be either climacteric or nonclimacteric, and as such, fruit can adhere to the stem or have an abscission layer where they will fall from the plant naturally at maturity. Traditional plant breeding of melons has been done for 100 years wherein plants were primarily developed as open-pollinated cultivars. More recently, in the past 30 years, melon improvement has been done by more traditional hybridization techniques. An improvement in germplasm is relatively slow and is limited by a restricted gene pool. Strong sexual incompatibility at the interspecific and intergeneric levels has restricted rapid development of new cultivars with high levels of disease resistance, insect resistance, flavor, and sweetness. In order to increase the rate and diversity of new traits in melon it would be advantageous to introduce new genes needed to enhance both melon productivity and melon fruit quality. This requires plant tissue and plant transformation techniques to introduce new or foreign genes into C. melo germplasm. In order to achieve a successful commercial application from biotechnology, a competent plant regeneration system of in vitro cultures for melon is required. More than 40 in vitro melon regeneration programs have been reported; however, regeneration of the various melon types has been highly variable and in some cases impossible. The reasons for this are still unknown, but this plays a heavy negative role on trying to use plant transformation technology to improve melon germplasm. In vitro manipulation of melon is difficult; genotypic responses to the culture method (i.e., organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, etc.) as well as conditions for environmental and hormonal requirements for plant growth and regeneration continue to be poorly understood for developing simple in vitro procedures to culture and transform all C. melo genotypes. In many cases, this has to be done on an individual line basis. The present paper describes the various research findings related to successful approaches to plant regeneration and transgenic transformation of C. melo. It also describes potential improvement of melon to improve fruit quality characteristics and postharvest handling. Despite more than 140 transgenic melon field trials in the United States in 1996, there are still no commercial transgenic melon cultivars on the market. This may be a combination of technical or performance factors, intellectual property rights concerns, and, most likely, a lack of public acceptance. Regardless, the future for improvement of melon germplasm is bright when considering the knowledge base for both techniques and gene pools potentially useable for melon improvement.     

Treatment of Paenibacillus illinoisensis suppresses the activities of antioxidative enzymes in pepper roots caused by Phytophthora capsici infection

Summary The activity of antioxidative enzymes after inoculation of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. Chungok) with a pathogen, Phytophthora capsici (P), the causal agent of Phytophtora blight and dual inoculation of pathogen and an antagonist, Paenibacillus illinoisensis KJA-424 (P+A), were measured and compared with that of non-inoculated (C) roots. Root mortality was significantly reduced by about 84% in P+A treatment compared with P treatment alone. When compared to the non-inoculated (C) roots, malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration gradually decreased by 52.4% in 7 days only in P-treated roots and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was not significantly affected by the treatment for 5 days but significantly decreased in the P+A-treated roots at day 7. P-treatment continuously induced peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), resulting in significant increases of 36.7% and 27.7% at day 7, respectively, compared to the control. In P+A-treated roots, the activities of POD and SOD also increased for 5 days but returned to the control level at day 7. Catalase activity fluctuated but again increased over the 7-day period following P+A inoculation. These results indicate that an antagonist P. illinoisensis KJA-424 alleviated root mortality and suppressed the elevated activities of POD and SOD in the root of pepper plant root caused by P.␣capsici infection.