哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林光合有效辐射的时空分布

光合有效辐射(PAR)是影响生态系统能量转化和物质生产的重要生态因子,对其时空格局的研究,有助于深入理解生态系统的生理生态因子变化和光合行为.本研究分析了2009年哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统PAR的时间与垂直分布特征及相互关系.结果表明,在日尺度上,PAR在进入冠层内部的过程中,其强度不断减弱;各层次PAR月总量的年变化不尽相同,冠层上在2月和1月分别达到最大值和最小值.冠层上的PAR( PAR1)的日均变化呈单峰曲线,冠层底部(PAR2)、乔木亚层( PAR3、PAR4)和灌木层(PAR5)则为不规则的单峰曲线;各层全年PAR总量分别为8824.98、682.20、403.09、216.62、208.52 mol·m-2.全年PAR2 -PAR5占PAR1的比率分别为7.73％ 、4.57％、2.45％和0.92％;雨季各层次PAR的平均值分别为干季的89.77％、89.34％、97.32％％、116.36％和115.09％.     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林与林外草地太阳辐射比较

太阳辐射是森林生态系统的主要能量来源,为探讨亚热带常绿阔叶林对太阳辐射的影响,本研究利用哀牢山亚热带森林生态系统研究站太阳辐射观测数据,对林外草地、林冠上的太阳辐射平衡各分量的年、季节变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:森林辐射的季节变化因随植被的变化而与林外草地辐射有所差异.森林有效辐射占总辐射的比率、反射率均低于林外草地,导致净辐射占总辐射比率高于后者.与我国各地的辐射分配率相比,哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林的净辐射占总辐射比率较高,反射率较低.总辐射与相近纬度同植被类型的鼎湖山、鹤山相比,分别高207.7和357.5MJ·m-2,这对生长在海拔2200m以上、温凉潮湿环境下的亚热带常绿阔叶林来说,显得异常重要.     

鼎湖山针阔混交林旱季能量平衡研究

运用涡度相关(Eddycovariance,EC)法开路系统、常规微气象观测系统及土壤热通量板等设施对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林旱季(2003／1／9—2003／1／23)的能量分量进行测定。结果表明,平均净辐射通量(Net radiation,Rn)为53．14Wm^2,与下行短波辐射具有相同的变化趋势。林冠上层EC法潜热通量(Latent heat,LE)、显热通量(Sensible heat,Hs)实测平均值分别为57．18Wm^-2,43．40Wm^-2,林冠下层分别为12．61Wm^-2、7．61Wm^-2。白昼EC法所测得的LE和Hs数据与利用波文比．能量平衡法(Bowen ratio and energy balance,BREB)计算出的数据相比,略偏低,而夜间及凌晨数据差异较大。土壤热通量日变化曲线呈“S”形,平均土壤热通量为．1．50Wm^-2,表面土壤总热通量(Gt)仅为5cm处土壤热通量的84．0％,可见表层土壤尽管很薄,但其热储量不能忽略。将LE、Hs之和与可供能量(Rn—Gt)进行闭合,回归直线斜率为0．9128,相关系数达0．8517,与许多研究结果的60％-90％的区间相符,这说明鼎湖山涡度相关法通量观测数据是非常可靠的。     

哀牢山常绿阔叶林乔木树种的幼苗组成及时空分布特征

哀牢山自然保护区的常绿阔叶林面积达到504 km2,是我国亚热带常绿阔叶林保存面积最大的保护区之一.2008年,中国科学院两双版纳热带植物园在哀牢山自然保护区的中山湿性常绿阔叶林核心区建立了一块6 ha的森林动态监测样地.为了了解哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种幼苗组成和分布特征及其存活和死亡的规律,对样地中的幼苗分别进行了定位监测和动态研究.结果表明,重要值居前10位的林下幼苗中,有5种是重要值居前10位的树种.从雨季末期到旱季末期,幼苗的数量和种类都大量减少,因为可能是由于干旱胁迫的影响.在林窗中央和林窗边缘,新增的幼苗数量和种类都较多,死亡率较低,而林冠下新增的幼苗死亡率较高.可见,林窗的出现可能更有利于某些树种幼苗的定居,从而维持了森林树种的多样性.     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤含水量变化规律及其影响因子

利用ChinaFlux设置在哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林内的通量观测系统的土壤含水量数据,分析了哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林内土壤含水量的时间变化及其影响因子,以期了解哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤含水量特征及其变化规律,为森林固碳能力、潜力和速率研究提供支撑.结果表明:(1)哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林不同深度土壤含水量大致呈单峰曲线分布,各层土壤含水量基本上随着土壤深度的增加而降低,波动范围也逐渐减小,最小值均在3月,最大值集中在7、8、9三个月.(2)0 ～ 100 cm各层深度的土壤含水量在17.7％～39.5％波动,其中100 cm深度的土壤含水量值最低、波动范围最小,总体来看,土壤含水量雨季高于旱季.(3)土壤含水量主要受降雨量、地温和相对湿度等要素的影响(P＜0.05),哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林5 cm深度的土壤含水量最大,约为38％.     

落叶阔叶林反照率的时间变化与影响因素

反照率原位测量对生态系统能量收支及其遥感应用至关重要,但目前坡面地形反照率的测量方式有局限且可见光与近红外波段反照率时间变化的差异尚不清楚。本研究以东北地区帽儿山森林生态站的落叶阔叶林为例,探究入射和反射太阳辐射(SR,300～2800 nm)、光合有效辐射(PAR,400～700 nm)、近红外辐射(NIR,700～2800 nm)的反照率时间变化特征及其影响因子,同时分析了两种辐射表安装方式反照率的差异。结果表明: 晴天SR和NIR反照率日变化呈上下午不对称的U型曲线,但PAR从早到晚递增;阴天反照率均先急剧下降后趋于稳定。平行于坡面测量增大了反照率的日均值,但缓和了SR、NIR反照率日不对称的现象。从整个生长季来看,SR、NIR与PAR反照率水平测量时最大值分别为0.16、0.27和0.11,最小值分别为0.07、0.11和0.03。SR和NIR反照率季节变化均为先增大后减小(7月为峰值),PAR则相反,SR反照率主要受NIR而不是PAR控制。各波段反照率季节变化的影响因子按照贡献率排序为宽带归一化植被指数(61.7%～78.5%,可表征叶面积指数)>太阳高度角(15.4%～36.9%)>晴空指数(0.4%～36.9%)。     

海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林雨季的环境特征

以海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林中热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林群落为对象, 分析了热带云雾林雨季光照、空气湿度、空气温度、土壤和地形特征, 为分析生物多样性、生态系统功能及其对气候变化的反应等生态学过程奠定基础。结果表明: 热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林在一天中的光合有效辐射呈单峰曲线变化, 热带山地常绿林各时段的光合有效辐射显著低于热带山顶矮林; 5-10月两群落类型日平均空气温度分别为(21.76 ± 2.44) ℃和(19.33 ± 1.03) ℃, 且随时间变化呈单峰曲线, 热带山地常绿林日平均空气温度显著高于热带山顶矮林; 5-10月两群落类型日平均空气相对湿度分别为(88.44 ± 2.90)%和(97.71 ± 0.80)%, 且随时间变化呈倒“S”型曲线, 热带山地常绿林各月日平均空气相对湿度显著小于热带山顶矮林; 与热带山顶矮林相比, 热带山地常绿林的土壤全氮、全磷、速效氮、有机质、pH和土壤厚度显著大, 而全钾和有效磷含量显著低; 热带山地常绿林的坡度、岩石裸露比例和海拔高度显著小于热带山顶矮林, 地形因子与其他生态因子显著相关; 主成分和相关性分析表明: 空气温度、有效磷、全钾、全氮及地形因子对热带云雾林植被分布有重要影响。     

长白山红松针阔叶混交林林下光合有效辐射的基本特征

利用长白山红松针阔叶混交林连续3年的光合有效辐射（PAR）观测数据,与林冠上方PAR值相对比,分析了林冠下5个不同水平位置探头的PAR时空特征.结果表明:林木冠层上方的PAR日总量年变化呈双峰甚至多峰趋势,主要受降水和云雾等天气状况的影响;林下PAR日总量年变化表现为非生长季与冠层上方变化趋势一致,在生长季数值较小且趋于稳定.典型晴天时林下5个探头的PAR值在时间和大小分布上有较大差异.在空间变化上,非生长季林下PAR变异系数较小,约为0.15;生长季的变异系数较大,在0.22以上,最高值在8月.生长季典型晴天太阳高度角为38°～48°区间(9：00—10：00和13：00—14：00)时,林下PAR空间变化较大.     

桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树和红背山麻杆旱、雨季光合特性比较

利用Li-6400光合测定系统测定了2009年雨季(6—8月)和旱季(10—12月)桂西北喀斯特地区菜豆树、红背山麻杆叶片气体交换特征,并分析了2种植物光合速率(Pn)与叶氮及叶绿素含量的相互关系。结果表明:2种植物旱、雨季叶片Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)日变化均为单峰曲线,水分利用效率(WUE)日变化规律不明显;旱季叶片Pn、Tr、Gs均低于雨季(P0.01),WUE高于雨季(P0.01),叶氮含量及叶绿素含量旱季低于雨季(P0.05),这与植物通过降低Gs限制蒸腾,提高WUE来适应较为恶劣的环境有关;在同一季节,红背山麻杆Pn、WUE、叶氮及叶绿素含量均高于菜豆树(P0.05),具有更强的光合及水分利用能力,在喀斯特生境中更有竞争优势;2种植物在相同季节及同种植物在不同季节Pn与各环境因子的相关系数不同,光辐射强度(PAR)是影响Pn的主导因素。     

鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落垂直结构及其物种多样性特征

群落结构在森林生态系统中具有重要作用, 其构建机制一直是森林生态学的研究核心。群落结构不仅包括水平方向上的物种分布格局, 还包括垂直方向上的物种分层结构。本文基于鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林塔吊样地, 利用林冠塔吊和测高杆精准测量样地内每个个体(胸径大于1 cm)的树高, 并划分群落的垂直层次, 研究了每层的群落多样性特征(α多样性)和林层间的群落多样性变化特征(β多样性)。结果表明: (1)样地群落垂直层次由下至上分为5层: 灌木层、亚冠层、林冠下层、林冠中层和林冠上层。(2)随林层向上, 物种丰富度、多度和Shannon-Wiener指数均下降, Pielou均匀度指数在林冠下层最大。(3)利用POD法计算并分解β多样性, 发现随林层向上, β多样性在灌木层与其他各层间呈递增趋势, 在相邻林层间呈单峰型, 不同林层间的物种组成差异主要由丰富度差异造成。 但在林冠下层与林冠中层间丰富度差异较小, 物种替换组分增大, 可能与林冠下层所处特殊位置有关。(4)各林层内微环境从灌木层向上, 趋于高温、强光照和低空气相对湿度, 但林冠下层平均日光强最低。综上, 鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林林冠下层可能存在强烈的环境筛选作用, 且光照可能是影响群落垂直结构形成的限制因子。     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.