烟粉虱体内几种抗性酶对寄主转换的响应

将烟粉虱分别从嗜性较强的番茄植株上转移到嗜性相对较弱的国抗22(GK22)棉花、泗棉3号(S3)棉花和辣椒植株上,以及从嗜性较弱的辣椒植株上转移到嗜性相对较强的番茄、GK22棉花和S3棉花植株上,观察寄主转移后F1代、F2代和F3代烟粉虱体内α-NA羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-s-转移酶和多功能氧化酶活性的变化,再将F4代烟粉虱转移到原寄主,同样观察这3种抗性酶的变化。结果表明,不同嗜性的寄主上烟粉虱体内3种酶活性的强弱与烟粉虱对这种寄主的嗜性相关,在嗜性较强的寄主上,3种酶的活性相对较低。烟粉虱从嗜性较强的寄主转移到嗜性相对较弱的寄主后,成虫体内α-NA羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-s-转移酶和多功能氧化酶的活性显著上升,从嗜性较弱的寄主转移到嗜性较强的寄主后,羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-s-转移酶的活性下降。在寄主转移过程中,烟粉虱体内的α-NA羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-s-转移酶活性一般在F2代基本稳定,而多功能氧化酶在F1代就能迅速稳定。烟粉虱从过渡寄主再转移到原寄主的过程中,其3种酶的变化规律与上述寄主基本一致。结果提示,在烟粉虱寄主转换过程中,多功能氧化酶具有快速响应特性和较强的稳定性,而α-NA羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-s-转移酶活性的变化与烟粉虱对寄主的适应度变化基本一致。     

寄主转换对B型烟粉虱生长发育和繁殖的影响

在实验室恒温条件下,对B型烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)寄主转换后的生长发育和繁殖进行初步研究。结果表明:B型烟粉虱从番茄转移到国抗22棉花上后,第1代转寄主烟粉虱的发育历期比第2代长19.2%,存活率低16.4%,第2代和第3代之间没有明显差异。受体寄主对B型烟粉虱发育速率的恢复有一定的影响。     

大气CO2浓度升高对B型烟粉虱大小、酶活及其寄主的选择性影响

以CO₂浓度升高为作用因子,观测了连续3代饲养在转Bt基因棉(GK-12)和亲本棉泗棉3号(S3)上B型烟粉虱的个体大小、解毒酶活性及第3代烟粉虱的选择性和产卵量。结果表明,CO₂浓度和棉花品种处理对第2、3代烟粉虱卵长、伪蛹大小、雌雄成虫大小的影响均不显著,但CO₂浓度升高使第1代烟粉虱的伪蛹长、雌虫翅展和雌、雄虫长显著低于对照CO₂浓度下生长的烟粉虱;取食S3的伪蛹长、雌虫长和雌虫翅展分别比相应的对照浓度下的低2.81%、2.95%、0.94%,取食GK-12的雌虫翅展和雄虫长均比相应的对照浓度下的低2.08%和2.58%。3种解毒酶的活性测定显示,取食高CO₂浓度处理的转基因棉GK-12上的F3代烟粉虱的谷胱甘肽S转移酶(Glutathione Stransferase, 简称GSTs)活性和取食亲本棉S3的F1代的乙酰胆碱酯酶(Acetylcholinesterase;简称AchE)的活性分别比对照处理的增加45.73%和27.68%;而羧酸酯酶(Carboxylic Ester hydrolase;简称 CarE)在取食4个处理的棉花上烟粉虱的活性均无显著的差异;而取食对照CO₂条件下GK-12棉花的F1代烟粉虱GSTs活性比取食S3棉花低35.12%。对3个因子的交互分析结果显示,C0₂浓度对3种酶活影响均不显著,品种对GSTs的影响显著,世代、CO₂×品种及CO₂×品种×世代间的交互作用对AchE酶活影响显著,各因子对CarE的活性影响均不显著。烟粉虱的选择实验结果表明,4种处理的F3代B型烟粉虱均喜好选择在高CO₂处理的棉花,而且选择高CO₂处理的GK-12的数量多于其他3个处理,其中对照浓度下生长的烟粉虱选择高CO₂的GK-12比高CO₂处理的S3、对照浓度处理的GK-12 和S3分别增加9.175%, 19.89%、27.93%; 而高浓度下生长的烟粉虱选择高CO₂的GK-12比高CO₂处理的S3、对照浓度处理的GK-12 和S3分别增加12.56%,21.05%,28.73%。72h的产卵量检测发现,烟粉虱在高CO₂处理的2种棉花上的产卵量也是多于对照条件下的棉花,对照条件下的棉花相比,高CO₂和对照浓度下生长的烟粉虱的在高CO₂处理的2种棉花上的产卵量分别增加24.55%和19.03%;在高CO₂浓度下生长的F3代烟粉虱更喜好在高CO₂浓度处理的GK-12上产卵,与对照浓度下的GK-12相比增加26.93%,差异达到显著水平。     

寄主种类、距离和种群密度对烟粉虱扩散的影响

在笼罩条件下,分别以黄瓜、棉花、蕹菜为虫源寄主和诱集寄主,研究寄主植物、空间距离、虫源密度等因子对B型烟粉虱扩散的影响。结果发现,从虫源寄主上扩散的成虫量,与烟粉虱对诱集寄主和虫源寄主的嗜性差异程度有关,诱集寄主相对于虫源寄主的嗜性越强,扩散出来的成虫数量就越多,反之扩散的成虫数量就越少。成虫扩散量与诱集寄主的距离呈负相关,并且诱集寄主的嗜性越强,随着距离的增大,诱集量下降的速率越快。成虫扩散量与虫源种群密度呈正关,但非嗜好寄主上的虫口承载量相对较低,在虫口密度相对较高时,非嗜好寄主上烟粉虱向外扩散的相对量更大。烟粉虱的扩散量与寄主营养状况呈负相关,寄主营养胁迫时,非嗜好寄主上可以获得相对更高的诱集量。     

烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)的寄主选择性

通过田间系统调查、实验室嗅觉测定、笼内和培养皿内自由扩散观察,对烟粉虱的寄主选择性进行了研究.结果表明,在田间,烟粉虱对不同的寄主植物存在明显的寄主选择性,其中对茄子、花椰菜、黄瓜等植物具有较强的嗜性,而对蕹菜、芹菜、苋菜等植物的嗜性较差;烟粉虱对同一植物的不同品种也有明显的选择性.烟粉虱对寄主植物颜色有明显的选择性,选择结果与烟粉虱对这些寄主的嗜性趋势基本一致.烟粉虱对单株寄主植物的嗅觉反应不敏感,但对植物叶片的乙醇抽提物有明显的嗅觉反应,并表现出较强的寄主选择性.在养虫笼内,烟粉虱从虫源皿向寄主植物自由扩散的过程中,在不同寄主植物和同一植物的不同品种上着落的成虫数量不同,并且在一定的时间范围内,着落在寄主叶片上的虫量还会不断的发生变化.     

烟粉虱MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7隐种对不同寄主的选择性和生态适应性

广东省感染木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuMuV)的朱槿上烟粉虱隐种为MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7混合种群,并且AsiaⅡ7是该病毒有效传毒介体,明确这两个隐种的寄主选择性差异,能够为介体烟粉虱的防治提供依据。本研究选择锦葵科的棉花、黄秋葵和茄科的茄子、番茄4种寄主植物为供试寄主,通过笼内自由扩散、实验室嗅觉测定、发育观察,比较了MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7隐种对不同寄主的选择性和生态适应性。结果表明:烟粉虱MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7对4种寄主存在明显的寄主选择性,MEAM1成虫和产卵选择趋性为棉花>茄子>番茄>黄秋葵;AsiaⅡ7成虫和产卵选择趋性为棉花>黄秋葵>茄子>番茄。MEAM1和AsiaⅡ7在4种寄主上的发育历期、存活率有显著差异,MEAM1的存活率(卵到成虫)在棉花、茄子、黄秋葵上均较高(80%以上),番茄上最低(59%);AsiaⅡ7的存活率(卵到成虫)为棉花(90%)>黄秋葵(71%)>茄子(64%),在番茄上发育至1龄全部死亡。上述结果表明,4种作物均适宜MEAM1生长发育,锦葵科的2种作物适宜AsiaⅡ7隐种生长发育,茄科的2种作物不适宜。应避免棉花与黄秋葵近距离种植,防止传毒介体烟粉虱将黄秋葵作为桥梁寄主将病毒传播至棉花。     

B型烟粉虱对23种寄主植物适应度的评估和聚类分析

本文利用前期开发的两个寄主植物适应度评估模型对B型烟粉虱能够完成发育的23种寄主进行了寄主适应度评估,并对评估结果进行了聚类分析,分析结果显示供试烟粉虱种群存在明显的寄主偏好性,黄瓜与甘蓝为嗜好寄主,繁殖力大,若虫成活率高,非常有利于烟粉虱的种群发育;而其它寄主在营养状况、物理性状及次生化合物的综合作用下,烟粉虱的寄主植物适应度变化较大且整体低于嗜好寄主,结果暗示烟粉虱的寄主生态位可能存在从核心到周缘的分层现象。比较了两个评估模型的分析结果,虽然在低层聚类中存在差异,但高层聚类的结果趋于一致。     

烟粉虱对不同寄主植物的选择性和适应性测试

为了明确在田间烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)对不同寄主植物选择性和适应性,本实验在室内用Y型嗅觉仪测定了烟粉虱对13种寄主植物的选择性,随后对田间随机排列种植的这13种寄主植物依照测试结果由强到弱依次拔除(拔除次序为茄子、番茄、黄瓜、辣椒、棉花、茼麻、西葫芦、油菜、花菜、小青菜、莲花白、胡萝卜和苦瓜),每次拔除间隔时间为5 d,结果显示:田间第一次调查的结果与室内选择性测试结果一致;随着最适宜寄主的拔除,烟粉虱成虫数量在与其引诱力相近的一种或几种寄主上的略有增加,而其它植物上却没有大的变化,这表明随着最适宜寄主的拔除,烟粉虱成虫会重新分布,但趋向分布于引诱力相对较强的寄主植物;随着寄主植物的拔除,烟粉虱卵、若虫和蛹在引诱力较强的植株上均有所增加;但西葫芦拔除之后其余植株上烟粉虱卵、若虫和蛹的数量没有明显变化;小青菜拔除后,其余植株上烟粉虱卵、若虫和蛹的数量又有所增加。这表明随着最佳寄主的拔除,烟粉虱会趋向选择于引诱力相对较强的寄主植物产卵,当烟粉虱从嗜好性强的植物转移到嗜好性弱的植物时,产卵适应会滞后于取食适应。但整个实验过程中苦瓜上的烟粉虱上成虫、卵、若虫和蛹的数量均变化不大,苦瓜上的成虫应属偶然分布其上,烟粉虱成虫并不取食苦瓜,苦瓜对烟粉虱有趋避作用。本实验模拟田间种植模式,因此实验结果对田间种植具有指导意义。     

棉田烟粉虱种群的空间格局

在转Bt基因棉花（国抗22号）和对应的常规亲本棉（泗棉3号）棉田中对烟粉虱的垂直分布和水平分布格局进行了调查.结果表明,7月份烟粉虱成虫在棉株垂直方向上分层不明显;8月份以后,棉株上层虫口密度显著高于中层和下层.在水平分布上,烟粉虱成虫和若虫的空间格局基本相同,种群密度较低时呈均匀分布,较高时呈聚集分布,且种群密度越高,聚集强度越大.从整个发生期间看,烟粉虱成虫和若虫都处于扩散和聚集交替进行的动态过程中.国抗22号和泗棉3号棉田烟粉虱的空间格局基本一致.     

烟粉虱对寄主植物叶背的定向行为

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)成虫在自然条件下总是能够准确定位到寄主的叶片背面进行取食和产卵,这是一种本能的定向行为。以扶桑和油麦菜为寄主材料,通过非选择性和选择性实验,研究和评价光照、叶面物理性状和重力3个环境因子在烟粉虱成虫定向行为中的作用。结果显示,重力在定向行为中起主导作用,寄主叶片正反面的物理性状差异也能够使烟粉虱成虫定位到寄主叶片的背面,但是存在时滞效应。说明烟粉虱成虫在定向到寄主叶片背面的过程中存在2个系统,一个是以重力为线索的垂直方向感作为导航系统,另一个则是以叶面物理性状为线索的行为调节作为校正系统,二者的相互协作使得烟粉虱成虫能够精确定位到寄主叶片的背面。     

Impacts of elevated CO2 on Bemisia tabaci infesting Bt cotton and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to rise in the coming decades. Rising atmospheric CO₂ levels may alter plant‐insect‐parasitoid associations due to the indirect effects of CO₂ enrichment on phytochemicals important for herbivore and parasitoid nutrition. Tritrophic effects of elevated CO₂ on Bt cotton (GK‐12) and non‐transgenic (Simian‐3, or S3) cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae)], Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and its parasitoid Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), were examined in open‐top chambers. Significantly, longer egg‐adult developmental duration and higher mortality of nymphs were observed under elevated CO₂ concentrations on both cotton cultivars during three successive generations. However, no significant differences were found in adult longevity, offspring sex ratio, and the number of eggs laid per female adult of B. tabaci fed on transgenic (GK‐12) or non‐transgenic cotton (S3) grown under elevated CO₂. Abundance of B. tabaci adults increased from 10 to 120 per plant and then decreased to 40 per plant through the growing season, but no significant differences in density occurred between CO₂ treatments and between cultivar treatments. Similarly, no significant differences were found in the developmental duration, parasitization rate, and adult emergence rate of E. formosa after parasitizing B. tabaci for three successive generations. Our results showed that the effects of transgenic Bt cotton did not significantly affect the development, survivorship, life span, or fecundity of B. tabaci and its parasitoids. Moreover, interactions between B. tabaci and E. formosa were not significantly affected by elevated CO₂. These results suggest that the biological control of B. tabaci by E. formosa would not be influenced by transgenic Bt cotton and/or elevated CO₂, indicating that the current risk management strategy regarding B. tabaci outbreaks and biocontrol by E. formosa will remain effective if the atmospheric CO₂ level continues to rise.     

Effect of host plant species of cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on the development,survival and reproduction of its predaceous ladybeetle Serangium japonicum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

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田间不同植物上烟粉虱种群密度

对廊坊地区田间81种植物上烟粉虱的发生情况进行了系统调查。结果表明,烟粉虱可为害其中44种植物,且在不同的寄主植物上烟粉虱的种群密度有显著差异;而玉米、高粱和小米等37种植物上无烟粉虱为害。烟粉虱在香水薄荷、荆芥、甘草、薄荷、藿香、益母草、猪屎豆、白晶菊、牛膝、待宵草、蓝蓟、紫花苜蓿、极香罗勒上的虫口密度最高,危害级别达到4级(每100 cm2叶片虫口密度大于50头)。在蜀葵、向日葵和烟草上每100 cm2叶片烟粉虱虫口密度较低,但单株虫口密度较高。鉴于向日葵、玉米、高粱在中国北方棉花产区广泛种植,玉米和高粱的植株高大,且烟粉虱为害对向日葵产量影响极小,可考虑选用向日葵作为田间诱集植物,玉米和高粱作为屏障植物辅助控制棉田烟粉虱。     

Effects of Host Plant Factors on the Bacterial Communities Associated with Two Whitefly Sibling Species

Background

Although discrepancy in the specific traits and ecological characteristics of Bemisia tabaci between species are partially attributed to the B. tabaci-associated bacteria, the factors that affect the diversity of B. tabaci-associated bacteria are not well-understood. We used the metagenomic approach to characterize the B. tabaci-associated bacterial community because the approach is an effective tool to identify the bacteria.

Methodology and Results

To investigate the effects of the host plant and a virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), on the bacterial communities of B. tabaci sibling species B and Q, we analyzed the bacterial communities associated with whitefly B and Q collected from healthy cotton, healthy tomato, and TYLCV-infected tomato. The analysis used miseq-based sequencing of a variable region of the bacterial 16S rDNA gene. For the bacteria associated with B. tabaci, we found that the influence of the host plant species was greater than that of the whitefly cryptic species. With further analysis of host plants infected with the TYLCV, the virus had no significant effects on the B. tabaci-associated bacterial community.

Conclusions

The effects of different plant hosts and TYLCV-infection on the diversity of B. tabaci-associated bacterial communities were successfully analyzed in this study. To explain why B. tabaci sibling species with different host ranges differ in performance, the analysis of the bacterial community may be essential to the explanation.     

B型烟粉虱对三种寄主植物及其挥发物的行为反应

利用Y型嗅觉仪,测定了B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）雌虫对3种寄主植物、挥发物提取液、挥发物标样以及寄主植物挥发物模拟样的行为反应,并比较鉴定寄主植物挥发物的组分和含量,以期明确植物挥发物在B型烟粉虱寄主定向行为中的作用。结果表明：1）番茄植株和甘蓝植株及其相应的挥发物提取物对烟粉虱雌成虫均具有显著的引诱作用,而辣椒植株和挥发物提取物的引诱作用不明显;3种寄主植物和挥发物提取物分别两两之间比较时,烟粉虱的选择行为均极显著地表现为番茄 > 甘蓝 > 辣椒。2）番茄、甘蓝和辣椒具有不同的挥发物化学图谱,且挥发物组分的相对百分含量差异很大;番茄挥发物总量远远大于甘蓝和辣椒;从组分来看,番茄挥发物中主要为萜烯类（89.8%）,甘蓝挥发物中主要为烷烃类（53.0%）。3）8种寄主植物挥发物标样（10-¹～10^-6 μL/μL）中,除1,8-桉树脑始终对烟粉虱具有引诱作用外,丁子香酚、苎烯、里那醇和月桂烯则是分别在10^-4～10^-6,10^-1～10^-4,10^-1～10^-4和10^-1～10^-4μL/μL时,才具有引诱作用;α-蒎烯、顺-3-已烯-1醇则在高浓度下（10^-1和10^-2 μL/μL）对烟粉虱具有排斥作用,低浓度下对烟粉虱没有任何影响;正十二烷在任何浓度下对烟粉虱均没有任何作用。4）在辣椒上分别喷施番茄挥发物模拟样和甘蓝挥发物模拟样,均显著增加对烟粉虱的引诱作用,而在番茄上喷施辣椒挥发物模拟样则无明显增效作用。综合分析认为,挥发性物质在B型烟粉虱对不同寄主植物的选择偏好时具有重要的行为导向作用。     

Performance on different host plants of an alien and an indigenous Bemisia tabaci from China

The capacity of the Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 putative species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) species complex, commonly referred to as the ‘B biotype’, to invade has often been linked to its presumed wider host range than the indigenous competitors. To determine whether this alien putative species and the indigenous Asia II 1 whitefly putative species, commonly referred to as the ‘ZHJ2 biotype’, differ in their ability to use different host plants, we compared their development, survival and reproduction on eight crop species/cultivars that are commonly cultivated in Zhejiang, China. Of the eight host plants tested, B performed substantially better than ZHJ2 on squash, tomato and tobacco, B and ZHJ2 preformed equally well on cotton and sweet potato, while ZHJ2 performed better than B on kidney bean and pepper. These results indicate that while B generally has a wider host range than many indigenous B. tabaci, an indigenous B. tabaci can perform as well as or better on some host plants. These results combined with the cropping patterns in Zhejiang suggested that the differential capacity to use various host plants between whitefly species is important in mediating the process of invasion by an alien whitefly species.     

Impacts of transgenic Bt cotton on the stylet penetration behaviors of Bemisia tabaci biotype B: Evidence from laboratory experiments

Abstract Stylet penetration behaviors of Bemisia tabaci biotype B on two transgenic cotton lines “GK12” and “GK19” expressing Bt toxic protein Cry1A (Bt cotton) and a non-Bt conventional cotton line “Simian-3” (CK cotton) were recorded with the direct current electrical penetration graph (DC-EPG) technique. Our results suggested that EPG waveform patterns, types and characteristics [non-probe (NP), pathway (C), potential drops (pd) and phloem phase (E(pd))] of Bemisia tabaci biotype B were very similar on the three cotton lines. There were no obvious differences of pathway variables among whiteflies on the three cotton lines. Some phloem variables related to E(pd)₁ differed. Duration of 1st E(pd)₁ and mean duration of E(pd)₁ on both GK12 and GK19 were significantly shorter than that on CK cotton (P < 0.05). Fewer whiteflies on GK have long E(pd)₁. Other phloem variables including total duration of E(pd) summed, mean E(pd) duration and percentage of whiteflies reaching the phloem phase were similar among the three cotton lines.     

Presence of two host races of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) collected in Turkey

The aphid, Aphis gossypii, is a primary pest of citrus, cotton, cucurbits and greenhouse‐grown vegetables in Turkey and throughout Europe. There is some previous empirical data suggesting that host‐adapted genotypes of this aphid exist which may in fact be host‐races. To determine if host races of A. gossypii are indeed present in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey, reciprocal host transfer experiments and life table analyses were performed with multiple asexual lineages (= clones) of the aphid collected from different hosts. The collection hosts included citrus, cucumber, eggplant, okra, sweet pepper and cotton. Aphid developmental times on the host from which the aphid was originally collected (= collection or natal host) were shorter (5.2–6.0 days) and had a higher intrinsic rate of population growth (r_m = 0.25–0.44) than the 6.6–7.3 days required when the aphid was reared on a non‐original collection host (= non‐collection host or non‐natal host) and had r_m = 0.03–0.30. Total immature mortality of the cotton clone, especially in the first nymphal stage, was high (51–100%) with low r_m (0–0.03) on cucumber, citrus and sweet pepper. Aphid populations transferred from citrus, eggplant and okra to cotton (r_m = 0.29–0.30) did not differ significantly in their performance from that of the cotton population on cotton (r_m = 0.34), whereas that from sweet pepper and cucumber populations (r_m = 0.22–0.24) were significantly lower. These data have allowed us to separate A. gossypii into two distinct biological groups: (a) a ‘generalist’ population obtained from cucumber, sweet pepper, citrus, eggplant and okra which exhibited statistically better development on cotton; versus (b) a population from cotton which, by comparison on reciprocal hosts, developed poorly on non‐natal hosts except on eggplant. Development of the cotton clone on cucumber and okra was not improved after four successive generations on the non‐natal host. The good development of A. gossypii from eggplant and cotton on these reciprocal hosts suggests that these particular clones were similar, if not identical, host races.     

不同番茄材料对B型烟粉虱个体发育和繁殖能力的影响

以甘蓝寄主上连续繁殖多代后的B型烟粉虱为对象,对其在8种番茄材料(4个栽培番茄、3个多毛番茄和1个醋栗番茄)上的产卵量、体型大小、发育历期、存活率以及第2代成虫的产卵量和寿命等生物学参数进行观察.自然情况下(10:00-14:00)接虫,烟粉虱在多毛番茄LA2329上的平均产卵量显著低于栽培番茄9706上的产卵量(分别为11粒,164粒).羽化后,烟粉虱雌虫在多毛番茄LA1777上的寿命显著低于在栽培番茄Moneymaker上的存活寿命(分别为5d,22d);而羽化后雌虫在LA1777上的平均产卵量显著低于在栽培番茄早粉2号上的产卵量(分别为7粒/头,95粒/头).在其他参数,如体型大小、存活率、发育历期等,没有显著性的变化.结果显示,较多毛番茄而言,栽培番茄是烟粉虱的较好寄主.而且,在评价抗烟粉虱番茄材料时,平均产卵量、羽化后雌虫寿命及产卵量是3个有效的评价参数.