冬性植物红菜薹在不同温度处理下花青素积累的分子机制(英文)

芸薹属植物红菜薹(Brassica rapa)是一种常见的蔬菜,它的花茎和叶柄表皮中均积累有花青素。为了解红菜薹中花青素合成的分子机制,进行了花青素含量的测定和花青素合成相关基因的表达分析。研究结果表明,叶柄表皮中的花青素含量显著高于叶片(去主脉)的花青素含量。同时,叶柄表皮花青素合成相关基因的表达水平高于叶柄(去表皮)和叶片(去主脉)的表达水平,这表明红菜薹中花青素的合成调控发生在转录水平。BrMYBA1仅在叶柄表皮中表达,但BrbHLH1和BrWD40在叶片和叶柄表皮中均能检测到表达。因此,BrMYBA1的转录激活可能与红菜薹的花青素合成相关。连续低温处理时,红菜薹叶柄表皮中的花青素含量逐渐增加,而该组织中花青素合成的结构基因表达水平逐渐降低。     

冬性植物红菜薹在不同温度处理下花青素积累的分子机制

芸薹属植物红菜薹（Brassica rapa）是一种常见的蔬菜,它的花茎和叶柄表皮中均积累有花青素。为了解红菜薹中花青素合成的分子机制,进行了花青素含量的测定和花青素合成相关基因的表达分析。研究结果表明,叶柄表皮中的花青素含量显著高于叶片（去主脉）的花青素含量。同时,叶柄表皮花青素合成相关基因的表达水平高于叶柄（去表皮）和叶片（去主脉）的表达水平,这表明红菜薹中花青素的合成调控发生在转录水平。BrMYBA1仅在叶柄表皮中表达,但BrbHLH1和BrWD40在叶片和叶柄表皮中均能检测到表达。因此,BrMYBA1的转录激活可能与红菜薹的花青素合成相关。连续低温处理时,红菜薹叶柄表皮中的花青素含量逐渐增加,而该组织中花青素合成的结构基因表达水平逐渐降低。     

低温对牡丹切花花色和花青素苷合成的影响

以牡丹洛阳红(Paeonia suffruticosa‘Luoyang Hong’)开放级别为蕾开期的切花为材料,研究不同温度(22℃、15℃和4℃)处理对切花花色和花青素苷合成的影响。结果表明:与22℃处理相比,15℃和4℃处理切花花色明度下降、红度和彩度增加,花瓣花青素苷含量增加。对花青素苷合成相关基因表达量分析的结果表明:15℃和4℃低温促进与花青素苷合成相关的PsCHS1、PsCHI1、PsF3'H1、PsANS1、PsDFR1、PsMYB2、Psb HLH1和Psb HLH3基因的表达。低温对花青素苷上游合成途径中PsCHS1和PsCHI1基因进行调控;下游合成途径中PsDFR1、PsANS1和PsF3'H1基因对低温的响应相对敏感,4℃处理后基因的表达量大幅上调,且显著高于15℃处理组。上述所提到的结构基因和调节基因均是受低温调控的关键基因,进而影响牡丹洛阳红切花花青素苷合成与积累。     

低温及光照对红苞蔓绿绒幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响

本文研究低温和光照条件对红苞蔓绿绒幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响。目测结果表明,红苞蔓绿绒幼苗叶片受低温伤害程度与对照差异不明显,且各处理间差异不显著。各处理的丙二醛含量基本上高于对照,细胞膜透性、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于对照,说明红苞蔓绿绒幼苗具有较高的抗低温能力,膜脂过氧化水平随低温胁迫强度的增强而增大,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性与丙二醛含量成正相关。5℃时,在光照条件下幼苗的细胞膜透性、丙二醛含量、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均高于暗处理;但10℃时结果却相反。     

不同叶色红栌叶片中色素含量、酶活性及内含物差异的研究

为明确秋季不同叶色美国红栌叶片的生理差异,以秋季同一植株上红色、中间色、绿色三种颜色的美国红栌叶片为试材,测定了叶片中色素物质含量、酶活性以及叶片可溶性内含物的含量,结果表明：在红色叶片中,叶绿素含量较低,PAL、POD酶活性较高,花青素苷/叶绿素的比值较大,从而使叶色显现红色;而在绿色叶片中,叶绿素含量较高,PAL、POD酶活性较小,花青素苷/叶绿素的比值较低,叶片显现绿色。通过可溶性内含物测定可知,在红色叶片中的可溶性糖和蛋白质含量相对较高,均与花青素苷/叶绿素的比值达到显著相关水平,表明这些内含物的积累有利于花色素苷的合成。     

甜瓜幼苗叶片内源一氧化氮和蔗糖代谢对低温胁迫的响应

以低温敏感型甜瓜品种‘XL-1’和耐低温型品种‘红优’为试材,采用6℃低温处理0、1、3、6、12、24h及3d、5d和7d,研究低温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片中NO合成和蔗糖代谢的变化特征。结果表明:(1)低温胁迫能提高甜瓜幼苗叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,诱导促进NO生成,其中耐低温型甜瓜‘红优’中NO对低温的响应时间更早,变化幅度更大。(2)与对照相比,低温胁迫处理提高了2种甜瓜幼苗叶片中蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量,增加了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性,降低了淀粉含量。(3)低温胁迫处理使2种甜瓜叶片中渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸的含量上升。研究发现,低温胁迫通过增加甜瓜体内NO合成酶的活性刺激体内NO合成,通过促进蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性,提高蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖的含量,从而响应低温胁迫,且低温胁迫诱导的糖分物质积累时间晚于NO的产生时间。     

低温及光照对红苞蔓绿绒幼苗膜脂过氧化的影响

本文研究低温和光照条件对红苞蔓绿绒幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响。目测结果表明,在红苞蔓绿绒幼苗叶片受低温伤害程度与对照差异不明显,且各处理间差异不显著。各处理的丙二醛含量基本上高于对照,细胞膜透笥、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性均高高于对照,说明红苞蔓绿绒幼苗具有较高的抗低温能力,膜脂过氧化水平随低温胁迫强度的增强而增大,过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性与丙二醛含量成正相关,５℃时,在光照条件下幼苗的细胞膜透性     

低温锻炼对冰温贮藏牡丹切花抗冷性的影响

以牡丹品种‘玉面桃花’、‘清香白’和‘凤丹’切花为试验材料,测定室温对照(15~18℃保湿贮藏3d,RTS)、低温锻炼[(4±1)℃保湿贮藏3d,CAS]、冰温贮藏[(4±1)℃保湿贮藏3d,然后转入(-4±1)℃保湿贮藏3d,ITS]3种处理的牡丹切花花枝不同器官(花瓣、花药、子房、萼片、叶柄、叶片、茎杆)的过冷点(SCP)和冰点温度(FP),以及花瓣和叶片束缚水与渗透调节物质含量变化,明确低温锻炼对其切花抗冷能力的影响,为牡丹切花储运及销售过程中冰温贮藏温度控制提供参考依据。结果表明:经4℃低温锻炼3d的牡丹切花与室温对照相比,低温锻炼处理使3个牡丹切花不同组织的SCP和FP显著降低,但花瓣和叶片的束缚水、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量均得到提高;冷锻炼后转入冰温贮藏处理进一步提高了牡丹切花花瓣和叶片的束缚水和可溶性蛋白质含量。研究发现,4℃低温锻炼显著提高了牡丹切花的抗冷性,使花枝能够更好地适应30~150d长期贮藏的-3~-4℃冰温环境。     

低温胁迫对不同倍性不结球白菜生长及生理生化特征的影响

在田间自然低温条件下对二、四倍体不结球白菜的生长特性进行了比较研究,并在光照培养箱中于-5~5℃条件下,分析低温胁迫对它们生理生化特征的影响。结果表明:(1)四倍体不结球白菜的10叶厚、叶柄宽和厚、单株重、单株叶重、叶重/叶柄重及小区产量等农艺性状均显著高于其同源二倍体;(2)随温度的降低,二、四倍体不结球白菜的叶片可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖及游离脯氨酸等渗透调节物质含量明显上升,电解质外渗率增大,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性则先升高后降,而且四倍体材料的渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性在低温胁迫过程中始终明显高于二倍体,但电解质外渗率和丙二醛含量低于二倍体。研究发现,低温胁迫下渗透调节物质含量升高和保持较高的保护酶活性是四倍体不结球白菜抗寒性强的主要原因。     

南天竹和火焰南天竹叶色表型与色素含量变化研究

目的：探索南天竹和火焰南天竹叶色变化与生理生化指标之间的相关性。方法：以2年生南天竹和火焰南天竹植株为材料，进行叶色表型与色素含量的测定与分析。结果：南天竹叶片在10月至翌年2月表现出不同程度的红色，其余时间则呈现绿色。火焰南天竹叶片大部分时间表现为黄绿色，11月至翌年2月叶色发生变化；南天竹和火焰南天竹在5月至翌年3月叶片中叶绿素的含量变化呈现相同的趋势，6月南天竹叶片中叶绿素含量最高，火焰南天竹叶片中叶绿素含量在3月最高；1月南天竹叶片中类胡萝卜素含量最高，5月含量最低。火焰南天竹叶片中类胡萝卜素含量在3月最高，7月含量最低；11月南天竹叶片中花青素含量最高，而火焰南天竹叶片中花青素含量在2月最高。结论：在南天竹和火焰南天竹叶片发育的初期，外界温度低，诱导叶片大量合成花青素，使其呈现红色。随着环境温度的不断升高，叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素逐步产生并积累到一定含量，叶片颜色由红色转变成绿色。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

The synthesis and evaluation of flavone and isoflavone chimeras of novobiocin and derrubone

The natural products novobiocin and derrubone have both demonstrated Hsp90 inhibition and structure–activity relationships have been established for each scaffold. Given these compounds share several key structural features, we hypothesized that incorporation of elements from each could provide insight to structural features important for Hsp90 inhibition. Thus, chimeric analogues of novobiocin and derrubone were constructed and evaluated. These studies confirmed that the functionality present at the 3-position of the isoflavone plays a critical role in determining Hsp90 inhibition and suggests that the bicyclic ring system present in both novobiocin and derrubone do not share similar modes of binding.