碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在苜蓿中的表达

为了降低bFGF(basic fibroblast growth factor)的生产成本,结合植物生物反应器的优点,就bFGF在转基因苜蓿中的表达进行了探索.将bFGF插入植物表达载体pBⅡ21中,获得了含有bFGF基因的植物表达pBIcbFGF,再将pBIcbFGF利用冻融法转到农杆菌中.利用农杆菌介导法将基因转化保定苜蓿,转基因苜蓿在TM-1培养基+20 mg/L卡那霉素(Kan)+200 mg/L特美汀(Tim)中诱导分化,在生根培养基中生根,获得再生植株.再生植株通过PCR检测、RT-PCR及Western blot证实外源基因已经在苜蓿中成功表达.获得含有目的蛋白的阳性植株.为苜蓿作为植物生物反应器生产bFGF奠定了理论及技术基础.     

转基因苜蓿口服疫苗的研究和应用

随着植物转基因技术的成熟,利用转基因牧草生产人或动物可食性疫苗更成为当今研究的热点.苜蓿以其营养价值高,粗蛋白、维生素和矿物质含量丰富,氨基酸平衡、适口性好等优点,成为研制植物口服疫苗最为理想的生物反应器.该文分别从植物口服疫苗的优点、苜蓿的遗传转化技术、外源基因在转基因苜蓿中的表达水平及免疫效果等,介绍国内外以苜蓿作为受体生产植物可食疫苗的研究进展,指出研究中存在的问题,并展望其广阔的应用前景.     

基于叶绿体基因组分析我国苜蓿属植物演化路径

全球苜蓿属植物约87种,我国有15种,大多为广布种,可生活在不同的生境当中。该属植物由于荚果等形态变异复杂,繁育系统多样,其进化历史一直是本领域关注的热点问题之一。随着分子生态学的发展,利用基因组学的方法解决生态学问题不断报道,但目前我国苜蓿属物种的叶绿体基因组数据缺乏,有关其演化路径的研究尚少有开展。为此,选取了我国苜蓿属10个代表物种和胡卢巴属1种,测序比较其叶绿体基因组结构特征,基于叶绿体基因组和核ITS序列构建分析其系统发育关系,并结合物种地理分布生境特征探究我国苜蓿属植物的演化路径。结果显示,以上苜蓿属植物的叶绿体基因组大小为121-127 kb,均为非典型的"四区"结构,缺失反向重复区。在10个苜蓿属物种的叶绿体基因组中共检测到1,273个SSR位点,这些SSR位点可以作为潜在的分子标记用于我国苜蓿属植物资源的鉴定。供试苜蓿属物种的叶绿体基因组共发生6次基因倒位。天蓝苜蓿的2个倒位发生在基因atpB到ycf3、ndhC到trnL^UAA之间的区域;青海苜蓿和花苜蓿的叶绿体基因组共享4个倒位,分别位于基因psbM到psaA、ndhB到trnN^GUU、ndhB到rpoA以及clpP到rpl20区间。天蓝苜蓿中还存在clpP、rpoC1和atpF基因内含子的丢失现象。基于叶绿体基因组及ITS序列构建的苜蓿属系统发育关系,支持传统上将苜蓿属划分为紫苜蓿组、南苜蓿组、阔荚苜蓿组和天蓝苜蓿组的分类处理。其中,直果胡卢巴、单花胡卢巴与毛荚苜蓿形成一支,位于系统树的基部,支持中国苜蓿属和胡卢巴属之间存在过渡类型"类苜蓿植物"的观点。分析我国苜蓿属植物的分化原因可能与这些物种的生境有关,特别是年平均温度可能是导致苜蓿物种分化的决定性因素。     

甲烷胁迫对绿地植物生理生态特性的影响

甲烷胁迫是限制垃圾填埋场绿化植物存活和生长的主要因素。在室内模拟条件下,利用盆栽试验研究了2种绿地植物高羊茅和苜蓿对甲烷胁迫的适应性。结果表明：甲烷胁迫严重影响2种绿化植物的生长,主要表现在生长速度减小、光合作用减弱、干物质积累量减少;2种植物均通过提高体内脯氨酸含量来增加对甲烷胁迫的耐受力,苜蓿还可以通过降低SOD酶的活性来抵御甲烷胁迫;对2种绿化植物而言,脯氨酸含量可以作为评定其耐甲烷胁迫的主要生理指标。     

芒萁植株浸出液对几种植物生长的影响

 芒萁在天然植物群落中具有较强的竞争能力和对其它植物的排斥作用。在研究中必须注意其化学分泌物对其它植物的抑制作用,以利荒山灌木草丛的经济利用。作者选取马尾松、猪屎豆、天兰苜蓿、紫苜蓿、葛藤、红车轴草、白车轴草及禾本科的牛尾草、块茎虉草进行栽培试验证明,芒萁植株的浸出液对马尾松以外的其它试验植物均有抑制作用。     

达乌尔鼠兔和布氏田鼠食物资源竞争关系的研究

布氏田鼠和达乌尔鼠兔是内蒙古典型草原的两种主要害鼠。本文研究了重叠分布于内蒙古克什克腾旗阿其乌拉境内克氏针茅+冷蒿+羊草草场上的布氏田鼠和达乌尔鼠兔的食物资源竞争关系。胃内容物显微组织学分析结果表明,夏季布氏田鼠取食羊草、杂花苜蓿、阿尔泰狗娃花等20种植物,而达乌尔鼠兔则选择羊草、菊叶委陵菜和杂花苜蓿等15种植物为食     

布鲁氏菌rOmp31_(48-74)-BLS重组载体的构建与苜蓿的转化

将布鲁氏菌rOmp3148-74-BLS基因转入紫花苜蓿中苜一号,最终获得转基因苜蓿。本试验利用不依赖于连接反应的克隆(Ligation-Independent Cloning,LIC)方法将布鲁氏菌rOmp3148-74-BLS基因克隆到植物表达载体pJG045上,并利用三亲本杂交的方法转化农杆菌AGL0。最后通过农杆菌介导法将该基因转化紫花苜蓿中苜一号。经PCR鉴定,筛选出转基因苜蓿植株。本试验为今后布鲁氏菌转基因植物疫苗的研发奠定了理论和实验基础。     

苜蓿属（Medicago L.）种质资源描述规范和数据标准的制定及应用

依据苜蓿种质资源的特点及研究状况,论述了苜蓿种质资源描述规范、数据标准和数据质量控制规范的制定原则、适用范围、应用措施.对于促进整合全国苜蓿种质资源,规范苜蓿种质资源的搜集、整理、保存、鉴定、评价、信息与实物共享机制的建立具有重要的意义.     

固氮细菌找到新伙伴——研究人员已使固氮根瘤菌在水稻等非豆科植物上形成根瘤

固氮根瘤菌有强的选择性,除少数外它们只在大豆、苜蓿和合欢等豆科植物上结根瘤,使其生长生气勃勃。细菌使空气中不能利用的氮气转化成氨和为植物滋养所需的其他化合物。事实上,细菌给植物提供了氮肥工厂。     

两株具促生作用的苜蓿内生菌的分离纯化与鉴定

【目的】分离具有植物促生功能的苜蓿内生菌。【方法】从苜蓿的新鲜组织中分离纯化菌株,进行16S r RNA基因序列分析,生理生化鉴定并检测内生菌对苜蓿的促生特性。【结果】获得两株苜蓿内生菌,成团泛菌ASR16和短小芽孢杆菌ALR33。两株菌株均能产生植物生长激素IAA和嗜铁素,能溶解磷,对苜蓿的促生作用明显。【结论】获得两株具有植物促生特性的苜蓿内生菌ASR16和ALR33,可作为微生物菌肥的研究基础。     

Efficacy of broadcast and perimeter applications of S-methoprene bait on the red imported fire ant in grazed pastures

The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), is a major pest in the United States because of its painful sting. Toxic bait has been an important management tool against fire ants, but site registrations prohibit applications of most baits on grazed pastures. Extinguish, containing the insect growth regulator methoprene, was selected for this study because it has a broad site registration that includes grazed pastures. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy for control of red imported fire ants by using broadcast applications of methoprene bait at a label rate of 1,121 g/ha versus applications around the perimeter of a target area at the reduced rate of 280 g/ha. Grazed pastures in Lee County, Alabama, and Chambers County, Alabama, were selected for this study, with broadcast treatments, perimeter treatments, and controls replicated three times at each site. All mounds were counted and rated using the USDA population index before applications and then at 8 and 16 wk posttreatment. Perimeter applications did not significantly reduce S. invicta mound abundance, but bait treatments significantly reduced mound abundance at 16 wk posttreatment at site 1 where applications were conducted in early evening. However, broadcast applications were not effective at site 2 where treatments were conducted in early morning with warmer temperatures. Emergence of winged alates was observed at 12 wk posttreatment, followed by a high density of incipient mounds that may have masked the full treatment effect of methoprene applications at site 2. Methoprene bait was effective in reducing abundance of S. invicta only when full label rates were applied.     

Reducing insecticide volume and nontarget effects of ambrosia beetle management in nurseries

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are increasingly important pests of nursery-grown trees because of the arrival of several invasive species. Ambrosia beetles bore into young trees and inoculate them with ambrosia fungus, which interferes with vascular transport resulting in limb or tree death. In spring, when beetles are active, growers make frequent applications of pyrethroid insecticides to susceptible tree species to deter beetles from boring into trees. Applications often are made with airblast sprayers that forcefully release insecticide mist that billows through nursery beds. Our objective was to compare the environmental, nontarget, and economic effects of airblast sprayer applications to applications made with a new dual-nozzle spray wand that makes targeted applications only to tree trunks where beetles attack. Through replicated experiments at commercial nurseries, we found that 5 times more insecticide was released by airblast sprayers than the manual spray wand. The extra insecticide from airblast applications landed on tree canopies, between rows, and left the nursery beds as drift. As a consequence of not spraying tree canopies, 50% more natural enemies and 50% fewer spider mites were captured in nursery beds treated with the manual spray wand than beds treated with the airblast sprayer. Manual applications require 12 times more labor than airblast applications. However, increased need for expensive miticide applications may make manual applications an economically feasible strategy for integrated pest management (IPM) of ambrosia beetles in nurseries.     

Design and implementation of a distributed multimedia collaborative environment

Multimedia applications are being developed and used for many aspects of our lives today. New high-speed, broadband networks have emerged and made the operation of these high-bandwidth requiring applications readily feasible. However, the development of distributed multimedia applications and efficient and reliable operation of these applications are still very difficult. This paper presents a flexible and reliable distributed multimedia collaborative environment called MAESTRO which provides a rich multimedia collaborative service API and which provides distributed multimedia services that can be used to develop a variety of multimedia applications easily. MAESTRO has been designed using CORBA. The system as well as applications running on it are managed and controlled in order to provide a reliable and efficient multimedia operations environment. We validate our claim by developing a number of multimedia applications using our distributed multimedia system and by using them for supporting distributed collaborative scientific and engineering research experiments. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物性雌激素在美容护肤方面的研究概况

植物性雌激素(phytoestrogen)是一类存在于植物中,具弱雌激素作用的生物活性物质。本文详细介绍了植物性雌激素的化学结构,同时还对植物性雌激素在美容护肤方面的作用及其应用做了较为详尽的介绍。     

A resource query interface for network-aware applications

Networked systems provide a cost-effective platform for parallel computing, but the applications have to deal with the changing availability of computation and communication resources. Network-awareness is a recent attempt to bridge the gap between the realities of networks and the demands of applications. Network-aware applications obtain information about their execution environment and dynamically adapt to enhance their performance. Adaptation is especially important for synchronous parallel applications because a single busy communication link can become the bottleneck and degrade overall performance dramatically. This paper presents Remos, a uniform API that allows applications to obtain relevant network information, and reports on the development of parallel applications in this environment. The challenges in defining a uniform interface include network heterogeneity, diversity and variability in network traffic, and resource sharing in the network and even inside an application. The first implementation of the Remos interface uses SNMP to monitor IP-based networks. This paper reports on our methodology for developing adaptive parallel applications for high-speed networks with Remos and presents experimental results using applications generated by the Fx parallelizing compiler. The results highlight the importance and effectiveness of adaptive parallel computing. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Relations between the potash requirements of crops and meteorological conditions

Summary Significant correlations have been found between the response of potatoes, spring wheat, and to some extent canary grass to applications of potash and the number of rainless days during the growing period.The influence of applications of potash on the tuber yield of potatoes was higher, on the depression of the under-water-weight of the tubers was less, and on the K₂O content of the tubers was lower, in dry years thereby indicating a decreased availability of soil potash in these years.The positive effect of applications of potash on the grain yield of wheat was highest in dry years. Ample applications of potash were found to depress yields in wet years which is also an indication of higher availability of potash in wet years.In the case of canary grass greater increases in the K₂O content of the straw after applications of potash were found in wet years.No significant correlations were found in the case of bean crops.The influence of weather conditions on the response to potash is probably greatest during emergence and the early phases of growth. In later periods the influence is slight.     

杂交保护检测技术的应用

自杂交保护检测(Hybridization Protection Assay,HPA)技术首次被报道以来,在很多领域都得到了应用。本文综述了HPA技术的主要原理特性和应用的研究进展,包括微生物的鉴定检测、端粒和端粒酶检测、基因突变检测和基因多态性分析、mRNA转录水平监测和其他方面的应用,并对HPA技术在我国应用的局限和应用前景进行分析。     

在我国失效的美国心血管疾病治疗药物的PCT 专利申请数据挖掘

目的：从没有在中国得到保护的美国专利申请或专利中寻找心血管疾病治疗药物研发的思路。方法：对申请日从2005 年1 月1 日至2014 年12 月31 日的美国心血管系统疾病治疗药物PCT 申请进入中国国家阶段后失效的专利申请及专利数据进行整序和分析,依据其在美国本土的法律状态确定其技术含金量。结果：未得到中国专利保护的美国心血管系统疾病治疗药物PCT 申请共174 件,其中170 件申请了美国优先权或进入了美国国家阶段。结论：170 件美国心血管系统疾病治疗药物PCT 申请在美国申请优先权,大多数因美国的优先权临时申请过期而放弃。14 件在美国本土的优先权申请失效,其所含信息量应该相当于公开发表的论文的信息量,23 件在美国本土优先权授权的专利技术具有一定的技术含金量,目前在中国已经进入公知公用领域,经过市场价值评估后可以无偿使用。     

基因工程在食品工业中的应用

阐述了基因工程的技术溯源,论述了基因工程在食品工业方面的应用,提出与生产实践相结合的实例;详细介绍了基因工程食品的由来,展望了基因工程技术在食品工业领域中的美好发展前景.     

Effects of seasonal mineral oil applications on the pest and natural enemy complexes of apple

This 3-yr study examined the use of two different apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, pest management programs based on horticultural mineral oil. Whereas oil provided some additional control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), when targeting eggs of both generations (Oil/Direct Pest program, typically six applications per season), the additional benefit was difficult to detect when densities were high. With moderate densities, oil reduced the number of fruit infestations, but not stings (unsuccessful entries). There also were some measurable benefits to leafroller, Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott control. Oil was most useful, however, in suppression of secondary pests. White apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, was the primary target of oil applications in the Oil/Indirect Pest program (typically three applications per season). However, leafhopper suppression in the Oil/Direct Pest program was generally greater because of the higher number of applications. Phytophagous tetranychid and eriophyid mites also were suppressed by more oil applications. Predatory mite populations were lower in both oil programs than in the check, but it is difficult to determine whether direct toxicity or reduction of prey was responsible for lower predator populations. There also was some evidence that oil suppressed woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman. The six-spray oil program largely prevented a woolly apple aphid outbreak that occurred in July and August 1998 in the check, although the three-spray program seemed to provide some suppression despite the nonspecific spray timing.