陕西农田蜘蛛的区系分析

陕西农田蜘蛛有32科104属236种,古北界120种,东洋界89种,除上2界外,尚有广泛分布的27种。黄土高原分布区有蜘蛛56种,古北界36种,东洋界3种,广泛分布的17种;关中平原区有蜘蛛135种,古北界78种,东洋界44种,广泛分布的13种;秦岭山区有蜘蛛122种,古北界55种,东洋界50种,广泛分布的17种;汉中、安康盆地区有蜘蛛103种,东洋界66种,古北界26种,广泛分布的11种;大巴山区有蜘蛛16种,东洋界9种,广泛分布的7种。秦岭为2界的分界线,即北纬33°～34°之间分界,此界与陕西等积温(日均温≥10℃)3600℃线吻合,秦岭北为古北界,以南为东洋界,关中平原和汉中、安康盆地区为古北界与东洋界的过渡区。     

中国斑蚜科物种多样性及地理分布格局

从分类群的多样性、寄主植物多样性和地理分布多样性3个方面系统研究了中国斑蚜科蚜虫的物种多样性。分类群的多样性从亚科、属和种3个不同阶元进行了描述。寄主植物的多样性体现在：不同蚜虫类群寄主植物的丰富度,其中角斑蚜亚科的寄主最为丰富,包括14个科的植物;同类寄主植物上取食蚜虫的多样性,其中桦木科植物上有15个属的蚜虫取食。在地理分布上,斑蚜科在中国主要分布在古北界的4个区和东洋界的3个区,以古北界的成分占优势;而且华北区种类最为丰富,其次为东北区、华中区、华南区和蒙新区。属的分布类型可分为12种,分别为中国特有分布型、东亚特有分布型、古北界特有分布型、东洋界特有分布型、全北界分布型、全北界和澳洲界共有分布型、古北界和东洋界共有分布型、全北界和东洋界共有分布型、全北界和非洲界共有分布型、古北界、东洋界和非洲界共有分布型、东洋界和澳洲界共有分布型及东洋界、非洲界和澳洲界共有分布型,其中以东亚特有分布型为最丰富,有10个属;其次为全北界分布型,有7个属,同时中国的特有成分也相当高,涉及6个属。纵观整个中国斑蚜科属级阶元的分布类型,中国的斑蚜科以全北界成分为主,其次为东洋界成分。斑蚜科在中国的地理分布,由东向西,种类越来越贫乏,特别是青藏高原,种类很少;从南北向来看,以华北区为中心,向两边扩散,东北区、华南区和华中区种类都有所减少。     

江西九连山自然保护区昆虫区系分析

据对有较详细分布资料的1312种昆虫的分析,该区的昆虫区组成以东洋界成员为主体计817种,占总数的62．27％,说明本区昆虫属于东洋界范畴,按中国动物区划分析表明,华中,华南,西南三区的昆虫亲缘关系最为密切,阐述了182种昆虫在我国东部地区分布的南北限。     

缟蝇科昆虫生物学和地理分布分析

本文概述了缟蝇科昆虫的生活史、食性、访花习性、栖居环境等生物学特性,并对缟蝇科属、种的地理分布进行了分析。缟蝇科在世界动物地理区的分布统计结果表明,同脉缟蝇亚科为亚世界性分布,其属级阶元在东洋界丰富度最高,其次为澳洲界;其种级阶元在东洋界最为丰富,其次为澳洲界。缟蝇亚科为世界性分布,其属级阶元在新热带界丰富度最高,并且高度特化,其次是东洋界和澳洲界;其种级阶元在新热带界最为丰富,其次为古北界和澳洲界。缟蝇科在中国动物地理区和亚区的分布统计结果显示,其属、种级阶元在华南区最为丰富;同脉缟蝇亚科的种级阶元以海南岛亚区最为丰富,其次为台湾亚区;缟蝇亚科的种级阶元在台湾亚区最为丰富,西部山地高原亚区次之。     

动物地理分区(二) 中国动物地理分区

从喜马拉雅山脉向东沿横断山区的北部延至秦岭和淮河北岸一线是动物地理学上很重要的一条界线,这条界线把中国分为两个大界,北部属古北界,南部属东洋界。许多学者都已承认。不过,正如上述喜马拉雅山脉以东是一个明显过渡地区,特别是横断山区和江淮平原部分,在分界的细节上颇有争论。我国古北界可进一步分为东北区、华北区、蒙新区和青藏区;东洋界分为西南区、华中区和华南区,一共七个区,各区的主要特征如下: 东北区包括大、小兴安岭和长白山地以及松辽平原。本区动物主要由一些分布于寒温     

中国夜蛾科昆虫区系初步研究（鳞翅目：双孔亚目）

对我国分布记载较详细的１４１０种夜蛾科昆虫区系分析结果表明：１）在世界昆虫区系中,可分为１７个分布型,以东洋界种类最多,占３５．６％;古北界种类居第二,占３３．０％;古北界和东洋界共有种类居第三,占２３．０％。２）中国夜蛾科昆虫主要由古北界种类、东洋界种类、古北界和东洋界共有种类组成,占总数的９１．７％;与澳洲界共有６７种,占４．８％;与非洲界共有５１种,占３．６％;与新北界共有２３种,占１．６％     

青藏高原东缘地区蝉科昆虫区系及多样性

青藏高原东缘地区作为高原横向扩展的前缘过渡带,地理环境与气候条件多样,是全球生物多样性研究的一个热点地区。蝉科昆虫长期在地下营固定生活,成虫发生期短、体型硕大、飞行能力弱而难以扩散,因此适合多尺度的生物地理学和物种多样性研究;但青藏高原东缘地区的蝉科昆虫区系一直缺乏研究。本研究在区系调查和系统分类研究基础上,对青藏高原东缘地区的蝉科昆虫多样性及地理分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,该地区共分布蝉科昆虫3亚科46属100种(包括2个新纪录种),分别占中国已知属、种数量的59.7%和29.1%;区系以东洋界成分为主(73种,73.0%),古北界和东洋界共有成分次之(21种,21.0%),特有成分比例较高(19种,19.0%)。该地区的10个亚区可被分为南、北2个大区,大致以秦岭及甘南山地为界。北段的黄土高原过渡区(MX+HB)、藏北过渡区(QZ)属于古北界,物种多样性较低,分布的主要是体型较小的姬蝉亚科物种。南段的东洋界各亚区由秦岭西段山地过渡区(HZⅠ+XNⅠ)、川西盆地及滇北过渡区(HZⅡ+XNⅣ)、青藏高原东南部的横断山脉“高原–山地”过渡区(XNⅡ+XNⅢ)及滇西山地过渡区(HN)组成...     

西双版纳热带雨林蚁科昆虫区系分析

在西双版纳热带雨林已鉴定蚊科昆虫９亚科７６属２６７种。西双版纳地区的蚂蚁区系以热带至亚热带分布的东洋界成分最为丰富。在属级水平上,与马来西亚界关系最为密切。与澳洲界关系较密切;与非洲界和马拉加西界的关系知中。与新北界,新热带界和古北界的关系最为疏远。可见西双版纳的蚂蚁区系具有典型的热带亚洲起源特征,同时与澳洲和非洲的热带区系有一定的渊源关系。     

四川鞍子河国家级自然保护区及邻近地区蚁科昆虫区系分析

为揭示四川鞍子河国家级自然保护区及邻近地区蚂蚁区系特征,2016年6—7月采用样地调查法研究了该区域的蚂蚁区系.结果显示:共采集蚂蚁6亚科32属62种;在世界动物地理界中,分布于东洋界的共32属,东洋界分布种最多(62种),新热带界种最少(3种);在中国动物地理区中,西南区种最多(62种),蒙新区种最少(4种);在种的...     

湖北地区已知蜱类及区系分析

湖北地区已知蜱类计有6属26种,其中属东洋界种类15种,占57．7％;属古北界种类8种,占300．8％;广布界种类3种,占11．5％。分析认为,湖北地区蜱类区系应划归东洋界。     

我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群的划分和演变

到目前为止,通过调查和研究已认识到,在我国南方第四纪存在四个主要的哺乳动物群,即:元谋动物群、柳城巨猿动物群、大熊猫-剑齿象动物群和现代哺乳动物群。本文对这四个主要的哺乳动物群的进一步划分和演变进行讨论。元谋动物群、柳城巨猿动物群、建始高坪动物群和柳州笔架山动物群均属早更新世。元谋组发现的动物群似乎可以分为两个不同的层位:早期以森林中生活的动物为主,其时代似可划归晚上新世;晚期的动物则反映出以森林—疏林草原为主的生态环境。早更新世的元谋动物群以元谋组上部(3—4段)发现者为代表。柳城巨猿动物群中现生种类比元谋动物群中多,似较后者为晚。柳城巨猿动物群和大熊猫-剑齿象动物群有较密切的关系,可以说前者是后者的原始类型。建始高坪动物群和柳州笔架山动物群代表柳城巨猿动物群和大熊猫-剑齿象动物群之间的过渡类型。大熊猫-剑齿象动物群的地质时代为中-晚更新世,根据动物群的组合情况可分为四个不同的发展阶段:(1)含第三纪残留种类或古老种类;(2)含中更新世典型种类;(3)含早期智人化石;(4)含晚期智人化石或相当于这一阶段的人类制造的文化遗物。我国南方现代哺乳动物群奠基于大熊猫-剑齿象动物群,大体上形成于晚更新世后期。在全新世早期可能有个别更新世残留下来的种类,稍后可能还有个别绝灭种或绝灭亚种;而地理分布改变的种类,在全新世较长的时期内还有所残留。我国南方第四纪哺乳动物表现出土生土长的特点。动物群大致经历过三次较大的变化。和华北地区比较,我国南方第四纪哺乳动物群显示出三大特点:(1)古老种类延续时期较长;(2)现生种类出现较早;(3)动物群的变化不及华北那么明显。     

中国第四纪哺乳动物地理区划

中国第四纪哺乳动物地理区可划分为古北界的北方区及其东北亚区,属东洋界的南方区及其东部位于二者之间的过渡区。南北两个区系的雏型早已出现,但非常明确而具体,且涉及到几乎各主要哺乳动物目主要始于更新世的早期,北方区与南方区的分异在中更新世已基本稳定,其界线大约位于秦岭山嵴。晚更新世时,南北之间的界线从秦岭的某个地段转向南,沿阿坝若尔盖等地青藏高原的东缘而下,从而为现代动物地理区系的形成奠定了基础。东部过     

陕西蓝田地区第四纪哺乳动物群的划分

<正> 陕西蓝田地区的新生代地层保存得非常完好,各个时代的地层,几乎都有其代表,并发现了丰富的哺乳动物化石。在第四纪地层中,特别具有意义的是公王岭及陈家窝分别发现了蓝田人头盖骨及下颌骨,一些地区还发现了旧石器,更进一步证实这一地区在第四     

陕西大荔一早更新世哺乳动物群

陕西大荔县洛河下游后河村附近游河组之上黄褐色砂砾层中,发现一个很有意义的动物群.动物群中含有典型的第四纪哺乳动物化石,如似三门马 (Equus cf. sanmeniensis)、平额象 (Archidiskodon planifrons)、奥米加鼢鼠 (Myospalaxomegodon) 和复齿拟鼠兔 (Ochotonoides complicidens) 等.经过对动物群特点、岩相古地理及古气候的分析,并与华北、华南及欧洲同期对比,该动物群在时代上介于狭义泥河湾期与游河期之间,名为后河村期.     

Analysis of insect distribution in the Northern Hemisphere by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera,Arctiidae). 2. Species level

An attempt is made to apply cluster analysis to comparison of local faunas in the Northern Hemisphere at the species level by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). A total of 200 North African, Eurasian (New Guinea inclusive), and North American (north of the United Mexican States) local faunas have been considered. It is found that the circumarctic fauna is clearly separated from the Palearctic and Nearctic ones, being closer to the former only at the level of genera. Therefore, it is not reasonable to recognize the united European-Canadian subprovince of the boreal belt according to the tiger moth faunas. The Palearctic tiger moth fauna is characterized by relatively smooth variations within the boreal, subboreal, and western subtropical belts. The fauna gradually changes from the Amur catchment area to South China, Himalayas, and India so that all fauna types of these regions are closely related to one another and, to a lesser extent, to equatorial fauna types of Southeast Asia islands. The boundary between the Palearctic and Oriental (Indo-Malayan) provinces should be drawn north of the Yangtze catchment area. The most dramatic fauna change at the species level takes place between North China and the Yangtze catchment, and at the genus level, between Northern and Northeastern China. It is reasonable to establish a broad transition area between the two zoogeographic provinces in Eastern Asia. On the grounds of the nonuniform tiger moth fauna, the South Chinese-East Himalayan subprovince should be assigned to the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) province rather than the Palearctic one, as was repeatedly proposed. The Southwest-Asian fauna (Arabian Peninsula and southern Iran) is transitional between the Palearctic, African, and Oriental ones. Many African taxa penetrate to the west and south of the Arabian Peninsula, whereas Oriental and Paleotropical species penetrate to southern Iran. It is reasonable to elevate considerably the rank of the Quinghai-Tibet highland fauna by distinguishing its habitat as a separate zoogeographic subprovince, because the similarity between this fauna type and any other Palearctic fauna at the species level is much less than between temperate faunas of the Palearctic and Nearctic. The assignment of this fauna to the Palearctic is confirmed only at the genus level.     

Les faunes terrestres quaternaires des Îles du Japon

This paper explains a brief history of research on Quaternary terrestrial mammals in Japan and fossil occurrence of taxa at major localities of each time period at first. Based on these data, then, the changing history of Quaternary terrestrial mammals in Japan is reviewed, especially on such points as (1) importance of strait in western Japan as coming over route, (2) changing history of Plio-Pleistocene terrestrial mammals in Japan, (3) two faunas during the Late Pleistocene, (4) dates of extinctions of large mammals near the end of the Late Pleistocene. Formation process of Quaternary terrestrial mammal fauna in Japan must have been affected by condition of land connection with Asian continent at seaway west to Japan and changing history of climate and vegetation in East Asia, and it should be considered by different time period, e.g. before and after ca. 1.7 Ma. The time period after 1.7 Ma is one affected by glacial sea level fluctuations. Although a new fauna came over from the west to Japan when sea level was low, this time period is basically the age of insularization, and it is presumed that the fauna was becoming endemic during this time period. During the late Late Pleistocene, there were two faunas existed in Japan, e.g. one with Palaeoloxodon naumanni having come over from the west and another with Mammuthus primigenius having come over from the north. The former dwelled mainly in deciduous broad-leaved forest and mixed forest with conifers in temperate climate, while the latter dwelled in steppe and coniferous forest in subboreal climate. Both faunas changed their ranges to north and south repeatedly as climate changed, and the extinction of large mammals of the fauna with Palaeoloxodon naumanni occurred at the same time of the beginning of the LGM (ca. 25–16 ka). On the other hand, large mammals of the fauna with Mammuthus primigenius became extinct or moved to north as climate became warm quickly after the LGM. Thus, it is suggested that the extinction of large mammals at the late Late Pleistocene occurred by “two pulses.” The extinction process of large mammals in Japan seems likely that they went extinct finally near the end of the Pleistocene going through the reduction of habitat and fragmentation of populations caused by the repeated temperature change during the late Late Pleistocene, rather than a single drastic event.     

Plate tectonics, seaways and climate in the historical biogeography of mammals

The marsupial and placental mammals originated at a time when the pattern of geographical barriers (oceans, shallow seas and mountains) was very different from that of today, and climates were warmer. The sequence of changes in these barriers, and their effects on the dispersal of the mammal families and on the faunas of mammals in the different continents, are reviewed. The mammal fauna of South America changed greatly in the Pliocene/Pleistocene, when the newly-complete Panama Isthmus allowed the North American fauna to enter the continent and replace most of the former South American mammal families. Marsupial, but not placental, mammals reached Australia via Antarctica before Australia became isolated, while rats and bats are the only placentals that dispersed naturally from Asia to Australia in the late Cenozoic. Little is known of the early history of the mammal fauna of India. A few mammal families reached Madagascar from Africa in the early Cenozoic over a chain of islands. Africa was isolated for much of the early Cenozoic, though some groups did succeed in entering from Europe. Before the climate cooled in the mid-Cenozoic, the mammal faunas of the Northern Hemisphere were much richer than those of today.     

古龙山动物群的时代及其对比

辽南古龙山洞穴堆积物中含有极其丰富的脊椎动物化石,计有64种,时代为晚更新世。哺乳动物群明显地反映出华北哺乳动物群和东北哺乳动物群的过渡性质,因此它对研究动物群的迁徙、对比以及辽南地区第四纪地层划分具有重要意义。     

The Quaternary origins of the modern British mammal fauna

The origins of the modern British mammal fauna as a recognizable assemblage are traceable through preceding temperate woodland phases at least as far back as the early part of the Middle Pleistocene. Earlier Quaternary mammal assemblages have more in common with those of the Pliocene than those of the Middle Pleistocene, but evidence for gaps in the British Early Pleistocene sequence precludes inferences concerning the nature of this change in faunal composition.
A major difficulty in reconstructing Quaternary faunal histories is in establishing stable correlations between the fragmentary terrestrial sequences from which the fossil record has been recovered and in assembling those sequences into chronological order. Existing reconstructions of Quaternary events in Britain are of hybrid origin, a mix of palynological biostratigraphy based on assumed monocyclic floral successions for a small number of major interglacial stages, with intervening cold stages identified by characteristic glacial or periglacial lithologies and structures. While this framework has served as a useful basis for some Quaternary disciplines, some interpretations of the mammalian evidence do not fit it well.
Attention is given here to information derived from fossil mammal assemblages which may be used to help determine the number and sequence of Middle and Late Pleistocene temperate woodland phases with faunas showing close links with that of the Flandrian. While much of this information is not new, it has been largely ignored in the construction of some of the more widely known schemes for Quaternary subdivision. At present five such episodes can be identified and characterized prior to the present interglacial, though further refinement may br possible as work on a more detailed account of key sites arid their palaeontology progresses.     

Analysis of insect distribution in the Northern Hemisphere by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera,Arctiidae). 1. Genus level

An attempt is made to apply cluster analysis to comparison of local faunas in the Northern Hemisphere at the genus level by the example of the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). A total of 200 North African, Eurasian (to New Guinea inclusive), and North American (north of the United Mexican States) local faunas have been considered. It is found that the arctic fauna is clearly detached from the Palearctic and Nearctic faunas, being closer to the former. Therefore, it is not reasonable to recognize the united European-Canadian subprovince of the boreal province according to the tiger moth faunas. The Palearctic tiger moth fauna is characterized by relatively smooth variations within the boreal, subboreal, and western subtropical belts. The boundary between the Palearctic and the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) provinces should be drawn north of the Yangtze catchment area. The most dramatic fauna change at the genus level takes place between North and Northeast China. It is reasonable to recognize a broad transition area between the two zoogeographic provinces in Eastern Asia. On the grounds of the nonuniform tiger moth fauna, the South Chinese-East Himalayan subprovince should be assigned to the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) province rather than the Palearctic, as was repeatedly proposed. The Southwest-Asian fauna (Arabian Peninsula and southern Iran) is transitional between the Palearctic, African, and Oriental ones. Many African genera reach the west and south of the Arabian Peninsula, whereas Oriental and Paleotropical genera reach southern Iran.