上位性对光敏核不育水稻不育性不稳定性的影响

以来源于农垦５８Ｓ的籼型光敏核不育水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｗａ Ｌ．）培矮６４Ｓ（长日低温下不育性稳定）和８９０２Ｓ（长日低温下不育性不稳定）及其人Ｆ１、Ｆ２群体为材料,通过长日低温和不同长日生态条件的７种处理,并结合ＲＦＬＰ分子标准记,研究了影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性的遗传及其基因定位和基因互作对其育性不稳定性的影响。结果表明：影响光敏核不育基因的育性不稳定性表现为微效基因的作用,定位了     

提高光敏感雄性不育水稻花粉单倍体育种效率及不育花粉植株育性转换特点的研

比较了（光敏 s/正常品种）F1及F2为供体亲本,对在花药培养时所获得的花粉植株中不育个体／全部花粉植株之比例的影响,结果表明,以F1为供体亲本,在所获得的二倍体花粉植株（A1）中,不育株（长日下）约占20％左右;而从F2分离的不育株为供体亲本,相应的比例为90％左右,对获得不育的花粉植株而言,供体亲本经过F2的选择,在花粉一代中可以提高育种效率3－4倍,指出,以培育光敏感雄性不育系为目的的花药培养,与一般育种之花药培养采用杂种F1为供体亲本不同,不仅应对杂种F2代在长日照条件下不育株的选择,而且应在短日照下对这种不育株作育性转换的双重选择,以这种个体作为花药培养的供体亲本,可以大大提高育种效率。在长日照下表现不育的花粉植株的育性转换具仍多样性,来自同一组合的不育花粉植株在晚造（短日照）条件下,其花粉有的染色,频率高且稳定;有的虽然可变 染色,但频率不高或不稳定或二者兼有;有些却一直不I－KI染色,或即使染色频率也在10％以下,这一结果与收集全国各地15个光敏核不育系在本所同期种植条件下的反应十分吻合,这说明通过花药培养,从特定的组合培育出所需要的光敏／光温互作或温敏型的核不育系的可能性是存在的。     

F_1不育株对油菜杂交种产量影响程度的分析与预测

分析了１９９３—１９９５年油菜区域试验中Ｆ１不育株对产量的影响及不育度不同的不育株对产量的影响程度。结果表明：Ｆ１不育株（包括全不育、半不育株）率与杂种产量间存在显著负相关关系;Ｆ１不育株对产量的影响主要来自半不育株。不同生产年份Ｆ１不育株造成的产量降幅趋于一致;不育株率低于１３．５％,不足以对产量造成显著（≥１０％）影响。     

提高光敏感雄性不育水稻花粉单倍体育种效率及不育花粉植株育性转换特点的研究

比较了(光敏s/正常品种)F_1及F_2为供体亲本,对在花药培养时所获得的花粉植株中不育个体/全部花粉植株之比例的影响。结果表明,以F_1为供体亲本,在所获得的二倍体花粉植株(A_1)中,不育株(长日下)约占20%左右;而从F_2分离的不育株为供体亲本,相应的比例为90%左右。对获得不育的花粉植株而言,供体亲本经过F_2的选择,在花粉一代中可以提高育种效率3—4倍。指出,以培育光敏感雄性不育系为目的的花药培养,与一般育种之花药培养采用杂种F_1为供体亲本不同,不仅应对杂种F_2代在长日照条件下进行不育株的选择,而且应在短日照下对这种不育株作育性转换的双重选择。以这种个体作为花药培养的供体亲本,可以大大提高育种效率。 在长日照下表现不育的花粉植株的育性转换具多样性。来自同一组合的不育花粉植株在晚造(短日照)条件下,其花粉有的染色,频率高且稳定;有的虽然可变为染色,但频率不高或不稳定或二者兼有;有些却一直不为Ⅰ-KⅠ染色,或即使染色频率也在10%以下。这一结果与收集全国各地15个光敏核不育系在本昕同期种值条件下的反应十分吻合。这说明通过花药培养,从特定的组合培育出所需要的光敏/光温互作或温敏型的核不育系的可能性是存在的。     

水稻光(温)敏核不育系与核质互作不育系的遗传关系剖析

1991─1992年,分析了7个光(温)敏核不育系与15 个核质互作不育系杂交F1及部分F2植株在长日照和短日照条件下的育性表现,结果清楚地表明,有些光敏核不育系能够保持核质互作不育系的雄性不育性,有些光(温)敏核不育系则能够恢复或部分恢复; 有些光敏核不育系对某一核质互作不育系具有保持能力,对另一核质互作不育系则具有恢复能力; 并初步推测光(温)敏核不育基因与核质互作不育基因是独立发生的,当核质互作不育系中细胞质和细胞核的隐性不育基因一起作用时,能够掩盖光(温)敏不育基因及其育性恢复基因的表达。     

感光性的遗传背景对水稻短光诱导雄性不育特性表达的影响研究

通过对双亲及Ｆ１的感光性分析和Ｆ２群体单株的感光性及短光不育特性分析表明,强感光性对弱感光性表现为显性;具短光不育特性的单株其感光性均表现为中度以上感光（短日出穗促进率〉１５％）。对宜ＤＩＳ与宜Ｄ２Ｓ的光敏性、感光性分析和不育基因的等位性测定表明,两者感光性与光敏性符合正相关的结论,它们的不育主基因是等位的。可以认为,对短光低温不育水稻,短光不育基因需要在感光性基因存在时才能得到表达,同一不育基因     

中科院上海植生所选育出新的水稻光敏核不育系

中科院上海植生所选育出新的水稻光敏核不育系中科院上海植物生理研究所唐锡华等研究人员经过５年的艰苦努力，选育出了一个新的优质中熟晚粳光敏核不育系“寒丰Ｓ”。“寒丰Ｓ”是用该所的优质中熟晚粳寒丰和引自武汉大学生物系的农垦５８５为亲本杂交选育而成。试验证明...     

光敏核不育水稻的发育生物学研究评述

光敏核不育水稻的发育生物学研究评述童哲（中国科学院植物研究所北京１０００９３）关键词水稻,雄性不育,光周期,光敏色素,叶绿体,植物激素,特异蛋白,协同作用ＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＰＨＯＴＯＰＥＲＩＯＤＳＥＮＳＩＴＩＶＥＧＥＮＩＣＭＡＬＥＳＴＥＲＩＬＥＲＩ...     

水稻红莲型细胞质雄性不育系与保持系mtRNA差异显示和差别片段？…

将Ｔ４ＲＮＡ连接酶和ＡＦＬＰ技术特点相结合构建于适于ｍｔＲＮＡ的差异显示方法,并比较水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）红莲型细胞质雄性不育系,保持系和杂种一代ｍｔＲＮＡ差异。在４组引物对的选择扩增产物中共找到６个差异片段,其中差异条带ＤＴＡ为不育系仅有,条带ＤＡＢ为不育系和保持系特有,而条带ＤＢＦ１、ＤＢＦ２、ＤＢＦ３、ＤＢＦ４为保持系和Ｆ１杂种共有。这表明水稻红莲型不育系粤泰Ａ与杂种一代泰优     

光敏感雄性不育水稻的体细胞与花药培养及再生植株性状表现研究

对8个光敏感雄性不育籼稻杂种一代及其亲本花药培养的研究发现,光敏不育粳稻虽然为雄性不育,但其愈伤组织诱导率与植株再生能力不在一般正常粳稻品种之下,为籼稻“新会粘”的28倍。绝大多数光敏不育之籼粳杂种的花药培养能力也是十分高的。在起源于体细胞及花药的光敏不育水稻之再生植株共1146株试管苗中,发现少数在5月下旬及6月上旬抽穗的已表现为完全雄性不育。这些材料之幼穗的第二枝梗分化时(4月下旬至5月上旬)之日长尚不足13小时,远在农垦58S的临界日长14小时之下。在8个组合的籼粳光敏杂种一代花粉植株中,有的组合完全表现为粳型(组合4及7,表2),有的完全表现为籼型(组合2及6),多数则两者兼有。在全部80个愈伤无性系中,单倍体20个,二倍体58个,多倍体2个。58个二倍体无性系申不育的为20个,占34.5%。其中在晚造短日照条件下能转变为可育的有11个,占二倍体的19%,占二倍体不育的55%。所有光敏不育花粉植株,在早造条件下I-KI之花粉染色率与结实率均为0%,在晚造(9月份之后)条件下,能转换为可育。但不同组合、不同无性系之间育性转换的频率与稳定性差异颇大。     

Differentiation and classification of parental lines and favorable genic interactions affecting F1 fertility in distant crosses of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

 This study was intended to investigate the extent of genetic differentiation in parental lines of rice hybrids and to analyze the genetic basis underlying the fertility phenomenon in distant crosses. Two subsets of rice material (111 entries in total) were used, including 81 doubled-haploid (DH) lines and 30 Indica and Japonica rice varieties or lines (as a control). The DH lines was derived from a heterotic Indica/Japonica cross (Gui630/02428) by anther culture. The materials in the control represent a broad spectrum of the Asian cultivated rice gene pool including landraces, primitive cultivars, historically important cultivars, modern elite cultivars, super rice and parents of superior hybrids. In accordance with the NC II design, 57 out of the DH lines were test-crossed to two important wide compatibility lines: photoperiod-sensitive genetic male sterile (PGMS) line N422s and thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile (TGMS) line Peiai64s. The F₁s and their parents, 182 entries in total, were examined for the performance of seven traits in a replicated field trial. All the rice materials was surveyed for polymorphisms using 92 RFLP markers selected from two published molecular marker linkage maps. Genotypes of the F₁ hybrids at the molecular-marker loci were deduced from the parental genotypes. The analysis showed that there were two types of genetic differentiation in the two subsets of rice material; that is, qualitative differentiation in the control and quantitative differentiation in the DH lines. In addition, favorable genic interactions (both intra- or inter-locus) contributed to better increase the fertility in hybrids of distant crosses through incorporation of a wide-compatibility line as the female parent. Favorable genic interactions can be applied in hybrid rice breeding programs by selecting parents with an appropriate extent of genetic differentiation. Received: 5 June 1997 / Accepted: 10 September 1997     

光敏核不育水稻农垦58S与其衍生不育系的叶绿体DNA的比较

扩增了光敏核不育系农垦58S及从它衍生出来的5个两用核不育系叶绿体DNA的ORF（open reading frame）100、ORF29-TrnC^GCA、rps16（ribosomal proteins16）基因内含子和TrnT^UGU-TrnL^UAA（tRNA^Thr（UGU）-tRNA^-Leu（UAA）等4个片段,并测定了其序列。研究结果表明,粳型光敏核不系农垦58S的叶绿体为粳型。农垦58S衍生的核不育系中,粳型核不育系7001S以及3个籼型核不育系1103S、培矮64S和广占63S的叶绿体DNA为粳型,与选育者提供的细胞质系谱一致。籼型核不育系W6154S的叶绿体DNA为籼型,与选育者提供的细胞质系谱不一致,推断选育者在选育过程中更换过细胞质（曾用不育系作过父本）。5个粳型叶绿体DNA的rps16基因内含子和TrnT^UGU-TrnL^UAA间区的序列相互之间有1-2个单核苷酸的变异。     

The extent of parental genotypic divergence determines maximal heterosis by increasing fertility in inter-subspecific hybrids of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The magnitude of heterosis in F₁ hybrids is related not only to the performance of parents per se but also to the genetic diversity between two parents. The extent of genotypic divergence between hybrid rice parents was investigated at the molecular level, using two subsets of rice materials: a subset of doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from an Indica × Japonica cross (Gui630/02428) and another subset of Indica or Japonica lines representative of a broad spectrum of the Asian cultivated rice gene pool, including landraces, primitive cultivars, historically important cultivars, modern elite cultivars, super rice and parents of superior hybrids. 57 entries deliberately selected from the 81-DH lines (in total) were testcrossed to two widely used rice lines in China, photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile (PGMS) N422s and thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) Peiai64s. Results of the two sets of test-cross F₁ populations showed congruently that parental genotypic divergence has a relatively low impact on heterosis for the two yield components, i.e., panicle number and 1000-grain weight, but it has a great bearing on fertility parameters, i.e., filled grains per plant and seedset. Heterosis for grain yield in the two test-cross populations exhibited a sharp maximum when the proportion of Japonica alleles in the male parent was between 50 and 60%, so was the heterosis for fertility parameters correspondingly. Thus fertility parameters were the most sensitive and important factors which were influenced by the extent of parental genotypic divergence. Moreover, our results showed that parents with moderate extent of genotypic divergence played an important role in the use of inter-subspecific rice heterosis.     

Analysis of quantitative trait loci which contribute to anther culturability in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Anther culturability of rice is significantly different between indica and japonica varieties. A doubled haploid (DH) population was established via anther culture of an indica/japonica hybrid on SK₃ medium, which had been shown particularly suitable for anther culture of indica/japonica hybrids. For analyzing the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for anther culturability, anthers of the DH lines were again cultured with SK₃ medium and parameters for four traits representing the anther culturability were surveyed and analyzed with the molecular map constructed from the same DH population. The parameters for four major traits were as follows: callus induction frequency (CI), green plantlet differentiation frequency (GPD), albino plantlet differentiation frequency (APD), and green plantlet yield frequency (GPY). All four traits displayed continuous distributions among the DH lines. The correlation coefficients between these traits were also tested and showed that there was no relationship between callus induction and green plantlet differentiation frequencies, but both showed strong positive correlation with the frequency of green plantlet yield. For callus induction frequency, five QTLs were identified on chromosomes 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12. Two QTLs for green plantlet differentiation frequency were located on chromosomes 1 and 9. There was a major QTL for albino plantlet differentiation frequency on chromosome 9. No independent QTL was found for green plantlet yield frequency. The results may be useful in the selection of parents with high response to anther culture for rice haploid breeding and in the establishment of permanent DH populations for molecular mapping.     

Selection of stable mutants from cultured rice anthers treated with ethyl methane sulfonic acid

To increase the frequency of stable mutants from cultured anthers of rice, the effects of EMS treatment on callus induction, plant regeneration and mutant induction were investigated according to the timing of treatment after anther inoculation on the medium. The frequency of callus induction was highest in anthers treated with 0.5% EMS 10 days after culture. Anthers treated directly at the initiation of culture exhibited a very low callus induction level, and the such calluses exhibited a poor plant regeneration capacity. The frequency of regeneration of green plants was significantly decreased by EMS treatments immediately after anther inoculation as compared with control. The frequencies of stable mutants were 20.7% and 12.0% in EMS treatments at 10 and 20 days, but unstable mutants were 43.1% and 52.6%, respectively. A total of 14 stable mutants, semidwarf mutants (4 lines), grain-shape mutants (2 lines) and glabrous mutants (8 lines) were selected from doubled haploid lines of the A₂ generation. The frequencies of callus induction, green plant regeneration and stable mutants were maximal in anthers treated with 0.5% EMS 10 days after culture.     

The effect of Lr19-translocation on in vitro androgenesis and inheritance of leaf-rust resistance in DH3 lines and F2 hybrids of common wheat

Leaf-rust resistance and androgenesis were studied in the anther cultures of Triticum aestivum L., which included Saratovskaya 29 cultivar, the isogenic line Ps29, and three F1 hybrids (L503/S55, L504/S58, ATS7/L1063) with 7DS-7DL-7Ae#1L translocation of Lr19 gene (Lr19 translocation) from Agropyron elongatum (Host) P.B. The Lr19 translocation was shown to affect the induction of embryogenesis and green plant regeneration. The frequencies of Lr19 translocation differed in F2 hybrids obtained by traditional hybridization and in sets of DH lines obtained in F1 anther cultures derived from the same combinations of T. aestivum parental forms. The number of leaf-rust resistant genotypes tended to decrease. The frequency of Lr19 translocation in the set of DH3 lines derived from F1 L504/S58 was significantly lower than in other sets of DH3 lines and F2 hybrid populations.     

粳稻特殊广亲和系GC13的遗传分析及利用研究

粳稻品种GCl3对亚种内亲和力弱,而对亚种间亲和力强,因此特称之为特殊广亲和系(Special wide compatibility variety,SWCV)。广亲和基因等住性和遗传规律研究结果表明,GCl3的广亲和性主效基因效应明显,同时受微效基因修饰,与已知的S7、S9、S15三个育性基因住点之一等位。GCl3可与培矮64S等籼型光敏核不育系配组育成亚种间杂交稻;GCl3是粳型恢复基因源,从其杂交后代中选育出的偏粳(K’)型或偏籼(H’)型通用恢复系GR209、GR220和GR238等,对“野败”、“矮败”等多种不育细胞质和培矮64S等光敏核不育系具有强恢复性,配制出的“三系”或“二系”杂交稻具有高产潜力和利用前景。     

基因型和培养条件对大麦花药培养的影响

不同基因型大麦(Hordeum vulgare)的花粉愈伤组织诱导率不同。带大麦黄花叶病抗性基因的品种。品系或F1杂种的诱导率(8.83—14.21%)高于不带抗性基因的材料(1.04—6.25%)。 MS基本培养基添加草2,4—D.1 mg/L,Kt0.1 mg／L,BA0.2mg／L,生物素0.1mg, 其诱导率(平均11.09%)高于MS添加2,4—D3mg／L和Kt0.1 mg／L的诱导率(6.33%)及MS添加2,4—D1mg／L 和Kt 0.1 mg／L的诱导率(8.21%)。接种后先15℃暗培养5天,再转入25℃暗培养,其产生愈仿组织的高峰期推迟2—4天,但诱导率却从对照的5.84%提高到11.59%;25℃暗培养与25℃光 — 暗交替培养,诱导率无显著差异。     

Elevated carbon supply altered hypericin and hyperforin contents of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L. cv `New Stem') grown in bioreactors

For the high frequency selection of salt-tolerant doubled haploids (DHs) using rice anther culture, the efficiency of anther culture was investigated with different genotype, media condition and NaCl concentrations. The six F₁ hybrids obtained by backcross or three-way cross between indica and japonica differed in salt tolerance. The efficiencies of callus induction and plant regeneration was decreased by NaCl concentration and salt tolerance of donor variety, and those in japonicas were higher than those in indicas. The percentages of callus induction in Gyehwa 5 (japonica, tolerant) and IR61633-B-2-2-1 (japonica, sensitive) were 21.1 and 13.5% on agar medium containing 0.3% NaCl, respectively. The plant regeneration of callus derived from anther floating culture in liquid media was less than that on solid medium. In four F₁ hybrids, the frequencies of high salt-tolerant DHs were 21.4 and 8.9% in 0.3% NaCl medium and the control, respectively. The high frequency of salt-tolerant DHs could be selected in the callus induction medium (0.3% NaCl) and in the combinations crossed with salt-tolerant japonica as the third parent.