白颈环毛蚓（Pheritima catifornica）与壮伟环毛蚓（Amynthas f…

对白颈环毛蚓与壮伟环毛蚓的体壁及内脏器官ＰＴＣ－氨基酸的含量进行了初步分析,结果表明;两种蚯蚓具有１５种氨基酸,８种必需氨基酸含量均较高。而壮伟环毛蚓的必需氨基酸总量均超过白颈环毛蚓,也大大超过国产或进口于粉氨基酸总含量;加上壮伟环毛蚓个体大,分布广,又耐污染,抗病能力强,所以这量种值得开发的动物蛋白的新资源。     

东北地区环毛蚓两个新纪录

笔者于1985—1989年在吉林省公主岭及长白山采集异毛环毛蚓及壮伟环毛蚓标本数百条。据查:这两种蚯蚓均分布长江流域及以南地城,北方未见报告。现在东北地区发现,对于研究蚯蚓地理分布及动物区系,将有重要价值。 (一)特征描述     

用COI基因确定直隶环毛蚓(Pheretima tschiliensis tschiliensis)的属的地位

目的:由于采用新的分类体系,国内外学者通过形态学特征对直隶环毛蚓(Pheretima tschiliensis tschiliensis,Michealson,1928)的分类地位一直存在争议,该文的目的在于将此种给予明确的划分。方法:用采自不同地区的直隶环毛蚓COI基因(534bp)及结合其相应的氨基酸(178个),以陆正蚓(Lumbricus tereistial)为外群,用最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建进化树的方法,结果:试验结果表明,构建的系统树将直隶环毛蚓与腔蚓属聚为一族,并得到很好的支持(BP>76,pp≥0.94),种间校正基因距离介于0.006~0.263,种内校正基因距离介于0.000~0.162,结论:因具有交配腔,故分子生物学和形态学特征均表明,直隶环毛蚓应属于腔蚓属而不是远盲蚓属。其学名应为Metaphire tschiliensis tschiliensis(Michealson,1928)。     

参环毛蚓肠上皮细胞体外培养及其生物学特性

该研究采用混合酶消化法获得参环毛蚓(Pheretima aspergillum)肠上皮细胞(intestine epithelial cell,IEC),并进行体外培养,成功传代培养至第8代,命名为IEC-P.A.。通过光学显微镜和透射电镜技术对IEC-P.A.细胞形态、超微结构进行了鉴定,采用MTT法绘制了细胞生长曲线,应用流式细胞术检测了DNA含量并分析其细胞周期和增殖活性。体外培养的参环毛蚓肠上皮细胞汇合后呈典型的"铺路石样"形态,细胞直径为8±2μm,表面具有大量的微绒毛,胞质内含丰富的线粒体及粗面内质网。细胞周期检测结果显示,G0/G1期细胞约占总细胞数的93%。染色体核型分析结果表明,参环毛蚓肠上皮细胞为二倍体,2n=22,核型为n(♂)=x=6m+3sm+2st。该研究成功获得了离体培养的参环毛蚓肠上皮细胞及其生物学特性的相关资料。     

参环毛蚓神经组织的NSE、NF200、ED1、GFAP和NO细胞化学特性

为研究环节动物的神经组织学特性,我们选择生活在我国的环节动物门典型代表参环毛蚓（Pheretima aspergillum)为研究对象,使用若干种兔抗鼠抗体,进行了免疫细胞化学与细胞化学染色,在光学显微镜下观察反应阳性细胞的形态与分布。研究发现,在参环毛蚓脑,咽下神经节,腹神经节所有神经细胞呈NSE阴性;在参环毛蚓脑,部分神经细胞呈NF200阳性,在咽下神经节,腹神经节未观察到NF200阳性神经细胞;在参环毛蚓脑观察到较多ED1阳性细胞;在参环毛蚓脑,咽下神经节,腹神经节均未观察到GFAP阳性细胞;在参环毛蚓脑未观察到NADPH－d阳性神经细胞,而在咽下神经节和腹神经节部分神经细胞及纤维NADPH－d阳性。结果表明,参环毛蚓神经细胞的神经细胞特异的烯醇化酶特性,神经微丝蛋白特性与呈型胶质细胞的GFAP特性不同于哺乳动物;其神经组织存在有数量较多的吞噬功能的类似于哺乳动物小胶质细胞的细胞; 参环毛蚓的脑不含有NO能神经细胞,而咽下神经节和腹神经节含有NO能神经细胞。     

青甘直隶环毛蚓生殖器官的多态现象

本文报道了青甘直隶环毛蚓Ｐｈｅｒｅｔｉｍａｔｓｃｈｉｌｉｅｎｓｉｓｋｏｋｏａｎａ的生殖器官多态现象，因卵巢发育正常，属于孤雌生殖种类，并发现一新的中间型（Ｉ６型），即前列腺与受精囊之间的中间型。     

河北环毛蚓神经系统 一氧化氮合酶的组织化学定位

用依赖还原型辅酶Ⅱ的黄酶组织化学方法,研究了环节动物门寡毛纲种类河北环毛蚓（Pheretima tschiliensis)神经系统k 一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性细胞及阳性纤维的分布,结果表明,河北环毛蚓神经系统中脑神经节背侧有大量细胞呈现NO强阳性反应,胞体和突起染色明显。咽下神经中偶尔能见少数染色较浅的神经元。在脑神经节腹内侧、围咽神经、 咽下神经节外侧部及腹神经链中都有一氧化氮合酶阳性纤维存在脸染色很深,实验结果表明,在环节动物中作为信息分子的一氧化氮已广泛存在于神经系统中。     

地龙类药用动物的比较鉴别

调查发现我国中药地龙类药用动物主要有14个种,分别隶属于钜蚓科、正蚓科和链胃蚓科4个属。包括参环毛蚓Phereti- ma aspergillum(E Perrier)、通俗环毛蚓Pheretima vulgaris(Chen)、威廉环毛蚓Pheretima guillelmi(Michaelsen)、栉盲环毛蚓Phere- tima pectinifera(Michaelsen)、湖北环毛蚓Pheretima hupeiensis(Michaelsen)、直隶环毛蚓Pheretima tshiliensis(Michaelsen)、白颈环毛蚓Pherctima califomica(Kinberg)、中材环毛蚓Pheretima medioca(Chen et Hsu)、秉前环毛蚓Pheretima pracpinguis(Gates)、秉氏环毛蚓Pheretima carnosa(Goto et Hatai)、异毛环毛蚓Pheretima diffringens(Baird)、赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia foetida(Savigny),背暗异唇蚓Allolbophora caliginosa subsp.trapezoides(Ant.Duges)以及日本杜拉蚓Drawida japonica(Michaelsen)。本文对我国地龙类原动物主要种类进行了分类及形态描述,并编制了检索表和检索图,以供鉴别,为地龙的开发利用提供资料。     

蚯蚓活动对土壤氨基酸组分及含量的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)和威廉环毛蚓(Metaphire guillelmi)对土壤氨基酸组分及含量的影响,并探讨了两种不同生活型蚯蚓作用效果的异同。结果表明:蚯蚓活动可显著改变土壤氨基酸含量,爱胜蚓作用下土壤酸解氨基酸和游离氨基酸分别增加5.08 g/kg和7.72 mg/kg,环毛蚓作用下土壤酸解氨基酸和游离氨基酸分别增加3.86 g/kg和4.44mg/kg。各处理酸解氨基酸均以中性氨基酸所占比例为最大(平均51.9%),酸性氨基酸次之(平均23.3%),而含硫氨基酸(平均14.4%)及碱性氨基酸最少(平均10.4%)。各处理游离氨基酸同样以中性氨基酸为主,平均54.4%,而以碱性氨基酸含量最少,平均仅为7.2%。蚯蚓活动并未改变土壤氨基酸可检出种类,各处理分别检测出16种酸解氨基酸和14种游离氨基酸。土壤酸解氨基酸和游离氨基酸组分含量在蚯蚓作用下均有明显改变:加入爱胜蚓后土壤酸解氨基酸组分中天冬氨酸、精氨酸、甲硫氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸和甘氨酸增幅较高,均在85.7%以上,缬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸和组氨酸增幅较小在40.7%—62.7%间波动;加入环毛蚓后土壤酸解氨基酸组分中甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸和丙氨酸增幅较大,均在71.9%以上,甘氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸增幅适中,分别为56.8%、55.6%和54.9%;丝氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、谷氨酸、组氨酸和苯丙氨酸增幅最小,均在40%以下;游离氨基酸组分中组氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸和丙氨酸在加入爱胜蚓后增加的幅度较大,增幅在150.0%以上,增幅较为缓和的氨基酸组分有天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、缬氨酸、谷氨酸和苯丙氨酸,介于58.8%—92.1%之间;环毛蚓作用下,天冬氨酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸和异亮氨酸增幅最大,分别为184.2%、173.3%、163.0%和116.6%;苏氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸和甘氨酸增幅较缓,介于52.3%—92.7%之间;谷氨酸、组氨酸、苯丙氨酸、丙氨酸和甲硫氨酸增幅较低,均在33.1%之下;而半胱氨酸在蚯蚓作用下显著降低,降幅为11.8%。对比两种生活型蚯蚓作用效果可知,土壤氨基酸总含量及各组分含量在爱胜蚓和环毛蚓作用下的增加或减少趋势相同(土壤酸解氨基酸组分缬氨酸除外),但改变幅度却存在明显差异,总体而言,爱胜蚓作用效果优于环毛蚓。     

贵州梵净山陆栖寡毛类初步调查

梵净山自然保护区是我国保持得较为完好的森林生态系统,生物资源十分丰富,但其陆栖寡毛类动物从未有人研究报道过,1985年5月—6月,笔者在梵净山进行了采集,现将初步研究结果报道如下。一、梵净山陆栖寡毛类名录1.日本杜拉蚓Drawida japonica Michaelsen1892;2.环串环毛蚓Pheretima moniliata Chen1946;3.异毛环毛蚓Ph.diffringens(Baird1869);4.云龙环毛蚓Ph.yunlongensis Chen et Hsu1977;5.白颈环毛蚓Ph.californica(Kinberg1867);6.舒脉环毛蚓Ph.schmardae(Horst1883);7.毛利环毛蚓Ph.morrisi(Beddard1892);8.湖北环毛蚓Ph.hupeie…     

Changes in diversity, protein content, and amino acid composition of earthworms from a paddy soil under different long-term fertilizations in the Tai Lake Region, China

Influence of the agricultural management practices on soil quality and the ecosystem functioning has been an increasing concern in soil science and ecology with sustainable agriculture. This study deals with the changes of soil earthworm communityfrom a paddy soil under different long-term fertilizations. The soil earthworms were collected and counted from different fertilizer treated plots in the field after the rape harvest in May 2004, and their taxonomic groups were determined under a binocular stereoscope at the laboratory. The body of the earthworm (Metaphire californica) was crushed by a cell crusher to collect protein, and the protein molecules with different sizes were analyzed by electrophoresis. Furthermore, the Metaphire californica collected was hydrolyzed and the aliquots were subject to an amino acid auto-analyzer. The results showed that totally seven species of earthworms were recognized in the paddy field with the number varying with different fertilization treatments. The structure of earthworm communities was dramatically affected by the fertilization practice. Under chemical fertilization only, both the number of earthworm species and the quantity of individuals were significantly smaller than those under other treatments, or even than those under no fertilization. Furthermore, there was an obvious decrease in the total amino acid and the contents of most individual amino acids of Metaphire californica under chemical fertilization only, compared with those under the combined fertilization of chemical and organic fertilizers. Although chemical fertilizers in combination with rice straw return increased earthworm amino acid content, long-term pig manure application tended to increase earthworm protein content. As a molecular footprint, long-term chemical fertilization caused a reduction in the content of protein with MW less than 25 kd, but a significant increase in that of protein with molecule size around 33 kd. Our study demonstrated that different fertilizations affected not only earthworm population but also diversity and richness in the paddy soil after 16 years of treatment, and that long-term chemical fertilization may impact the soil animal community and, thus, influence the paddy ecosystem functioning for yield stability. This study implicated that not only the community structure but also the amino acid metabolism for life functioning of earthworms in cropland soils may pose significant responses to the agricultural management practices.     

Effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitor activity and nutrient digestibility of diets based on fish meal, soybean meal and white flakes

The effects of moist extrusion processing of diets containing fish meal (FM) and conventional defatted soybean meal (SBM) or untoasted defatted soybean meal (white flakes [WF]) on amino acid composition, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were studied. Three diets with the nutritional characteristics of feeds for salmonid fish were formulated: one control based on FM as protein source and two others where 40% of total amino acids from FM were substituted by either SBM or WF. Each diet was fed to mink either as an unextruded mixture of the ingredients or as extruded pellets in order to determine the effect of extrusion processing. Extrusion did not change the amino acid composition of the diets significantly, but reduced the TIA of both diets containing soy products by approximately 76%. Intake of the unextruded WF diet was only one-third compared with the other diets. The dry matter concentration in faeces from mink fed diets containing soy products was significantly lower than in mink fed the FM diet. Digestibility of crude protein, all amino acids and fat was lower, but starch higher, in the unextruded WF diet than in the FM and SBM diets, whereas no significant differences were found among the extruded diets. Extrusion of the WF diet increased digestibility of protein and all amino acids. The greatest increase in digestibility after extrusion of the WF diet was observed for cysteine followed by tryptophan. Extrusion of the FM and SBM diets had no significant effect on amino acid digestibility. Digestibility of starch was, in general, increased by extrusion. It is concluded that the heat treatment involved in typical moist extrusion processing used for fish feed may be sufficient to inactivate most of the TIA in unheated soybean meal, and to increase digestibility of the protein in WF to approximately the same level as found for SBM and FM. Still, extrusion is a lenient process with minor effects on nutrient digestibility of diets containing fish meal or toasted soybean meal as major protein sources.     

Bacterial protein meal produced on natural gas replacing soybean meal or fish meal in broiler chicken diets

The effects of replacing soybean meal or fish meal with 2, 4 or 6% bacterial protein meal (BPM) on growth performance, ileal digestibility of amino acids and sensory quality of meat, were examined using 630 broiler chickens. Weight gain from 7-32 days of age did not differ significantly among the treatments. Efficiency of feed conversion was increased when BPM replaced soybean meal, and abdominal fat deposition tended to decline. Feed conversion was not affected when BPM replaced fish meal. Amino acid digestibility was unaffected or improved when BPM replaced soybean meal, whereas replacement of fishmeal with BPM resulted in similar digestibility. Sensory quality of fresh thigh meat was similar among treatments, but for freeze-stored chest meat replacement of fish meal with BPM reduced off-odour and off-flavour and increased juiciness. It was concluded that 6% BPM can replace soybean meal or fish meal protein in broiler chicken diets.     

Effects of amino acid supplementation on the nutritive quality of fermented linseed meal protein in the diets for rohu, Labeo rohita, fingerlings

A feeding trial was conducted for 8 weeks to examine the effects of partial substitution of fish meal (FM) protein (crude protein content: 58.5%) with linseed meal protein with and without supplemental amino acids in diets for rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton), fingerlings (mean weight: 1.50 ± 0.3 g). Prior to incorporation into the diets, linseed meal was fermented with lactic acid bacteria ( Lactobacillus acidophilus ) to reduce/eliminate the antinutritional tannin and phytic acid factors. Twelve experimental diets (diets D1–D12) were formulated to replace the FM protein from a reference diet (RD) with linseed meal protein at different levels (four sets of diets, of which each set of three diets contained 25%, 50% and 75% replacement of FM protein by linseed meal protein, respectively). Diets D1–D3 were not supplemented with any amino acid. Lysine was supplemented in diets D4–D6. Diets D7–D9 were supplemented with methionine + cystine (together), and diets D10–D12 contained lysine and methionine + cystine (together). Lysine and methionine + cystine (together) were added to the diets at 5.7% and 3.1% of dietary protein, respectively. The groups of fish fed diets without amino acid supplementation had significantly lower percentages of weight gain, specific growth rate and high feed : gain ratio than the fish groups fed other experimental diets. The addition of lysine and methionine + cystine to the diet in which 50% of the FM protein was replaced by linseed meal protein (diet D11) significantly improved fish performance. The results of the present study suggest that rohu fingerlings can effectively utilize the supplemented amino acids and that linseed meal protein can replace up to 50% of the FM protein in rohu diets if the linseed meal is properly processed (fermented) and supplemented with the lacking amino acids.     

Induction of sexual behavior in male fish (Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus) by amino acids

Summary A new function of amino acid in fish behavior was found. Amino acids induced sexual behavior in male rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus). Two types of sexual behavior which were pecking and sperm release were observed. Amino acids are known as feeding stimulants in some fish. The pecking behavior of male fish induced by amino acids is similar to the feeding behavior but it was sexual. Only male bitterling showed pecking and sperm release but the female showed no response to the amino acids. 10 out of 20 amino acids induced sexual behavior and both pecking and sperm release were induced by the same amino acids. These two kinds of behavior changed alternately depending on the light conditions. It is of interest that non-specific material such as some amino acids function like sex pheromone.     

Effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitor activity and nutrient digestibility of diets based on fish meal,soybean meal and white flakes

Abstract

The effects of moist extrusion processing of diets containing fish meal (FM) and conventional defatted soybean meal (SBM) or untoasted defatted soybean meal (white flakes [WF]) on amino acid composition, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were studied. Three diets with the nutritional characteristics of feeds for salmonid fish were formulated: one control based on FM as protein source and two others where 40% of total amino acids from FM were substituted by either SBM or WF. Each diet was fed to mink either as an unextruded mixture of the ingredients or as extruded pellets in order to determine the effect of extrusion processing. Extrusion did not change the amino acid composition of the diets significantly, but reduced the TIA of both diets containing soy products by approximately 76%. Intake of the unextruded WF diet was only one-third compared with the other diets. The dry matter concentration in faeces from mink fed diets containing soy products was significantly lower than in mink fed the FM diet. Digestibility of crude protein, all amino acids and fat was lower, but starch higher, in the unextruded WF diet than in the FM and SBM diets, whereas no significant differences were found among the extruded diets. Extrusion of the WF diet increased digestibility of protein and all amino acids. The greatest increase in digestibility after extrusion of the WF diet was observed for cysteine followed by tryptophan. Extrusion of the FM and SBM diets had no significant effect on amino acid digestibility. Digestibility of starch was, in general, increased by extrusion. It is concluded that the heat treatment involved in typical moist extrusion processing used for fish feed may be sufficient to inactivate most of the TIA in unheated soybean meal, and to increase digestibility of the protein in WF to approximately the same level as found for SBM and FM. Still, extrusion is a lenient process with minor effects on nutrient digestibility of diets containing fish meal or toasted soybean meal as major protein sources.     

Bacterial protein meal produced on natural gas replacing soybean meal or fish meal in broiler chicken diets

Abstract

The effects of replacing soybean meal or fish meal with 2, 4 or 6% bacterial protein meal (BPM) on growth performance, ileal digestibility of amino acids and sensory quality of meat, were examined using 630 broiler chickens. Weight gain from 7 – 32 days of age did not differ significantly among the treatments. Efficiency of feed conversion was increased when BPM replaced soybean meal, and abdominal fat deposition tended to decline. Feed conversion was not affected when BPM replaced fish meal. Amino acid digestibility was unaffected or improved when BPM replaced soybean meal, whereas replacement of fishmeal with BPM resulted in similar digestibility. Sensory quality of fresh thigh meat was similar among treatments, but for freeze-stored chest meat replacement of fish meal with BPM reduced off-odour and off-flavour and increased juiciness. It was concluded that 6% BPM can replace soybean meal or fish meal protein in broiler chicken diets.     

红花种子氨基酸分析

本文用日立８３５—５０型氨基酸自动测定仪进行去油后不同地区红花种子粉末氨基酸的测定,实验结果表明,红花种子含１６—１９种氨基酸,其中有７—８种人体必需氨基酸。     

Ileal and total tract nutrient digestibility in blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) fed extruded diets containing different protein sources

This study compared apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of macronutrients and amino acids in blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) fed dry extruded diets. The control diet contained fish meal as the main protein source, while in the other diets 50% of the fish meal protein was replaced by not de-hulled solvent-extracted soybean meal, meat meal or bacterial protein meal. Ileal digestibility was obtained with animals modified with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA method). There were no significant differences in the average digestibility of CP, Lys, Trp, Val, Ala or Glu between IRA modified and intact animals. Average ileal digestibilities of His, Thr, Asp, Cys, Gly, Hyp, Pro, Ser, starch and total carbohydrates (CHO) were significantly lower compared with total tract values. Average ileal digestibility of Arg, Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Tyr and crude fat was significantly higher than total tract digestibility. Digestibility measured in IRA modified animals showed less variability compared with values from intact animals. There were significant differences among diets in ileal as well as total tract digestibility of orude protein, most amino acids, starch and CHO, and in ileal digestibility of crude fat. Ileal crude protein digestibility of the diets ranged from 81.0-86.4% and total tract digestibility from 82.5-86.4%. Ileal amino acid digestibilities ranged from 70.1 (Asp) to 93.3% (Arg) and total tract values ranged from 72.8 (Cys) to 92.2% (Arg). Both ileal and total tract digestibilities of crude protein and most amino acids were significantly lower for diets containing meat meal or bacterial protein meal compared with the control fish meal-based diet and the diet with soybean meal. Although ileal digestibility may be more accurate than total tract digestibility in estimating the protein and amino acid supply in blue foxes, total tract digestibility may be acceptable because of numerically small differences between ileal and total tract digestibilities for protein and most amino acids. It was further concluded that ileal digestibilities of starch and CHO in the blue fox are lower than corresponding total tract digestibilities.     

Indispensable amino acid concentrations decrease in tissues of stomachless fish,common carp in response to free amino acid- or peptide-based diets

Summary. The premise that free amino acid or dipeptide based diets will resolve the nutritional inadequacy of formulated feeds for larval and juvenile fish and improve utilization of nitrogen in comparison to protein-based diets was tested in stomachless fish, common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. We examined the postprandial whole body free amino acid (FAA) pool in fish that were offered a FAA mixture based diet for the duration of 2 or 4 weeks. We found that the total amount and all indispensable amino acids concentrations in the whole body decreased after a meal. We then fed juvenile carp with dietary amino acids provided in the FAA, dipeptide (PP), or protein (live feed organisms; brine shrimp Artemia salina nauplii, AS) forms. Histidine concentrations in the whole fish body increased in all dietary groups after feeding whereas all other indispensable amino acids decreased in FAA and PP groups in comparison to the AS group. Taurine appears to be the major osmotic pressure balancing free amino acid in larval freshwater fish which may indicate a conditional requirement. We present the first evidence in larval fish that in response to synthetic FAA and PP diets, the whole body indispensable free AA concentrations decreased after feeding. This study shows that amino acids given entirely as FAA or PP cannot sustain stomachless larval fish growth, and may result in depletion of body indispensable AA and most of dispensable AA. The understanding of these responses will determine necessary changes in diet formulations that prevent accelerated excretion of amino acids without protein synthesis.