尖峰岭热带山地雨林生态系统 碳平衡的初步研究

报道了我国海南岛目前保存面积较大、林分的组成和结构复杂的热带山地雨林生态系统的Ｃ素库和群落的ＣＯ２排放动态。通过在尖峰岭林区进行为期３ａ的研究,结果表明：热带山地雨林的碳素库主要有３个方面,即森林生物量中的Ｃ为２３４．３０５６ｔ／ｈｍ２,森林凋落物现存量中的Ｃ为２．９８ｔ／ｈｍ２以及土壤层中的Ｃ为１０４．６９６ｔ／ｈｍ２,合计为３４１．９８１６ｔ／ｈｍ２。森林生态系统中的ＣＯ２平衡的基本动态为：每年用于群落总第一性生产力所同化的ＣＯ２总量为７４．２８ｔ／ｈｍ２,其中４２．６９ｔ／ｈｍ２的ＣＯ２又通过群落呼吸作用而释放出来,用于净第一性生产力为３１．５９ｔ／ｈｍ２;另一方面,凋落物层每年通过呼吸而释放的ＣＯ２量为３．２７ｔ／ｈｍ２,土壤的释放（不包括根系的呼吸）量约为２６．９６ｔ／ｈｍ２。收支相抵,热带山地雨林生态系统每年对大气中的ＣＯ２的固定量为１．３６６ｔ／ｈｍ２,折合Ｃ为０．３７２５ｔ／ｈｍ２。由此可见,恢复、发展和保护热带林生态系统是解决大气中ＣＯ２浓度升高、温室效应等全球性的生态问题的重要途径之一。     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林生态系统碳平衡的初步研究

报道了我国海南岛目前保存面积较大,林分的组成和结构复杂的热带山地雨林生态系统的Ｃ素库和群落的ＣＯ２排放动态,通过在尖峰岭林区进行为期３ａ的研究,结果表明,热带山地雨林的碳素库主要有３个方面,即森林生物量中的Ｃ为２３４．３０５６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,森林凋落的现存是中的Ｃ为２．９８ｔ／ｈｍ＾２以及土壤层中的Ｃ为１０４．６９６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,合计为３４１．９８１６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,森林生态系统中的ＣＯ２平衡的基本动     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林C素库及皆伐影响的初步研究

对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林和更新林的Ｃ素库以及皆伐对森林Ｃ素库影响的研究表明,尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林的Ｃ素库总量为３４０．４６７ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,其中植物Ｃ储量为２３２．７９１ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２土壤有机碳储量为１０４．６９６ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,枯枝落叶层Ｃ储量为２．９８ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,更新林的Ｃ素库总量为２５８．９６６ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２其中植物Ｃ储量为１５０．２０３ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,土壤有机Ｃ储量为１０５     

中亚热带东部三种主要木本群落土壤呼吸的研究

研究中亚热带东部青冈（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓｇｌａｕｃａ）常绿阔叶林、毛竹（Ｐｈｙｌｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓｐｕｂｅｓｃｅｎｓ）林和茶（Ｃａｍｅｌｉａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）园土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤含水率的关系,建立了土壤呼吸速率与地表温度的模型,根据气象资料估算得到青冈常绿阔叶林、毛竹林、茶园的年均土壤ＣＯ２呼吸量,３种群落依次为２４．１２、３０．７７、２８．５５ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ,进一步估算出浙江省常绿阔叶林、毛竹林和茶园每年土壤ＣＯ２排放量,分别为９．２７×１０６、１．３６×１０７、７．１６×１０６ｔ／ａ     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林凋落物和粗死木质物的初步研究

中山湿性常绿阔叶林是我国山地常绿阔叶林中一个重要而特殊的类型。云南哀牢山原生中生湿性常绿阔叶林的小凋落物量（叶、直径＜ ２．５ ｃｍ 枝、花果和杂物）为（６．７７±１．４３）ｔ／（ｈｍ ２·ａ）,大枯枝（直径≥２．５ ｃｍ ）凋落量为（０．４５±０．１８） ｔ／（ｈｍ ２·ａ）,凋落高峰发生在干季末期４～５ 月和初冬时１０～１１ 月。由倒木、枯立木和大枯枝等组成的粗死木质物在该类森林中的现存量达９８．４６ ｔ／ｈｍ ２,其中倒木占其总量的８５．８％ ,且它们在林内分布不均匀,增加了森林生态系统结构和生境的多样性。粗死木质物是森林中重要的养分库,其中的Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ａｌ和Ｆｅ元素的总贮量达到４８６９９ ｔ／ｈｍ ２,每年通过凋落物方式积累于林地表的养分元素只占其总量的７．７７％     

宝天曼自然保护区栓皮栎林生物量和净生产力研究

对河南内乡宝天曼自然保护区４５年生天然次生栓皮栎林的生物量和净生产力的研究表明,栓皮栎林生物量为１６７．６４１７ｔ·ｈｍ－２,其中乔木层为１５８．８３８２ｔ·ｈｍ－２,占总量的９４．７５％;该林净生产力为８．４８８０ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,其中乔木层为７．９２５４ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,生物量平均相对生长速率为０．０４１．灌木层的生物量和净生产力分别为０．０６９４和０．０４５６ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１;而草本层的分别为０．１０４１和０．０９０８ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１．凋落物现存量为８．６３ｔ·ｈｍ－２,凋落物量为５．０３９５ｔ·ｈｍ－２·ａ－１,分别占总量的５．１５％及５９．３７％．净生产量与叶面积指数、叶量成正比关系,而与叶效率呈负相关关系．     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林生物量的初步研究

 本文用对比研究法对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林和更新林的地上部分生物现存量进行了测定,结果表明：未受干扰破坏的森林其生物量积累可达到较高的水平,原始林和更新林的生物现存量(包括凋落物现存量)分别为645.2和272.9t／ha,乔木层生物量占群落生物量的94%以上,表明了乔木层在森林生态系统中的重要地位和作用,而通过对原始林和更新林的生物产量结构的分析,反映出它们之间的一些差异性。林分的叶面积指数(LAI值)分别高达16.70和9.07,说明所调查的两个群落具有较高的生产力水平。热带林的早期更新速度很快,26年生的天然更新林分其生物量年平均净积累达9.8658t／ha·a,明显高于成熟林的6.2421t／ha·a,接近中等集约经营的热带人工林的生产力水平。     

北京山区辽东栎林土壤释放CO_2的模拟实验研究

模拟北京山区辽东栎林群落,对该类型土壤释放ＣＯ２过程进行了连续３ａ的实验研究,结果表明：辽东栎林土壤呼吸强度平均为５．９２±１．３２μｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍ－２ｓ－１,在不同月份中,以８月份最高,１０月最低,依次为８月＞７月＞６月＞９月＞１０月（Ｐ＜０．０５）;１３：００为土壤日呼吸的最高峰。温度为影响土壤呼吸的主要因子,二者存在极显著相关关系（ｒ＝０．５６６８,ｐ＜０．００１,ｎ＝９４）。据３ａ观测的土壤呼吸日平均值计算得出,模拟辽东栎林土壤释放ＣＯ２的通量估计范围为１７１．５～２７５．１ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１,平均为２２３．３ｋｇＣＯ２ｈｍ－２ｄ－１。     

南亚热带森林群落光合作用的模拟研究

以广东黑石顶森林群落为对象,将群落分为４层,其高度分别为２１ｍ,１３ｍ,９ｍ和１．５ｍ,对每层植物种类的叶片光合作用水平及相关因子进行了测定．建立了３个以净光合速率对光合有效辐射和ＣＯ２浓度响应的数学方程式为基础的植物瞬间光合作用模型．不同模型对群落各层的模拟效果不同,模型中的参数反映了群落各层植物对光合有效辐射的不同利用效率,即有第一层＜第二层＜第三层＜第四层．并建立了黑石顶南亚热带群落光合作用模型,利用该群落光合作用模型计算了黑石顶南亚热带常绿阔叶林森林群落的净第一性生产力,每年群落光合作用固定的ＣＯ２为６１．７５ｔ·ｈｍ－２,换算为干物质则为每年３７．０４ｔ·ｈｍ－２．群落净第一性生产力中,群落第一层占８２．０９％,第二层占１０．７７％,第三层占６．２８％,第四层占０．０５％．一年中以６～９这４个月的净第一性生产力最高,而１２、１、２等３个月的净第一性生产力最低     

旅游和工业化对亚热带森林地区大气环境质量及两种木本植物叶绿素荧光特性的影响

研究了旅游、工业化等不同类型的人类活动对亚热带森林大气ＣＯ２、ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ浓度及两种木本植物———木荷（ＳｃｈｉｍａｓｕｐｅｒｂａＧａｒｄｎ．ｅｔＣｈａｍｐ．）和马尾松（ＰｉｎｕｓｍａｓｏｎｉａｎａＬａｍｂ．）叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,不同形式人类活动使森林中大气ＣＯ２浓度上升了１７～３０μｍｏｌ·ｍｏｌ－１,ＮＯｘ化合物的浓度上升了５～２０ｎｍｏｌ·ｍｏｌ－１,ＳＯ２浓度上升了２～１９ｎｍｏｌ·ｍｏｌ－１。森林大气中ＣＯ２、ＮＯｘ、ＳＯ２浓度随着人类活动的加强而升高。木荷和马尾松叶片Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ、ΦＰＳⅡ和稳态下的ｑＰ随人类活动加强而下降,其下降趋势与ＣＯ２、ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ的上升趋势相一致。     

呼吸末二氧化碳监测在临床中的应用

呼吸末二氧化碳监测是评估患者通气状态的重要指标,也是确保病人安全的重要参数之一。呼吸末二氧化碳分压与动脉血二氧化碳分压之间存在良好的相关关系,可以通过持续监测其动态观察动脉血二氧化碳分压,近年来呼吸末二氧化碳监测已经成为了临床工作中一项常规监测技术手段。在临床的实际工作中呼吸末二氧化碳监测不仅能够确定气管插管的位置,评估心肺复苏的预后,而且能够监测患者的通气功能状态,更好地指导工作中呼吸模式和呼吸机的参数的调整,为撤机提供准确的时机,并能及时发现机械故障和减少不必要的操作。本文重点对呼吸末二氧化碳监测的原理以及其在临床中的应用展开综述。     

Respiration in a future, higher-CO2 world

Abstract. Apart from its impact on global warming, the annually increasing atmospheric [CO₂] is of interest to plant scientists primarily because of its direct influence on photosynthesis and photorespiration in C₃ species. But in addition, 'dark' respiration, another major component of the carbon budget of higher plants, may be affected by a change in [CO₂] independent of an increase in temperature. Literature pertaining to an impact of [CO₂] on respiration rate is reviewed. With an increase in [CO₂], respiration rate is increased in some cases, but decreased in others. The effects of [CO₂] on respiration rate may be direct or indirect. Mechanisms responsible for various observations are proposed. These proposed mechanisms relate to changes in: (1) levels of nonstructural carbohydrates, (2) growth rate and structural phytomass accumulation, (3) composition of phytomass, (4) direct chemical interactions between CO₂ and respiratory enzymes, (5) direct chemical interactions between CO₂ and other cellular components, (6) dark CO₂ fixation rate, and (7) ethylene biosynthesis rate. Because a range-of (possibly interactive) effects exist, and present knowledge is limited, the impact of future [CO₂] on respiration rate cannot be predicted. Theoretical considerations and types of experiments that can lead to an increase in the understanding of this issue are outlined.     

Does soil nitrogen influence growth,water transport and survival of snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel.) under CO2 enrichment?

Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieber ex Sprengel. (snow gum) was grown under ambient (370  µ L L⁻¹) and elevated (700  µ L L⁻¹) atmospheric [CO₂] in open-top chambers (OTCs) in the field and temperature-controlled glasshouses. Nitrogen applications to the soil ranged from 0.1 to 2.75 g N per plant. Trees in the field at high N levels grew rapidly during summer, particularly in CO₂-enriched atmosphere, but suffered high mortality during summer heatwaves. Generally, wider and more numerous secondary xylem vessels at the root–shoot junction in CO₂-enriched trees conferred fourfold higher below-ground hydraulic conductance. Enhanced hydraulic capacity was typical of plants at elevated [CO₂] (in which root and shoot growth was accelerated), but did not result from high N supply. However, because high rates of N application consistently made trees prone to dehydration during heatwaves, glasshouse studies were required to identify the effect of N nutrition on root development and hydraulics. While the effects of elevated [CO₂] were again predominantly on hydraulic conductivity, N nutrition acted specifically by constraining deep root penetration into soil. Specifically, 15–40% shallower root systems supported marginally larger shoot canopies. Independent changes to hydraulics and root penetration have implications for survival of fertilized trees under elevated atmospheric [CO₂], particularly during water stress.     

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bioleaching of a pyrite-arsenopyrite ore concentrate

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bacterial leaching of a pyrite-arsenopyrite ore concentrate was studied in continuous-flow reactors. Steady-state operation with two feed slurry densities, 6 wt% and 16 wt% solids, were tested for the effect of carbon dioxide concentration. Bacterial growth rates were estimated via the measurement of carbon dioxide consumption rates. Aqueous-phase carbon dioxide concentrations in excess of 10 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

溪流二氧化碳排放研究进展

陆源碳经内陆水体生态系统输出是全球碳循环的关键一环,其中溪流碳排放超过内陆水体平均碳排放,影响区域乃至全球碳收支.本文通过对前人的研究结果进行总结,归纳了当前溪流二氧化碳分压(pCO2)、二氧化碳排放通量(FCO2)的动态变化特征,二者均表现出明显的昼夜变化和季节变化特征,且随溪流分级的增大而减小;梳理了影响溪流pCO...     

DIVERSITY IN THE MECHANISM OF CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION IN DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

The mechanism of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in the green flagellate Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher varies during growth in batch culture. Evidence for this change comes from three sources: i) algae from the stationary phase incorporated a greater proportion of the fixed carbon into amino arids and protein than did cells from the mid-exponential phase; ii) the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase relative to that of ribulose-1, 5-di-phosphate carboxylase increased with age in batch culture; and, iii) cells from the stationary phase appeared to utilize the bicarbonate ion as the substrate for photosynthesis, whereas those from mid-exponential phase appeared to utilize fire carbon dioxide. These data suggest that a change of photosynthetic mechanism can occur within a single species of alga, depending on its physiological state.     

Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by dense phase carbon dioxide

Dense phase carbon dioxide (DPCD) is one of the most promising techniques available to control microorganisms as a non-thermal disinfection method. However, no study on the efficiency of biofilm disinfection using DPCD has been reported. The efficiency of DPCD in inactivating Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, which is known to have high antimicrobial resistance, was thus investigated. P. aeruginosa biofilm, which was not immersed in water but was completely wet, was found to be more effectively inactivated by DPCD treatment, achieving a 6-log reduction within 7 min. The inactivation efficiency increased modestly with increasing pressure and temperature. This study also reports that the water-unimmersed condition is one of the most important operating parameters in achieving efficient biofilm control by DPCD treatment. In addition, observations by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that DPCD treatment not only inactivated biofilm cells on the glass coupons but also caused detachment of the biofilm following weakening of its structure as a result of the DPCD treatment; this is an added benefit of DPCD treatment.     

CO2 concentrations in perennially ice-covered lakes of Taylor Valley, Antarctica

Lakes in Taylor Valley, southern Victoria Land,Antarctica, are unusual in that they areperennially covered by a 3–5 m thick ice layer.Previous work on gas concentrations in theselakes has shown that the surface waters aresupersaturated with respect to O₂,N₂O, as well as the noble gases. Our datashow that the dissolved CO₂ (CO_2(aq))concentrations, calculated from pH andCO₂, can be highly undersaturatedat shallow depths of the lakes. CO₂partial pressure values (pCO₂) are as lowas 10^–4.3 atm and 10^–4.2 atm in theeast and west lobes of Lake Bonney,respectively, and 10^–3.8 atm in LakeHoare. CO_2(aq) depletion occurred only inthe uppermost part of the water column, inassociation with elevated primary productivity(PPR). The upward diffusion of CO_2(aq)from the aphotic zone, and the annual input ofCO₂ via glacial meltwater can notreplenish the amount of CO_2(aq) annuallylost to primary productivity in the uppermostmeters of the water column. Calcification is alimited source of CO_2(aq), since the lakesare undersaturated with respect to calcitethrough portions of the austral summer.Preliminary respiration rates have been used toobtain an annual inorganic carbon balance.Further down in the water column, at the sitesof the deep-water maximum in primary production(PPR_max), which in Lakes Bonney andFryxell is associated with nutrient gradients,CO_2(aq) is not undersaturated. A largeupward flux from CO₂-supersaturatedaphotic waters provides a surplus ofCO_2(aq) at the PPR_max. Lake Fryxell,unlike the other lakes, is supersaturated withCO_2(aq) throughout the entire water column.     

Platelet activating factor (PAF) production by mouse embryos in vitro and its effect on embryonic metabolism

Factors affecting the production of platelet activating factor (PAF) by mouse embryos during culture in vitro were investigated. Detectable levels of embryo-derived PAF were produced within 1-4 hr with maximum PAF activity being observed after 6 hr of culture in vitro. The amount of PAF detected in media after 24 hr of culture of two-cell embryos was equivalent to 12.8 ng PAF/embryo. However, differences in activity were apparent with increased time in culture. Reduced synthesis of PAF during culture in vitro was supported by the observation that morulae stage embryos collected fresh from the reproductive tract displayed more PAF activity than morulae resulting from the 48 hr culture of two-cell embryos. In addition to determining production characteristics of PAF by embryos, we also show that the production of CO2 from carbon-1 position of lactate is positively correlated with the ability of embryos to develop during subsequent culture in vitro and therefore could be used as a measure of embryo viability. Furthermore, culture of embryos in media supplemented with PAF resulted in an increase in lactate utilization demonstrating a direct effect of PAF on the embryo. As PAF is produced by preimplantation embryos, an autocoid role of PAF in regulating embryo development is implicated. Therefore, the reduced production of PAF by embryos in vitro may explain the decreased viability of embryos commonly observed following their culture in vitro.