干旱叠加海平面上升、氮负荷增加对河口潮汐沼泽生态系统净CO2交换的影响

河口潮汐沼泽湿地是全球重要的蓝碳生态系统之一。海平面上升和氮负荷增加是入海河流河口湿地面临的两个主要环境问题。近年来,干旱事件频发,干旱及其与海平面上升、氮负荷增加的叠加将如何影响河口潮汐沼泽湿地生态系统净CO₂交换,目前还未见报道。2020年夏秋,福建沿海经历了数月严重的气象干旱,这为揭示干旱对河口潮汐沼泽湿地生态系统净CO₂交换量(NEE)和生态系统呼吸(ER)的影响提供了一个契机。分别于2019年8—10月(正常天气)和2020年8—10月(干旱天气),在闽江河口微咸水短叶茳芏沼泽湿地运用光合作用测定仪+箱法测定不同处理(对照、模拟海平面上升、模拟氮负荷增加、模拟海平面上升+模拟氮负荷增加)短叶茳芏湿地生态系统NEE和ER,以期揭示气象干旱与海平面上升、氮负荷增加的叠加对河口沼泽湿地生态系统净CO₂交换的影响。与正常天气相比,干旱天气下各处理(包含对照)的NEE均显著降低(P<0.05);对照、海平面上升以及氮负荷增加处理样地的ER显著减少(P<0.05),海平面上升+氮负荷增加处理ER显著增加(P&l...     

基于海平面影响湿地模型的海平面上升影响海岸湿地景观研究

科学客观评估海平面上升对海岸生态环境带来的风险是实现合理利用和开发海岸资源的关键。运用海平面影响湿地模型（SLAMM）定量模拟预测近期（2017—2030 年）、中期（2017—2050 年）和远期（2017—2100 年）海平面上升3 个不同阶段对广州海岸湿地景观空间分布和面积变化的影响,并对其生态系统服务价值变化进行定量评估。结果显示：1）近期海平面上升导致海岸湿地空间分布呈显著破碎化趋势,中期和远期的影响相对趋于稳定;2）盐沼、芦苇沼泽和红树林面积减少量变化显著,河口水域面积持续扩大,滩涂面积出现波动性变化;3）生态系统服务价值总量呈现“减少（近期）—增加（中期）—减少（远期）”的波动性变化特征,但最终总量减少,减少约435 492.59 万元,其中渔业生产和教育科研价值减少量变化显著,污染净化价值增加量变化显著,干扰调节价值波动性变化显著。     

基于Meta分析的青岛市湿地生态系统服务价值评估

为了解青岛市各湿地类型生态系统服务价值,本文应用Meta分析构建青岛市湿地生态系统服务价值转移模型,估算了青岛市各湿地类型的价值水平,并对模型的影响因素及有效性进行了探讨。结果表明:构建的青岛市价值转移模型中,污染防治成本法、生态价值法、涵养水源以及侵蚀控制等自变量的回归系数为正,其对青岛市湿地价值为正效应;而影子价格法、碳税法、旅行费用法、沼泽湿地以及湿地面积的回归系数为负,其对青岛市湿地价值表现为负效应;2012年青岛市各湿地类型生态系统服务单位面积价值为近海与海岸湿地(3.29×10~4元·hm~(-2))河流湿地(2.38×10~4元·hm~(-2))人工湿地(2.27×10~4元·hm~(-2))沼泽湿地(1.77×10~4元·hm~(-2));与1997年相比,2012年总服务价值减少了8.01×10~8元;生态系统服务价值评估方法的使用、不同生态系统服务以及湿地面积之间的差异是影响青岛市湿地生态系统服务价值变化的重要方面;人们的重视及保护程度、当地的消费水平以及政府的投入是单位价值不同的主要原因;近海与海岸湿地生态系统服务价值的减少是湿地生态系统服务总价值减少的关键原因;Meta分析价值转移模型的有效性检验结果说明,当人力和财力资源受到制约时或当估值数据缺乏时,其可以作为快速评估湿地生态系统服务价值的一种有效方法。     

中国内陆湿地生态系统服务价值评估——以71个湿地案例点为数据源

湿地生态系统为人类生存和发展提供了多种服务功能,不仅包括水资源、水产品等直接输出功能,还包括调蓄洪水、净化水质、调节大气成分等调节服务功能和文化服务功能。通过对已经发表湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价相关的文献进行搜集和整理,得到全国71个湿地案例点的价值评价数据,在此基础上对湿地生态系统各项服务功能在全国各区域的生态系统价值量进行对比分析。全国湿地价值评价结果显示,按照各项服务功能按照价值量高低排序依次为调节气候调蓄洪水涵养水源净化水质保持土壤产品输出固碳释氧生物栖息地旅游休闲科研教育。在对全国湿地进行分区分析得知,东北平原及山区、东部地区和青藏高原地区在各项调节、供给服务功能方面发挥着显著的积极作用,这3个区域同时也是我国湿地的密集分布区。结合不同地理分区下的湿地生态系统服务功能价值量特点,可以实现区域发展与湿地生态环境研究的协同发展,并能够为湿地的保护和建设起到科学、合理的参考方案。     

菜州湾南岸滨海湿地的生态系统服务价值及变化

在提出莱州湾南岸滨海湿地生态系统服务价值分类系统和湿地类型系统基础上,提取1987年10月、2002年10月2个时段Landsat 7卫星遥感影像空间数据计算了莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的生态系统服务价值,并分析了湿地生态系统服务价值的变化.结果表明:湿地产出的水产品和原盐价值、气体调节服务价值和涵养水源服务价值是研究区湿地的核心生态系统服务价值,自然湿地的生态系统服务价值以气体调节服务价值和涵养水源服务价值为主,人工湿地的生态系统服务价值以产出的水产品和原盐价值为主.15年间湿地总的生态系统服务价值由38.953亿元降至27.743亿元,降低了28.8%;单位面积湿地的生态系统服务价值由4.291万元·hm-2降至3.031万元·hm-2,降低了29.4%.引起湿地总生态系统服务价值降低的主要原因是自然湿地转化为养殖池和盐田等人工湿地,自然湿地转化为人工湿地后,湿地总的生态系统服务价值中直接使用价值升高了,但间接使用价值和非使用价值降低了.为避免湿地生态系统服务价值的降低,应严格控制人工湿地建设,保护现有的自然湿地.     

扎龙湿地生态系统服务价值评价

从避免重复计算的角度出发,将湿地生态系统服务分为最终服务和中间服务两部分,以最终服务的价值作为湿地生态系统服务的总价值。以扎龙湿地为例,其最终服务包括物质生产、土壤保持、水质净化、气候调节、固碳、调蓄洪水、大气调节、休闲旅游、科研教育和授粉服务,中间服务包括净初级生产力、营养循环、涵养水源、地下水补给和生物多样性维持服务,采用市场价值法、替代成本法和旅行费用法等生态经济学方法对扎龙湿地的生态系统服务进行了评价。结果表明,2011年扎龙湿地生态系统服务总价值为679.4亿元,中间服务价值为471.5亿元,各项最终服务的价值大小为气候调节调蓄洪水大气调节固碳休闲旅游授粉服务物质生产水质净化科研教育土壤保持。扎龙湿地不仅是重要的蓄洪区和泥碳储存地,在区域气候调节方面也起着巨大的作用。针对扎龙湿地的管理,应该保护和恢复湿地面积,同时注意适当的增加旅游。     

菜州湾南岸滨海湿地的生态系统服务价值及变化

在提出莱州湾南岸滨海湿地生态系统服务价值分类系统和湿地类型系统基础上,提取1987年10月、2002年10月2个时段Landsat 7卫星遥感影像空间数据计算了莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的生态系统服务价值,并分析了湿地生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明：湿地产出的水产品和原盐价值、气体调节服务价值和涵养水源服务价值是研究区湿地的核心生态系统服务价值,自然湿地的生态系统服务价值以气体调节服务价值和涵养水源服务价值为主,人工湿地的生态系统服务价值以产出的水产品和原盐价值为主。15年间湿地总的生态系统服务价值由38.953亿元降至27.743亿元,降低了28.8%;单位面积湿地的生态系统服务价值由4.291万元·hm^-2降至3.031万元·hm^-2,降低了29.4%。引起湿地总生态系统服务价值降低的主要原因是自然湿地转化为养殖池和盐田等人工湿地,自然湿地转化为人工湿地后,湿地总的生态系统服务价值中直接使用价值升高了,但间接使用价值和非使用价值降低了。为避免湿地生态系统服务价值的降低,应严格控制人工湿地建设,保护现有的自然湿地。     

拉萨河源头麦地卡湿地景观格局及功能动态分析

在全球变化的大背景下,如何保护好高原湿地显得非常迫切。为了有效保护拉萨河源头,采用遥感影像解译和模型评估方法,分析拉萨河源头麦地卡湿地的土地利用格局现状特征和服务功能变化,结果表明:麦地卡湿地保护区湿地面积减少5825hm2,湿地面积减少以沼泽湿地为主,草地面积增加5727 hm2,未利用地面积仅增加98.5 hm2;近30年来因气温和地表温度升高明显,暖干化的气候变化趋势导致湿地面积萎缩,天然牧草地面积显著增加;调节服务是麦地卡湿地保护区主要的生态服务功能,占总服务价值的70%,湿地面积尤其是沼泽湿地面积的萎缩是麦地卡湿地保护区生态服务功能减弱的主要原因。     

基于SD模型的上海市湿地生态系统服务变化过程与情景研究

湿地是上海市城市生态系统的重要组成部分,但其面积在过去几十年间显著减少,影响了城市生态系统服务的供给。通过构建系统动力学模型模拟上海市湿地生态系统服务变化的过程与未来情景。研究表明:(1)该模型有效且具有实际仿真的可操作性,并可根据政策要求设定参数,对上海市湿地生态系统服务价值的变化进行模拟与预测,结果可为上海市制定湿地保护或生态规划政策提供可行性分析。(2)对4种不同"湿地面积增长率"的情景进行模拟,结果显示了未来经济以不同增速条件发展时湿地生态系统服务价值的变化:无论哪种情景,文化服务价值最高,占总价值的64%以上,且在研究时段内呈增长趋势;调节服务价值次之,呈增长趋势;供给服务价值最低,呈下降趋势。(3)到2025年,按照现行的政策,上海市湿地面积将减少至37.92×10~4hm~2,届时湿地生态系统服务价值为4711.56×10~8元,占上海市国内生产总值的20%,人均1.95×10~4元。     

贵州草海湿地生态系统服务价值评估

贵州草海是中国三大高原淡水湖泊之一,其湿地生态系统能给人类提供产品和服务,为社会可持续发展提供基础,由于其价值没有被量化,人们对其重要性缺乏直观认识,导致了湿地的不合理开发及利用。根据草海湿地的特征,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、问卷调查法等定量评估了2010年草海湿地生态系统最终服务价值,包括供给服务、调节服务和文化服务。结果表明,草海湿地生态系统服务总价值为4.39×108元,其中供给服务价值为0.74×108元,调节服务价值为1.14×108元,文化服务价值为2.51×108元;所计算的10项服务按其价值大小排序为:休闲娱乐生物多样性与景观资源保护水资源供给调蓄洪水气候调节补给地下水大气组分调节原材料生产水质净化食物生产;单位面积服务价值为16.40×104元/hm2,是2010年贵州省威宁县单位面积GDP产值的16.91倍。从研究结果来看,草海湿地生态系统服务价值较大,为草海湿地的管理及保护提供了一定参考依据。     

On the Relationship Between Sea Level and Spartina alterniflora Production

A positive relationship between interannual sea level and plant growth is thought to stabilize many coastal landforms responding to accelerating rates of sea level rise. Numerical models of delta growth, tidal channel network evolution, and ecosystem resilience incorporate a hump-shaped relationship between inundation and plant primary production, where vegetation growth increases with sea level up to an optimum water depth or inundation frequency. In contrast, we use decade-long measurements of Spartina alterniflora biomass in seven coastal Virginia (USA) marshes to demonstrate that interannual sea level is rarely a primary determinant of vegetation growth. Although we find tepid support for a hump-shaped relationship between aboveground production and inundation when marshes of different elevation are considered, our results suggest that marshes high in the intertidal zone and low in relief are unresponsive to sea level fluctuations. We suggest existing models are unable to capture the behavior of wetlands in these portions of the landscape, and may underestimate their vulnerability to sea level rise because sea level rise will not be accompanied by enhanced plant growth and resultant sediment accumulation.     

Beyond just sea‐level rise: considering macroclimatic drivers within coastal wetland vulnerability assessments to climate change

Due to their position at the land‐sea interface, coastal wetlands are vulnerable to many aspects of climate change. However, climate change vulnerability assessments for coastal wetlands generally focus solely on sea‐level rise without considering the effects of other facets of climate change. Across the globe and in all ecosystems, macroclimatic drivers (e.g., temperature and rainfall regimes) greatly influence ecosystem structure and function. Macroclimatic drivers have been the focus of climate change‐related threat evaluations for terrestrial ecosystems, but largely ignored for coastal wetlands. In some coastal wetlands, changing macroclimatic conditions are expected to result in foundation plant species replacement, which would affect the supply of certain ecosystem goods and services and could affect ecosystem resilience. As examples, we highlight several ecological transition zones where small changes in macroclimatic conditions would result in comparatively large changes in coastal wetland ecosystem structure and function. Our intent in this communication is not to minimize the importance of sea‐level rise. Rather, our overarching aim is to illustrate the need to also consider macroclimatic drivers within vulnerability assessments for coastal wetlands.     

The influence of tidal forcing on groundwater flow and nutrient exchange in a salt marsh-dominated estuary

Data from salt marshes in the U.S. Southeast show that long-term variations in mean water level (MWL) correlate strongly with salt marsh productivity and porewater salinity. Here we used numerical models of tidally-driven groundwater flow to assess the effect of variations in tidal amplitude and MWL on porewater exchange between salt marshes and tidal creeks. We modeled homogeneous and layered stratigraphy and compared flat and sloped topography for the marsh surface. Results are consistent with field observations and showed that increases in tidal amplitude increased groundwater flushing, particularly when increasing the tidal amplitude caused the marsh platform to be inundated at high tide. Increases in MWL caused groundwater flushing to increase if that rise caused greater areas of the marsh to be inundated at high tide. Once the marsh was fully inundated at high tide, further increases in MWL caused groundwater flushing to decrease. Results suggest that small increases in MWL associated with sea level rise could increase nutrient export significantly in marshes with elevations that are equilibrated near mean high water, but rising sea level could decrease the export of nutrients to, and thus fertility in, estuaries adjacent to marshes that are equilibrated lower in the tidal frame. Likewise, macrotidal estuaries are predicted to be subject to much larger groundwater and nutrient exchange than similar microtidal estuaries. We speculate that the early stages of rising relative sea level may significantly impact water quality in estuaries that are not river-dominated by raising the discharge of nutrients from coastal wetlands.     

Salt marshes along the coast of The Netherlands

The area of salt marshes does no longer increase. The recent erosion coincides with a rise in MHT-level in the last 25 years. Despite the decrease in area, sedimentation continues, especially in the lower salt marsh, which acts as a sink of nitrogen. Assimilation and mineralization of nitrogen are in balance in most plant communities along the gradient from lower to higher salt marshes. Mineralization of nitrogen increases towards the higher salt marsh, whereas the above-ground production and the mean nitrogen content of plants decrease. There is a positive correlation between quality of food plants in salt marshes and breeding success of Brent geese in the arctic tundra. Sedimentation on mainland salt marshes can compensate for the expected sea level rise. This is not the case for island salt marshes, if the relative sea level rise is more than 0.5–1.0 cm yr⁻¹. The natural succession on salt marshes results in an accumulation of organic material, which is related to the dominance of single plant species. It is not clear to which extent this process is enhanced by eutrophication from acid deposition and seawater. Human exploitation of unprotected salt marshes is old and heavy in the system of mound settlements. Reclamation rates by dikes in the last centuries were higher than the rate of area increase. Grazing by cattle as a management practice results in both a higher plant species-richness and community diversity than abandoning; hay-making is intermediate, but shows less structural diversity than grazing with low stocking density. The invertebrate fauna is favoured by a short period of abandoning, but eventually characteristic salt marsh invertebrates are replaced by inland species. Many bird species prefer grazed salt marshes. The final section gives some perspectives. Provided that no further embankments take place the optimal nature management option for plants and animals is a vegetation pattern, which includes areas with a low canopy (grazed) and areas with a tall canopy.     

Feedback of coastal marshes to climate change: Long‐term phenological shifts

Coastal marshes are important carbon sinks facing serious threats from climatic stressors. Current research reveals that the growth of individual marsh plants is susceptible to a changing climate, but the responses of different marsh systems at a landscape scale are less clear. Here, we document the multi‐decadal changes in the phenology and the area of the extensive coastal marshes in Louisiana, USA, a representative of coastal ecosystems around the world that currently experiencing sea‐level rise, temperature warming, and atmospheric CO₂ increase. The phenological records are constructed using the longest continuous satellite‐based record of the Earth's ecosystems, the Landsat data, and an advanced modeling technique, the nonlinear mixed model. We find that the length of the growing seasons of the intermediate and brackish marshes increased concomitantly with the atmospheric CO₂ concentration over the last 30 years, and predict that such changes will continue and accelerate in the future. These phenological changes suggest a potential increase in CO₂ uptake and thus a negative feedback mechanism to climate change. The areas of the freshwater and intermediate marshes were stable over the period studied, but the areas of the brackish and saline marshes decreased substantially, suggesting ecosystem instability and carbon storage loss under the anticipated sea‐level rise. The marshes' phenological shifts portend their potentially critical role in climate mitigation, and the different responses among systems shed light on the underlying mechanisms of such changes.     

滨海湿地消浪服务空间分布特征——以上海市崇明岛为例

全球气候变化增加了滨海地区遭受侵蚀、风暴潮等灾害的风险,利用自然湿地的消浪功能增强海岸防护是当前研究的热点,但目前对消浪服务的空间分布评估研究相对匮乏。以上海市崇明岛环岛滨海湿地为例,结合GIS与Kobayashi指数形式波高衰减模型评估常规状态下湿地消浪服务的空间分布特征。结果显示,大、小潮升条件下,崇明环岛湿地消波的平均高度分别为0.94、0.54 m与效度分别为83.6%、60.4%,消波高度的空间分布表现为南岸小于北岸,消波效度的空间分布在小潮升时与消波高度相似,而大潮升时南岸的消波效度有明显提升。物理环境与生物因素空间分布及其相互作用的异质性,导致消浪服务的空间分布也具有空间异质性。实际参与消波的断面宽度与不同景观消波服务的评估结果表明,一个断面的所有景观并非都参与到消浪过程中,即使在大潮升时期,不同岸段景观的平均参与度不足71%。潮高与波高的增加并不会使参与消波的景观规模成对应比例的增加,说明消波服务在空间上具有明显的非线性特征。研究可为滨海湿地生态修复空间规划、基于生态系统的海岸带管理、自然资本核算提供科技支撑。     

Climate change and loss of saltmarshes: consequences for birds

Saltmarshes are areas of vegetation subject to tidal inundation and are important to birds for several reasons. Saltmarshes are areas of high primary productivity and their greatest significance for coastal birds is probably as the base of estuarine food webs, because saltmarshes export considerable amounts of organic carbon to adjacent habitats, particularly to the invertebrates of mudflats. In addition, saltmarshes are of direct importance to birds by providing sites for feeding, nesting and roosting. Climate change can affect saltmarshes in a number of ways, including through sea-level rise. When sea-level rises the marsh vegetation moves upward and inland but sea walls that prevent this are said to lead to coastal squeeze and loss of marsh area. However, evidence from southeast England, and elsewhere, indicates that sea-level rise does not necessarily lead to loss of marsh area because marshes accrete vertically and maintain their elevation with respect to sea-level where the supply of sediment is sufficient. Organogenic marshes and those in areas where sediment may be more limiting (e.g. some west coast areas) may be more susceptible to coastal squeeze, as may other marshes, if some extreme predictions of accelerated rates of sea-level rise are realized.     

Processes Contributing to Resilience of Coastal Wetlands to Sea-Level Rise

The objectives of this study were to identify processes that contribute to resilience of coastal wetlands subject to rising sea levels and to determine whether the relative contribution of these processes varies across different wetland community types. We assessed the resilience of wetlands to sea-level rise along a transitional gradient from tidal freshwater forested wetland (TFFW) to marsh by measuring processes controlling wetland elevation. We found that, over 5 years of measurement, TFFWs were resilient, although some marginally, and oligohaline marshes exhibited robust resilience to sea-level rise. We identified fundamental differences in how resilience is maintained across wetland community types, which have important implications for management activities that aim to restore or conserve resilient systems. We showed that the relative importance of surface and subsurface processes in controlling wetland surface elevation change differed between TFFWs and oligohaline marshes. The marshes had significantly higher rates of surface accretion than the TFFWs, and in the marshes, surface accretion was the primary contributor to elevation change. In contrast, elevation change in TFFWs was more heavily influenced by subsurface processes, such as root zone expansion or compaction, which played an important role in determining resilience of TFFWs to rising sea level. When root zone contributions were removed statistically from comparisons between relative sea-level rise and surface elevation change, sites that previously had elevation rate deficits showed a surplus. Therefore, assessments of wetland resilience that do not include subsurface processes will likely misjudge vulnerability to sea-level rise.     

Total ecosystem carbon stocks at the marine‐terrestrial interface: Blue carbon of the Pacific Northwest Coast,United States

The coastal ecosystems of temperate North America provide a variety of ecosystem services including high rates of carbon sequestration. Yet, little data exist for the carbon stocks of major tidal wetland types in the Pacific Northwest, United States. We quantified the total ecosystem carbon stocks (TECS) in seagrass, emergent marshes, and forested tidal wetlands, occurring along increasing elevation and decreasing salinity gradients. The TECS included the total aboveground carbon stocks and the entire soil profile (to as deep as 3 m). TECS significantly increased along the elevation and salinity gradients: 217 ± 60 Mg C/ha for seagrass (low elevation/high salinity), 417 ± 70 Mg C/ha for low marsh, 551 ± 47 Mg C/ha for high marsh, and 1,064 ± 38 Mg C/ha for tidal forest (high elevation/low salinity). Soil carbon stocks accounted for >98% of TECS in the seagrass and marsh communities and 78% in the tidal forest. Soils in the 0–100 cm portion of the profile accounted for only 48%–53% of the TECS in seagrasses and marshes and 34% of the TECS in tidal forests. Thus, the commonly applied limit defining TECS to a 100 cm depth would greatly underestimate both carbon stocks and potential greenhouse gas emissions from land‐use conversion. The large carbon stocks coupled with other ecosystem services suggest value in the conservation and restoration of temperate zone tidal wetlands through climate change mitigation strategies. However, the findings suggest that long‐term sea‐level rise effects such as tidal inundation and increased porewater salinity will likely decrease ecosystem carbon stocks in the absence of upslope wetland migration buffer zones.