贵州草海湿地生态系统服务价值评估

贵州草海是中国三大高原淡水湖泊之一,其湿地生态系统能给人类提供产品和服务,为社会可持续发展提供基础,由于其价值没有被量化,人们对其重要性缺乏直观认识,导致了湿地的不合理开发及利用。根据草海湿地的特征,运用市场价值法、影子工程法、问卷调查法等定量评估了2010年草海湿地生态系统最终服务价值,包括供给服务、调节服务和文化服务。结果表明,草海湿地生态系统服务总价值为4.39×108元,其中供给服务价值为0.74×108元,调节服务价值为1.14×108元,文化服务价值为2.51×108元;所计算的10项服务按其价值大小排序为:休闲娱乐生物多样性与景观资源保护水资源供给调蓄洪水气候调节补给地下水大气组分调节原材料生产水质净化食物生产;单位面积服务价值为16.40×104元/hm2,是2010年贵州省威宁县单位面积GDP产值的16.91倍。从研究结果来看,草海湿地生态系统服务价值较大,为草海湿地的管理及保护提供了一定参考依据。

Evaluation of the ecosystem services in Caohai Wetland, Guizhou Province

Wetlands are the kidneys of the Earth. Wetland ecosystems are vital in regulating the Earth''s environmental balance. Caohai is one of the three Plateau Freshwater Lakes in China, located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau within the Yangtze River watershed area, having an important role in the downstream water balance. The Caohai Wetland ecosystem provides people not only with essential ecosystem goods, such as raw materials and freshwater resources, but also has the potential to provide many services that are critical for regional sustainable development. However, the lack of information on the ecological economic value of Caohai Wetland hinders cooperation among different stakeholders. Furthermore, inappropriate development and pollution are threatening the functioning and the resultant benefits provided by these wetland systems. The economic valuation of Caohai Wetland ecosystems can help to clarify the tradeoffs among ecosystem services and social goods and services towards wise wetland management. In this paper, we divided the wetland ecosystem services into 3 main categories, provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services, based on the underlying ecological mechanisms and beneficiary analyses. The 3 categories were further subdivided into 10 subcategories, food production, raw material production, water provisioning service, flood mitigation service, groundwater recharge service, water purification service, climate regulation service, gas regulation service, recreational service, and biodiversity and landscape conservation service. We evaluated the economic value of these 10 subcategories of wetland ecosystem services based on the year 2010 using different methodologies, such as the market value method, shadow engineering method, travel expense method, and contingent valuation method. According to the results of this valuation, the total economic value of the 10 subcategories of ecosystem services provided by Caohai Wetland was 4.39×10⁸ Yuan RMB, of which provisioning services, regulating services, and cultural services contributed 0.74×10⁸ Yuan RMB, 1.14×10⁸ Yuan RMB, and 2.51×10⁸ Yuan RMB, respectively. The major contributing services among all these wetland ecosystem services were recreational service, biodiversity and landscape conservation service, water provisioning service, and flood mitigation service. The total value of these four services was 3.78×10⁸ Yuan RMB, which accounted for 86.05% of the total value, with recreational service value accounting for 29.93%, the biodiversity and landscape conservation service value accounting for 27.20%, the water provisioning service value accounting for 15.53%, and the flood mitigation service value accounting for 13.39%. The recreational value topped the others in the economic valuation, followed in order by biodiversity and landscape conservation value, water provisioning value, flood mitigation value, climate regulation value, groundwater recharge value, gas regulation value, raw material production value, water purification value, and food production value. The area of Caohai Wetland covers only 0.43% of Weining County, but the economic value of this wetland was 16.40×10⁴ Yuan RMB per hectare, which is 16.91 times higher than the annual gross domestic product (GDP) per hectare of the county. Hence, it is inappropriate to transform Caohai Wetland into farmlands. The results of this study reflect the importance of Caohai Wetland in supporting the regional economy. Therefore, it is now important to raise public and government awareness to protect the wetlands for their continuous flow of sustainable services. Decision makers can incorporate the economic value of wetland ecosystem services to create ecological compensation mechanisms while dealing with the contradictions among different stakeholders.