潮汐作用下干湿交替对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

潮汐作用作为盐沼湿地独特的水文特征能在短时间内强烈影响盐沼湿地的碳平衡.利用涡度相关和微气象监测技术,对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)和环境因子进行监测,并同步监测潮汐变化,探究潮汐过程及潮汐作用下干湿交替对NEE的影响.结果表明: 潮汐过程促进了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收但未对夜晚CO₂的释放产生显著影响,潮汐淹水成为影响白天NEE的主要因子.干旱阶段和湿润阶段NEE的日平均动态均呈“U”型曲线,但干旱阶段NEE的变幅较小.干湿交替增强了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收,干旱阶段最大光合速率(A_max)、表观量子产量(α)和生态系统呼吸(R_eco)的均值均高于湿润阶段.此外,干湿交替减少了盐沼湿地夜晚NEE释放的同时增强了其温度敏感性.     

潮汐作用下干湿交替对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

潮汐作用作为盐沼湿地独特的水文特征能在短时间内强烈影响盐沼湿地的碳平衡.利用涡度相关和微气象监测技术,对黄河三角洲盐沼湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)和环境因子进行监测,并同步监测潮汐变化,探究潮汐过程及潮汐作用下干湿交替对NEE的影响.结果表明: 潮汐过程促进了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收但未对夜晚CO₂的释放产生显著影响,潮汐淹水成为影响白天NEE的主要因子.干旱阶段和湿润阶段NEE的日平均动态均呈“U”型曲线,但干旱阶段NEE的变幅较小.干湿交替增强了白天生态系统CO₂的吸收,干旱阶段最大光合速率(A_max)、表观量子产量(α)和生态系统呼吸(R_eco)的均值均高于湿润阶段.此外,干湿交替减少了盐沼湿地夜晚NEE释放的同时增强了其温度敏感性.     

甲烷排放部分抵消湿地生态系统碳汇功能：全球数据分析

湿地生态系统是吸收全球大气二氧化碳(CO₂)的汇,同时土壤厌氧环境造成其是大气甲烷(CH₄)的源。尽管有证据表明,湿地生态系统CH₄排放部分抵消其对大气CO₂的净吸收,但目前未见全球尺度湿地CH₄排放对其净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)抵消效应的研究。本研究分析了全球内陆湿地(泥炭湿地和非泥炭湿地)以及滨海湿地(海草床、盐沼和红树林)中同时测定湿地NEE和CH₄排放通量的数据。结果表明：各类型湿地生态系统均为大气CO₂的汇,NEE值排序为红树林(-2011.0 g CO₂·m^-2·a^-1)<盐沼(-1636.6 g CO₂·m^-2·a^-1)<非泥炭地(-870.8 g CO₂·m^-2·a^-1)<泥炭地(...     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控机制

采用涡度相关法,对2011年生长季的黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了观测,研究湿地NEE的变化规律及其影响因子.结果表明: 不同月份芦苇湿地的NEE日变化均呈“U”形曲线,CO₂最大净吸收率和释放率的日均值分别为(0.44±0.03)和(0.16±0.01) mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;芦苇湿地NEE、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)的季节变化均呈现生长旺季(7-9月)较高、生长初期(5-6月)和生长末期(10-11月)较低的趋势;R_eco和NEE在8月达到峰值,GPP在7月达到峰值.芦苇湿地生态系统的CO₂交换受到光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T_s)和土壤体积含水量(SWC)的共同影响.白天NEE与PAR呈直角双曲线关系;5 cm深处T_s与夜间生态系统呼吸(R_eco,n)呈指数关系,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为2.30,SWC和T_s是影响芦苇湿地R_eco,n的主要因子.在整个生长季,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统是一个明显的CO₂的汇,总净固碳量为780.95 g CO₂·m^-2.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生长季净生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控机制

采用涡度相关法,对2011年生长季的黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了观测,研究湿地NEE的变化规律及其影响因子.结果表明: 不同月份芦苇湿地的NEE日变化均呈“U”形曲线,CO₂最大净吸收率和释放率的日均值分别为(0.44±0.03)和(0.16±0.01) mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1;芦苇湿地NEE、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)的季节变化均呈现生长旺季(7—9月)较高、生长初期(5—6月)和生长末期(10—11月)较低的趋势;R_eco和NEE在8月达到峰值,GPP在7月达到峰值.芦苇湿地生态系统的CO₂交换受到光合有效辐射(PAR)、土壤温度(T_s)和土壤体积含水量(SWC)的共同影响.白天NEE与PAR呈直角双曲线关系;5 cm深处T_s与夜间生态系统呼吸(R_eco,n)呈指数关系,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)为2.30,SWC和T_s是影响芦苇湿地R_eco,n的主要因子.在整个生长季,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地生态系统是一个明显的CO₂的汇,总净固碳量为780.95 g CO₂·m^-2.     

闽江河口芦苇沼泽和短叶茳芏沼泽生态系统含碳温室气体的年收支

河口感潮沼泽是全球重要的蓝碳生态系统,具有很强的固碳能力。碳收支研究是量化生态系统碳源/汇过程及固碳规模的基础。本研究运用透明箱和不同遮光率布遮盖+红外气体分析仪/气相色谱相结合的方法,模拟不同光照条件,测定闽江河口鳝鱼滩半咸水芦苇沼泽和短叶茳芏沼泽的瞬时净生态系统二氧化碳（CO₂）交换量（net ecosystem exchange,NEE）、生态系统呼吸（ecosystem respiration,ER）以及甲烷（CH₄）排放通量,并通过对总光合吸收量（gross ecosystem exchange,GEE）与光合有效辐射的拟合以及ER与气温的拟合,外推2个沼泽生态系统CO₂气体在月、年尺度上的NEE和ER,评估其年固碳量。2个沼泽生态系统的NEE和ER均具有明显的季节变化,春夏秋季为大气中CO₂的汇,而冬季则转化为大气中CO₂的源,芦苇沼泽年尺度固碳能力显著高于短叶茳芏沼泽。芦苇沼泽与短叶茳芏沼泽CH₄排放通量差异不显著。综合考虑CH₄排放,闽江河口鳝鱼滩半咸水芦苇沼泽、短叶茳芏沼泽生态系统年固碳量分别为（5371.52±336.97） g CO₂-eq/m²和（2730.32±503.67） g CO₂-eq/m²。研究表明：闽江河口半咸水沼泽湿地在年尺度上是一个较强的碳汇,在缓解全球变暖方面发挥着重要的角色。     

闽江河口区淡水和半咸水潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌多样性

为认识盐度对河口潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌的影响,应用PCR-RFLP技术及测序分析对闽江河口区淡水-半咸水盐度梯度上分布的4个短叶茳芏潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌群落结构进行研究。闽江河口区短叶茳芏潮汐沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌群落结构受盐度影响明显,位于下洋洲和塔礁洲的短叶茳芏潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌的香农-威纳多样性指数值分别为2.81和2.65,位于蝙蝠洲和鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏潮汐半咸水沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌香农-威纳多样性指数值分别仅为2.33和2.27。系统发育分析表明:短叶茳芏沼泽湿地土壤产甲烷菌类群主要有甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales),包括Methanobacterium、Methanobrevibacter和Methanobacteriaceae;甲烷微菌目(Methanomicrobiales),主要有Methanoregula,以及甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales),主要有Methanosarcina和Methanococcoides。闽江河口区短叶茳芏潮汐淡水沼泽湿地土壤主要的优势产甲烷菌有Methanoregula、Methanosarcina和Methanobacterium,而短叶茳芏潮汐半咸水沼泽湿地土壤主要的优势产甲烷菌则转化为仅以Methanoregula为主。     

海平面上升对生态系统服务价值的影响及适应措施

海平面上升导致了海岸线后退、沿海侵蚀、风暴潮加强、生物栖息地改变、湿地变迁等,引起了近海域生态系统服务价值的变化。以美国Hillsborough County为研究区域,应用SLAMM模型,模拟了海平面从2010年—2100年上升1m的情景下各类用地面积的变化,利用效益转移法评价了生态系统服务价值的变化。结果表明:1旱地面积减少3037 hm~2,湿地面积增加3037hm~2,其中河口水域、滩涂、盐沼、定期洪水沼泽面积大幅度增加;季节性洪水沼泽、潮汐淡水沼泽、河流潮汐、沙滩面积大幅度减少,其它类型湿地受影响较小。2湿地总面积的增加反而导致了生态系统服务价值总量的降低,从2010年的61672万美元降低到2100年的61548万美元,这是由于净水湿地和沙滩大面积损失引起的;其中艺术娱乐、水调节、气候调节、文化精神价值将下降,水供应、栖息地保护、干扰调节和废物处理价值将上升。3防护、适应、后退3种措施分别降低、不影响、提升了生态系统服务价值,应根据其适用范围综合应用以制定应对海平面上升的适应性措施。     

温度和水分对科尔沁草甸湿地净生态系统碳交换量的影响

基于涡度相关和波文比气象土壤监测系统,研究了2016年科尔沁草甸湿地生态系统生长季5—9月CO₂通量的动态变化特征,分析了温度、水分等环境因子与其的响应关系.结果表明:生长季累计净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)为-766.18 g CO₂·m^-2,总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸量(R_e)分别为3379.89和2613.71 g CO₂·m^-2,R_e/GPP为77.3%,表现为明显的碳汇.NEE各月平均日变化呈单峰“U”型曲线,其中5—7月和8月中旬表现为吸收CO₂,8月后半月和9月表现为释放CO₂.日间NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)呈显著的直角双曲线关系,同时受饱和水汽压差(VPD)、土壤含水量(SWC)和气温(T_a)等环境要素调控.回归关系表明,日间NEE达到最大时,VPD和SWC值分别为1.75 kPa和35.5%,而NEE随T_a增加逐渐增大,当T_a达到最大时,并未对NEE产生抑制作用;夜间NEE随土壤温度(T_s)呈指数趋势上升.在整个生长季,生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀)为2.4,且SWC越高,Q₁₀越小,夜间NEE受T_s和SWC共同调控.     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高影响稻田大气CO2净交换的静态暗箱法观测研究

首先介绍静态暗箱法气相色谱法观测确定陆地生态系统地气CO₂净交换通量的基本原理和方法,然后讨论在开放式空气CO₂增加(FACE)试验中应用该原理和方法观测研究大气CO₂浓度升高对稻田生态系统大气CO₂净交换通量的影响.因缺乏必要参数的实际观测值,本文只能根据暗箱观测值计算CO₂净交换通量的最小取值NEE_min.NEE_min计算结果表明,在插秧1个月之后的水稻生长期内,大气CO₂浓度升高200±40μmol·mol^-1使稻田生态系统对大气CO₂的净吸收约为对照的3倍.为根据暗箱观测准确确定NEE,还必须在FACE和对照条件下观测水稻植株的暗维持呼吸系数、地上生物量及根冠比动态.     

A Field Experiment to Assess the Transplant Success of Salt Marsh Plants into Tidal Wetlands

Field plots were used to assess the restoration potential of three salt marsh species, Juncus maritimus, Leptocarpus similis and Schoenoplectus pungens, within an established salt marsh near Christchurch, New Zealand. A split-block design was used to asses the effects of soil type, (soil from a proposed marsh construction site or estuarine mud from a natural salt marsh), species and plant source (commercial nursery stocks or natural marsh stock). In December, after 9 months, there was no mortality in L. similis and a significant increase in the biomass compared with J. maritimus. S. pungens failed to regenerate following seasonal die-back. Plant biomass was unaffected by soil type, despite occasional higher salinities recorded in the reclamation soil. Natural stocks had significantly higher biomass than nursery stocks (p < 0.01). These results suggest that both L. similis and J. maritimus are appropriate species for transplanting in the Canterbury region and that the soil from the proposed area is suitable for the restoration and construction of tidal wetlands. The success of the transplants could be enhanced by sourcing hardy stock and management regimes may be necessary to reduce salinity extremes and herbivory by rabbits.     

Variation in the natural abundance of 15N in the halophyte,Salicornia virginica,associated with groundwater subsidies of nitrogen in a southern California salt-marsh

To provide insight into the importance of the salt-marsh ecotone as a sink for inorganic nitrogen in perched groundwater, measurements were made of the natural abundance of ¹⁵N in dissolved NO₃-N and NH₄-N and in the salt-marsh halophyte, Salicornia virginica, along an environmental gradient from agricultural land into a salt-marsh. The increase in the natural abundance of ¹⁵N (expressed by convention as ¹⁵N) of NO₃-N, accompanied by the decrease in NO₃-N (and total dissolved inorganic N, DIN) concentration along the gradient, suggested that the salt-marsh ecotone is a site of transformation, most likely through denitrification, of inorganic nitrogen in groundwater. ¹⁵N enrichment in S. virginica (and the parasitic herb, Cuscuta salina), along the tidal marsh boundary, relative to high and middle marsh locations, indicated the retention of groundwater nitrogen as vegetative biomass. The correlation between ¹⁵N _Salicornia and ¹⁵N_NH4 suggested a preference for NH₄-N over NO₃-N during uptake by this plant. Groundwater inputs enhanced the standing crop, above-ground productivity, and nitrogen content of S. virginica but the ralative effects of pore water salinity and DIN concentration on these parameters were not determined. ¹⁵N enrichment of marsh plants by groundwater DIN inputs could prove useful in tracing the fate of these inputs in the marsh food web.     

增温对青藏高原高寒草原生态系统碳交换的影响

碳交换是影响草地生态系统碳汇功能的关键过程,对气候变暖极为敏感。青藏高原分布着大面积的高寒草原,其碳汇功能对气候变暖的响应对区域碳循环过程具有重要的影响。为探究高寒草原生态系统碳交换过程对增温的响应,2012—2014年,在青藏高原班戈县进行了模拟增温对高寒草原生态系统碳交换过程影响的研究。结果表明,增温对高寒草原碳交换各组分的影响存在年际差异,但总体上对碳交换存在负面影响。3年平均结果显示,增温显著降低了高寒草原地上生物量、总生态系统生产力(GEP)、生态系统呼吸(ER)和净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)(P0.05),平均降幅分别为15.1%、36.8%、19.2%和51.5%。增温条件下3年平均土壤呼吸(SR)较对照无显著变化(P0.05),但2013年增温显著降低了SR(P0.05),降幅达18.1%。增温对SR与ER的比值具有一定的促进作用,最高增幅达到40.0%。GEP、ER、SR和NEE与土壤温度和土壤水分无显著相关(P0.05),而GEP、ER和NEE与空气温度呈显著的负相关关系(P0.05)。增温引起的干旱胁迫以及地上生物量降低是导致高寒草原NEE降低的主要原因。研究表明,全球变暖会一定程度降低青藏高原高寒草原的碳汇功能。     

Elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> mitigates the adverse effects of drought on daytime net ecosystem CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> exchange and photosynthesis in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem

Drought is a normal, recurrent feature of climate. In order to understand the potential effect of increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C _a) on ecosystems, it is essential to determine the combined effects of drought and elevated C _a (EC) under field conditions. A severe drought occurred in Central Florida in 1998 when precipitation was 88 % less than the average between 1984 and 2002. We determined daytime net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) before, during, and after the drought in the Florida scrub-oak ecosystem exposed to doubled C _a in open-top chamber since May 1996. We measured diurnal leaf net photosynthetic rate (P _N) of Quercus myrtifolia Willd, the dominant species, during and after the drought. Drought caused a midday depression in NEE and P _N at ambient CO₂ concentration (AC) and EC. EC mitigated the midday depression in NEE by about 60 % compared to AC and the effect of EC on leaf P _N was similar to its effect on NEE. Growth in EC lowered the sensitivity of NEE to air vapor pressure deficit under drought. Thus EC would help the scrub-oak ecosystem to survive the consequences of the effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ on climate change, including increased frequency of drought, while simultaneously sequestering more anthropogenic carbon.     

The Effects of Phragmites Removal on Nutrient Pools in a Freshwater Tidal Marsh Ecosystem

Selected nitrogen and phosphorus pools in two freshwater tidal marsh ecosystems on the lower Connecticut River were measured relative to Phragmites, Typha and mixed native wetland plant cover types. For both the Chapman Pond Preserve and Chester Creek Marsh, significant differences were found between plant cover types in porewater ammonium and phosphate for some months during the 1998 growing season; porewater nitrate was always below the detection limit. At Chapman Pond, no significant differences were detected between Phragmites and Typha for plant tissue N concentrations. The standing stock of nitrogen was higher in Phragmites stands, however, owing to its greater aboveground biomass. No significant difference was found between plant cover types for total soil N at Chapman Pond, but KCl extractable ammonium was higher in the mixed cover type than Phragmites or Typha. The results of this study suggest that Phragmites is affecting nutrient pools in freshwater tidal marshes, a result that should be considered in future management design.     

辽河三角洲河口芦苇沼泽湿地植被固碳潜力

增加陆地生态系统碳汇是一种有效应对CO2浓度升高的措施。河口湿地是一类特殊的陆地生态系统,是生产力最高的生态系统之一。研究河口湿地的固碳潜力对准确评估河口湿地碳汇、发挥和提高湿地固碳功能具有重要意义。通过野外调查和数值模型,量化研究了辽河三角洲河口沼泽湿地的植被固碳潜力。根据区域的实际情况,将植被的固碳潜力分为湿地演替、人工灌溉苇田和气候变化的潜力。研究结果表明辽河三角洲河口沼泽湿地植被具有很高的固碳潜力,翅碱蓬(Suaeda pterantha)群落扩张每年可递增固碳潜力0.053—0.07Gg C,滩涂转变为芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽每年可递增固碳潜力0.07Gg C,芦苇、獐毛草甸(Aeluropus sinensis)演替为芦苇沼泽的固碳潜力为17.2 Gg C/a,通过灌溉管理措施,芦苇沼泽的固碳潜力为474.6—544.6 Gg C/a。根据未来气候变化情景和预测结果,到2030年、2050年、2100年,芦苇沼泽湿地的固碳潜力分别为576.9—655.1Gg C/a,603.3—684.1Gg C/a,680.9—769.4Gg C/a,其中由人工灌溉苇田的潜力最大。     

Climate change and loss of saltmarshes: consequences for birds

Saltmarshes are areas of vegetation subject to tidal inundation and are important to birds for several reasons. Saltmarshes are areas of high primary productivity and their greatest significance for coastal birds is probably as the base of estuarine food webs, because saltmarshes export considerable amounts of organic carbon to adjacent habitats, particularly to the invertebrates of mudflats. In addition, saltmarshes are of direct importance to birds by providing sites for feeding, nesting and roosting. Climate change can affect saltmarshes in a number of ways, including through sea-level rise. When sea-level rises the marsh vegetation moves upward and inland but sea walls that prevent this are said to lead to coastal squeeze and loss of marsh area. However, evidence from southeast England, and elsewhere, indicates that sea-level rise does not necessarily lead to loss of marsh area because marshes accrete vertically and maintain their elevation with respect to sea-level where the supply of sediment is sufficient. Organogenic marshes and those in areas where sediment may be more limiting (e.g. some west coast areas) may be more susceptible to coastal squeeze, as may other marshes, if some extreme predictions of accelerated rates of sea-level rise are realized.