E. O. 威尔逊与岛屿生物地理学理论

20世纪伟大的博物学家和生物地理学家爱德华·奥斯本·威尔逊(Edward Osborne Wilson,1929-2021)与杰出的理论和数学生态学家罗伯特·赫尔默·麦克阿瑟(Robert Helmer MacA rthur,1930-1972)共同开创的岛屿生物地理学理论是他们青年时代的巅峰之作。     

云南澄江早寒武世节肢类与环节类中间性生物—Luolishania gen.nov.

一、前言节肢动物与环节动物之间在分类学上存在着一些中间性地位的生物分支,由于这些生物分支对解开节肢动物起源和系统发生之谜具有重要的科学意义,长期以来为科学界所重视。处于中间地位的现存生物分支或已绝灭的生物分支十分稀少。有爪类(onychophorans)和缓步类(tardigrades)是现存的中间地位的     

生物多样性信息资源.Ⅰ.物种分布、编目、系统发育与生活史性状

物种分布、编目、系统发育与生活史性状等是生物多样性研究的数据基础,在物种起源与进化、生物多样性保护等研究中发挥着重要作用。近年来,大量数据共享平台的建设极大地促进了生物多样性信息学的蓬勃发展,但这些海量的、高异构性的数据资源也使得研究人员无从下手。如何高效选择和有效利用这些资源,成为生态学家和保护生物学家面临的一大挑战。针对现有的生物多样性数据零散分布的现状,本文将这些数据从物种分布、编目、系统发育与生活史性状4个方面进行整理,分别选取一些代表性的数据库如:全球生物多样性信息网络(GBIF)、世界植物种名录(The Plant List)、Open Tree of Life、植物性状数据库(TRY),对其数据类型、采集方式、范围、获取方式等进行描述,并对相关研究成果进行简要介绍。在各部分中,针对我国生物多样性数字平台的构建等方面的工作与成果,我们也进行了简要描述。通过这些数据资源的整理,希望为研究人员了解和使用这些数据库提供桥梁和纽带,能够进一步促进国内研究人员对这些数据库的有效利用,并通过科研人员与公众等的参与,促进数据共享平台的构建与完善,进一步推动生物多样性的研究和保护领域的发展。     

遗传工程学家A.M.Chakrabarty

Ananda M.Chakrabsrty是一位著名的遗传工程学家和美国生物化学家协会、微生物协会、工业微生物协会以及美国科学促进会的成员。他于1938年4月4日诞生在印度的Sainthia,1965年在加尔各答大学获得生物化学博士学位。后来,他到了美国的伊利     

桂林附近的Amphipora sp.及其生态

达尔文在“物种起源”一书中指出:不同生物起源于少数共同的祖先,原始种类在自然选择作用下,不断分化为性状差异的新种。由于生物分枝演化的结果,导致更高分类单位属、科、目、纲、门的形成。这一正确的物种形成原理与对生物谱系的描绘,已普遍地为生物学家所接受,并依此而建立了反映生物演进与亲缘关系的生物系统分类。古生物学分类与现代生物学分类的原理基本上是一致的,由于它的研究对象是地史时期中的生物,现在不能对其生活期间的完整形态、生理、生态等进行直接观察研究。因此,它们之间还是有所差别的。     

西双版纳热带雨林凋落叶分解的生态过程.Ⅲ.酶活性动态

 该文通过野外试验和室内模拟相结合,系统研究了西双版纳热带雨林生态系统混合凋落叶分解过程中的酶活性动态。野外试验采用网袋法（1 mm和100μm网眼）限制土壤动物的出入,室内模拟试验采用灭菌-接种法控制生物组成,从而研究不同生物组成或食物链结构条件下,凋落叶分解过程中的酶活性变化,以及酶活性与分解进程之间的动态响应。研究结果表明,转化酶和淀粉酶在有机残体的最初分解阶段发挥重要作用,参与易分解成分的转化和分解,这些酶与凋落叶分解进程之间存在显著的负相关性,且参与分解的生物组成越简单（缩短食物链）,这些酶活性越高,是微生物在分解初期对底物加以利用的关键酶类; Cx酶、 β-葡萄糖苷酶、木聚糖酶活性均在分解中期达到高峰,多酚氧化酶在分解后期迅速上升,对凋落叶中、后期木质素的分解起到关键性的作用,这些酶与凋落叶分解进程之间存在显著的正相关性,且参与分解的生物组成越复杂（延长食物链）,这些酶活性越高,是微生物在分解后期对底物进一步利用的关键酶类;与C循环有关的酶类都可以作为有机物质分解进程的重要指标,与分解进程之间存在一定的动态响应,有机残体的分解过程实质上是一个酶解过程。     

小生物.大世界

广阔的盐城沿海滩涂,一望无垠。在这貌似平静的滩面上,蕴藏着一个巨大的、热闹非凡的泥沙下的世界。种类繁多,形态百出,行为各异的滩涂小生物在这里永不停息地忙碌着,为南来北往的候鸟,更为世代繁衍在这块土地上的鸟类,提供赖以生息的条件。如果您有机会来到这片湿地,相信您一定能从中感受到生物世界的奇趣,感受到食物链所体现的自然界的法则。只要你用心观察,一定会深深地为这个小生物的大世界所吸引。 小蟹 小蟹是当地人对滩涂蟹类的总称。滩涂上共有30多种蟹生存,它们喜营穴居生活,其洞穴遍布滩涂,在一平方米的面积内就有2～3个。洞穴深浅不一,但一般每穴往往具备2个洞口。小蟹冬季深藏在洞穴的最底部进行冬眠,直到春暖大地之时,它们再度爬出洞穴,准备繁殖后代。蟹类一般食腐殖质和低等小动物,     

评介T.P.琼斯和N.P.罗合编的《化石植物和孢粉的现代技术》

二十世纪后半叶以来,由于国际上对能源需求的急剧增长,使地质勘探,特别是石油勘探事业迅猛发展,这刺激了孢粉分析技术的改进和一些新技术的出现。尤其是二十世纪六十年代中期起,显微技术的创新(特别是扫描电镜、透射电镜和共聚焦显微技术)、地球化学(特别是生物地球化学)手段的革新、化石植物中基因物质的提取以及计算机数据分析的应用,使古植物学的研究方法和技术从根本上改变了原来的面貌。     

一种富集高温栅藻Desmodesmus sp. F51的新型生物絮凝剂

[背景]海科贝特氏菌(Cobetia marina)可产生大量具有絮凝活性的胞外产物,可视为一种新型的生物絮凝剂。高温栅藻(Desmodesmus sp.F51)是一种具有较高叶黄素含量的微藻,被认为是一种新兴的叶黄素来源,但利用该生物絮凝剂高效富集高温栅藻的相关研究迄今尚未见报道。[目的]以高温栅藻为对象,研究该新型生物絮凝剂的絮凝效率,并对絮凝机理进行初步探讨。[方法]探索在不同生长阶段微藻培养液添加生物絮凝剂、添加量、絮凝时间、pH对絮凝效率的影响,分析生物絮凝剂的功能基团,并测定在不同pH条件下添加生物絮凝剂前后高温栅藻的Zeta电位变化,以及在显微镜下分析藻细胞在添加生物絮凝剂前后的形态。[结果]在高温栅藻生长至稳定期(pH 8.0)添加2 mL生物絮凝剂,絮凝15 min絮凝效果最佳,达82.1%。傅里叶红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)显示了多糖及酰胺结构的特征吸收峰,由此推测生物絮凝剂主要是多糖的混合物,含有少量蛋白质。根据Bradford法测定絮凝剂中蛋白含量约为0.4%(质量比),通过苯酚-硫酸法测定总糖质量分数约为34.5%(质量比),与FTIR分析结果基本相符。生物絮凝剂在pH 4.0-11.0保持60%以上的絮凝效率,说明无论是酸性或是碱性条件下絮凝效率都较高,结合Zeta电位的分析表明,推测生物絮凝剂对高温栅藻的絮凝机理中占主导地位的可能是吸附架桥作用。[结论]该研究对微藻生物絮凝具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

湖北后河国家级自然保护区生物多样性及其保护对策 Ⅱ.生物多样性保护现状、威胁及其对策

湖北后河自然保护区拥有丰富的生物多样性,为中国生物多样性三大关键地区之一的川东-湘鄂西关键地区的重要组成部分。但所处的贫困山区少数民族县长期以来以森工产业为其县域经济的主要支柱,长期的木材采伐和狩猎习俗曾对该保护区的生物多样性带来了严重破坏。自然保护区的建立使其生物多样性逐渐得到了有效保护,特别是升为国家级自然保护区后,生物多样性保护进入了一个新阶段。但该保护区的生物多样性依然面临多种威胁,保护区自身科学研究力量的薄弱和保护区面积相对较小,限制着该区域生物多样性的进一步研究和保护。进一步扩充保护区面积、引进科研力量并提升自身人员科研素质、协调并增强区内外社区共管是该区生物多样性得到进一步保护和恢复的当务之急。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.