重症患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因与耐药性分析

摘要：目的 分析重症监护病房患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因和耐药特点,为临床治疗和预防脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染提供依据。方法 收集2011年1月至2014年12月重症监护病房患者临床标本,常规分离培养细菌,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,利用WHONET 5.6软件分析处理试验数据。结果 造成脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌主要危险因素有中央静脉插管、应用广谱抗生素、严重的基础疾病、使用免疫抑制剂、入住ICU时间等;检出的71例阳性标本以下呼吸道为主,占87.3%,其次为血液和尿液,分别占5.6%和2.8%;药敏试验表明脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌对万古霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、利福平和米诺环素的耐药率最低,分别为0.0%、15.5%、16.9%和18.3%,对三种含酶抑制剂的耐药率均＜30.0%,其余抗菌药物除环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星外,均＞85.0%。结论 脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌引发的医院感染已日益严重,该菌对临床常用的头孢类、碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及多种β-内酰胺类抗生素呈高度耐药,临床应加强耐药性监测,防止医院感染,治疗脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染首选万古霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、米诺环素、利福平和含酶抑制剂。     

重症患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因与耐药性

目的分析重症监护病房患者继发脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染的临床病因和耐药特点,为临床治疗和预防脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染提供依据。方法收集2011年1月至2014年12月重症监护病房患者临床标本,常规分离培养细菌,K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,利用WHONET 5.6软件分析处理试验数据。结果造成脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌主要危险因素有中央静脉插管、应用广谱抗生素、严重的基础疾病、使用免疫抑制剂、入住ICU时间等;检出的71例阳性标本以下呼吸道为主,占87.3%,其次为血液和尿液,分别占5.6%和2.8%;药敏试验表明脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌对万古霉素、磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶、利福平和米诺环素的耐药率最低,分别为0.0%、15.5%、16.9%和18.3%,对三种含酶抑制剂的耐药率均30.0%,其余抗菌药物除环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星外,均85.0%。结论脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌引发的医院感染已日益严重,该菌对临床常用的头孢类、碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类及多种β-内酰胺类抗生素呈高度耐药,临床应加强耐药性监测,防止医院感染,治疗脑膜败血伊丽莎白菌感染首选万古霉素、磺胺甲唑/甲氧苄啶、米诺环素、利福平和含酶抑制剂。     

肺结核继发脑膜炎败血黄杆菌肺部感染的临床特征及耐药性分析

目的 分析金华广福医院肺结核患者继发脑膜炎败血黄杆菌肺部感染的临床特征及对常用抗生素的耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 统计分析该院2010年1月至2011年12月,从肺结核患者送检的标本中分离出的78株脑膜炎败血黄杆菌的耐药情况.结果 78株脑膜炎败血黄杆菌对多种抗生素耐药,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明的耐药率较低,分别为17.95％ 、26.92％ 、28.21％、33.33％和44.87％,其余抗菌药物的耐药率均超过70.0％.结论 脑膜炎败血黄杆菌对多种抗生素表现为高度耐药和多重耐药,对于该菌引发的肺结核患者肺部感染,临床要予以足够重视,应根据病情,参照药敏试验结果,合理选用抗生素.     

儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎临床分析

目的分析并讨论儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法等。方法回顾性分析上海长征医院皮肤科在1993年3月至2008年6月间16例经病原学确诊的隐球菌性脑膜炎患儿临床资料。结果患儿平均年龄7．25岁（2～15岁）,男女比例2．2：1,主要症状包括头痛（87．5％）、发热（81．25％）、恶心呕吐（75％）等,10例颅内压升高。确诊依据脑脊液真菌涂片、培养或隐球菌抗原检查。治疗采用两性霉素B和（或）两性霉素B脂质体静滴,5一氟胞嘧啶口服,辅以两性霉素B鞘内注射,联合氟康唑、伊曲康唑等药物治疗。16例患儿痊愈9例,病情明显好转5例,死亡2例。结论儿童隐球菌性脑膜炎起病缓慢,临床症状缺乏特异性,对疑有中枢神经系统感染性疾病时,应及早行脑脊液检查,并反复多次检查、联合检查以确定诊断,减少误诊、漏诊。早期诊断和及时、系统、足量、长程的抗真菌治疗是提高治愈率和患儿生存质量的关键。     

儿童李斯特菌脑炎两例

本研究通过回顾性分析2例诊断为LM脑膜炎患儿的临床资料,总结两例儿童单核细胞增多性李斯特菌(LM)脑膜炎的临床特点及治疗转归。此两例患儿以发热、头痛、呕吐起病,脑脊液培养均为LM生长,早期经头孢类药物抗感染治疗无效,换用氨苄青霉素联合效果显著。LM脑膜炎在免疫功能正常儿童发生率低,但病死率及后遗症发生率高。发病多以发热、呕吐、头痛为主要临床表现,使用氨苄青霉素效果较好,脑脊液培养有助于诊断。     

脑脊液检查在早产儿及足月儿细菌性脑膜炎的诊断价值

目的:评价脑脊液检查在早产儿及足月儿细菌性脑膜炎诊断中的价值。方法:选取2014年6月1日至2016年12月31日上海市儿童医院新生儿科收治的行腰椎穿刺检查的447例新生儿,回顾性分析新生儿的一般资料、脑脊液常规生化、培养等指标,根据胎龄将患儿分为早产儿167例与足月儿280例,再根据有无患发细菌性脑膜炎分为早产儿细菌性脑膜炎27例(早产儿观察组)、早产儿非细菌性脑膜炎140例(早产儿对照组)、足月儿细菌性脑膜炎38例(足月儿观察组)、足月儿非细菌性脑膜炎242例(足月儿对照组),采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估蛋白定量、白细胞计数、葡萄糖对早产儿及足月儿细菌性脑膜炎的诊断价值。结果:与同组对照组相比,足月儿观察组和早产儿观察组蛋白定量和白细胞计数均明显升高,而葡萄糖含量显著下降,且差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);本研究65例细菌性脑膜炎患儿脑脊液培养分离出11株细菌(16.9%)。足月儿脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白定量以及葡萄糖诊断细菌性脑膜炎的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.995、0.846、0.703。早产儿脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白定量以及葡萄糖诊断细菌性脑膜炎ROC曲线下面积分别为0.970、0.711、0.705。结论:脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白定量在足月儿和早产儿细菌性脑膜炎中具有较高的诊断价值。     

脑脊液乳酸和血清降钙素原及C反应蛋白 对小儿细菌性脑膜炎的诊断价值

目的探讨脑脊液乳酸、血清降钙素原及C反应蛋白对小儿细菌性脑膜炎的诊断价值。方法选取我院2016年4月至2017年6月收治的50例细菌性脑膜炎患儿以及50例病毒性脑膜炎患儿进行作为研究对象,比较2类患儿脑脊液乳酸(LA)、血清降钙素原(PCT)及C反应蛋白(CRP)的水平,并分析其诊断价值。结果细菌性脑膜炎组患儿脑脊液LA、血清PCT及CRP水平显著高于病毒性脑膜炎患儿(均P0.05)。血清PCT诊断的灵敏度和特异度最高(96.4%、90.9%,P0.05)。3项指标联合检测的灵敏度(100.0%)和特异度(95.5%)明显高于任一单项指标(均P0.05)。经过Pearson相关性分析,脑脊液LA、血清PCT及CRP与小儿细菌性脑膜炎均呈显著正相关关系(均P0.05)。结论脑脊液乳酸、血清PCT及CRP对小儿细菌性脑膜炎的诊断和治疗效果监测有重要应用价值。     

成人化脓性脑膜炎患者脑脊液变化

目的 分析成人化脓性脑膜炎患者脑脊液细胞、病原菌等的变化及其关系,为该病的有效诊断、病情监测和针对性治疗提供参考.方法 对我院32例成人化脓性脑膜炎患者用药前后不同时期的脑脊液分别进行常规、生化与细胞学检测,对检测结果进行统计分析.结果 与恢复期比较,患者急性期时脑压、脑脊液白细胞总数与乳酸脱氢酶水平显著升高(均P＜0...     

非艾滋病人群隐球菌性脑膜炎治疗进展

隐球菌性脑膜炎（cryptococcal meningitis）是新生隐球菌或其变种侵犯中枢神经系统引起的一种深部真菌感染,临床主要表现为发热、头痛、呕吐等亚急性或慢性脑膜炎、脑膜脑炎的症状,少数患者可表现为颅内占位性病变的临床表现。其病情重,疗程长,预后差,病死率高。     

少动鞘氨醇单胞菌引起小儿败血症合并脑膜炎1例

本文报道1例罕见的由少动鞘氨醇单胞菌引起的小儿败血症合并脑膜炎。该患儿突发高热起病,伴有皮肤散在瘀点。根据实验室微生物分离和鉴定,确诊为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌引起的败血症;同时根据脑脊液生化常规结果,诊断为合并细菌性脑膜炎。少动鞘氨醇单胞菌引起的小儿败血症合并脑膜炎属罕见病例,且该患儿有类似流行性脑脊髓膜炎的症状,易被误诊为春季小儿流行性脑脊髓膜炎,需引起临床及实验室工作人员的重视。     

Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis presenting as eosinophilic meningitis

The case of a 67-year-old man with underlying carcinomatous meningitis who presented with meningismus and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia is reported. CSF eosinophilia can reflect a number of underlying conditions; however, carcinomatous meningitis is not generally considered. In this case, studies for bacterial, fungal and parasitic agents were negative. Cytologic examination of a lumbar puncture specimen revealed malignant epithelial cells in an inflammatory background. When unexplained eosinophilia is found in the CSF, a thorough search for coincident meningeal carcinomatosis should be undertaken.     

Aseptic meningitis caused by Leptospira spp diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the pathogenic Leptospira spp. The clinical presentations are diverse, ranging from undifferentiated fever to fulminant disease including meningeal forms. The neurological leptospirosis forms are usually neglected. The aim of this study was to investigate leptospirosis as the cause of aseptic meningitis using different diagnostic techniques including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty-nine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients presenting with meningeal abnormalities, predominance of lymphocytes and negative results by traditional microbiological tests were processed by leptospiral culture, anti-leptospiral antibody response and PCR. Leptospira spp DNA was detected in 23 (58.97%) of the CSF samples. Anti-leptospiral antibodies were found in 13 (33.33%) CSF samples. Twelve CSF samples were positive by PCR assay and negative by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) assay. Two CSF samples were positive by MAT and negative by PCR. The positive and negative agreement between both tests was 11 and 14, respectively. CSF samples from six cases of unknown diagnosis were positive by PCR assay. Eight cases showed positive results using PCR and MAT. Leptospirosis could be detected by PCR assay from the 3rd-26th day after illness onset. The sensitivity of the PCR was assessed with confirmed cases of leptospirosis (by MAT) and found to be 89.5%. All CSFs were negative by culture. PCR was found to be a powerful tool for diagnosing meningitis cases of leptospirosis. We recommend that it may be used as a supplementary diagnostic tool, especially in the early stages of the disease, when other diagnostic techniques such as serology are not sensitive.     

Primary malignant melanoblastosis of the meninges. Clinical, cytologic and neuropathologic findings in a case

A 66-year-old man presented with a six-month history of neurologic symptoms suggestive of a craniospinal tumor or a diffuse inflammatory process in the subarachnoid space. Cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed inflammatory changes and malignant melanin-containing cells, leading to a diagnosis of meningeal spread of a melanoma. There was no history of skin excisions and no clinical evidence of primary melanoma of the eye. Neuroradiologic investigations, including CT and myelography, to confirm the diagnosis were negative. Despite intrathecal cytostatic therapy, the patient died eight months after the onset of symptoms. Autopsy disclosed diffuse meningeal melanoblastosis of the spinal cord and the base of the brain, confirming the cytologic diagnosis. In addition, two micrometastases in the liver were found as only extraneural manifestation. This case emphasizes the importance of CSF cytology in the diagnosis of diffuse infiltrating processes in the subarachnoid space.     

结核性脑膜炎颅神经损害与脑脊液特点的关系研究

目的:探讨结核性脑膜炎颅神经损害与脑脊液特点的关系。方法:回顾性收集我院神经内科确诊的173例结核性脑膜炎患者临床资料,将所有患者分为伴颅神经损害和不伴颅神经损害两组,对其临床特点及脑脊液外观、压力及细胞学、生化、免疫球蛋白结果进行统计学分析。结果:颅神经损害者占所有病人的22.5%(39/173),视神经损害占61.5%(24/39),外展神经损害占53.8%(21/39),动眼神经损害占15.4%(6/39),听神经损害占15.4%(6/39);颅神经损伤组较无颅神经损伤组脑脊液压力、蛋白质及Ig G、Ig M、Alb明显升高(P0.01或0.001),且颅神经损害者头颅MRI脑膜强化较无颅神经损害者差异有统计学意义(P0.001),而脑脊液外观、白细胞计数及比例两组间并无发现显著差异。结论:结核性脑膜炎患者伴颅神经损害时,脑脊液压力、蛋白质及部分免疫球蛋白较无颅神经损害者明显升高,这将有助于结核性脑膜炎合并颅神经损害的临床诊断,对于有颅神经损害的结核性脑膜膜炎患者加强并早期启动抗结核治疗,以减少蛋白质沉积,从而降低颅神经损害的发生率。     

Mumps and Enteroviral Meningitis in Toronto, 1966

Of 52 children admitted to hospital for apparently typical mumps meningitis in 1966, 50 had their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examined. In only 17 was the mumps virus isolated from the CSF. Mumps antihemagglutinin conversions or increments were detected in 32 subjects including 10 whose CSF yielded virus. Antibody conversions were found in 16 patients and fourfold increments in another nine whose serum pairs were collected only one to four days apart. Initial sera from 20 patients were obtained three days or less after the onset of meningitis. Antibody increments were frequently noted about one day after defervescence and clinical improvement. Interferon was detected in CSF from two of eight patients, both of whom yielded virus. Enteroviruses were isolated from CSF and/or feces in seven of 15 cases of aseptic meningitis which occurred between July and October. Six patients including three virus excretors showed enteroviral neutralizing antibody increments during convalescence. The dominant enteroviral serotype was coxsackievirus A9.     

神经梅毒29例的回顾性临床分析

目的:观察总结神经梅毒的临床特点,以提高神经梅毒的诊断和治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院2005年1月至2012年12月神经内科病房收治的29例神经梅毒患者的临床资料。结果:29例神经梅毒患者中临床分型:其中,无症状型神经梅毒2例,主要表现为患者无症状,仅脑脊液呈轻度炎性反应,梅毒血清反应阳性;梅毒性脑膜炎6例,主要表现为头痛、呕吐及脑膜刺激征,偶可见意识障碍、谵妄及抽搐。血管型梅毒3例,主要表现为偏瘫、偏身感觉障碍、偏盲、失语等。脊髓痨11例,主要表现为感觉异常如束带感和蚁走感,共济失调、内脏危象及阿罗瞳孔等。麻痹性痴呆7例,临床表现为进行性痴呆合并神经损害为主。结论:神经梅毒的起病隐袭,临床表现复杂多样,神经系统各部位都可受累,容易误诊,。但青霉素治疗有效。对于疑似病例应及时行血清及脑脊液检查,可获得早期诊断,对指导治疗及预后均有重要意义。     

Clonal analysis of HLA-restricted virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes from cerebrospinal fluid in mumps meningitis

T lymphocytes were cloned directly from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with mumps meningitis by limiting dilution in the presence of irradiated feeder cells and T cell growth factor. Of 84 colonies analyzed, 41 were cytotoxic, as shown by their ability to exert phytohemagglutinin-dependent killing. Of these, 39 showed specificity for the autologous mumps-virus infected target cells. The cytotoxic T cell colonies showed the same pattern of HLA restriction as bulk cultures of CSF lymphocytes. This study shows that it is possible to perform functional assays on inflammatory exudate cells at the clonal level. The data also suggest that recruitment of effector cells from the peripheral compartment into the meningeal spaces in mumps meningitis is highly antigen-specific.     

Leukocyte Attraction by CCL20 and Its Receptor CCR6 in Humans and Mice with Pneumococcal Meningitis

We previously identified CCL20 as an early chemokine in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with pneumococcal meningitis but its functional relevance was unknown. Here we studied the role of CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in pneumococcal meningitis. In a prospective nationwide study, CCL20 levels were significantly elevated in the CSF of patients with pneumococcal meningitis and correlated with CSF leukocyte counts. CCR6-deficient mice with pneumococcal meningitis and WT mice with pneumococcal meningitis treated with anti-CCL20 antibodies both had reduced CSF white blood cell counts. The reduction in CSF pleocytosis was also accompanied by an increase in brain bacterial titers. Additional in vitro experiments showed direct chemoattractant activity of CCL20 for granulocytes. In summary, our results identify the CCL20-CCR6 axis as an essential component of the innate immune defense against pneumococcal meningitis, controlling granulocyte recruitment.     

Scrub Typhus Meningitis in South India — A Retrospective Study

Background

Scrub typhus is prevalent in India although definite statistics are not available. There has been only one study on scrub typhus meningitis 20 years ago. Most reports of meningitis/meningoencephalitis in scrub typhus are case reports

Methods

A retrospective study done in Pondicherry to extract cases of scrub typhus admitted to hospital between February 2011 and January 2012. Diagnosis was by a combination of any one of the following in a patient with an acute febrile illness- a positive scrub IgM ELISA, Weil-Felix test, and an eschar. Lumbar puncture was performed in patients with headache, nuchal rigidity, altered sensorium or cranial nerve deficits.

Results

Sixty five cases of scrub typhus were found, and 17 (17/65) had meningitis. There were 33 males and 32 females. Thirteen had an eschar. Median cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell count, lymphocyte percentage, CSF protein, CSF glucose/blood glucose, CSF ADA were 54 cells/µL, 98%, 88 mg/dL, 0.622 and 3.5 U/mL respectively. Computed tomography was normal in patients with altered sensorium and cranial nerve deficits. Patients with meningitis had lesser respiratory symptoms and signs and higher urea levels. All patients had received doxycycline except one who additionally received chloramphenicol.

Conclusion

Meningitis in scrub typhus is mild with quick and complete recovery. Clinical features and CSF findings can mimic tuberculous meningitis, except for ADA levels. In the Indian context where both scrub typhus and tuberculosis are endemic, ADA and scrub IgM may be helpful in identifying patients with scrub meningitis and in avoiding prolonged empirical antituberculous therapy in cases of lymphocytic meningitis.