红豆杉科植物RAPD分析及其系统学意义

利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术分析了红豆杉科（Ｔａｘａｃｅａｅ）红豆杉属（Ｔａｘｕｓ）、白豆杉属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔａｘｕｓ）、穗花杉属（Ａｍｅｎｔｏｔａｘｕｓ）和榧树属（Ｔｏｒｒｅｙａ）的６种植物：红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ （Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄ）、南方红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｖａｒ．ｍａｉｒｅｉ（Ｌｅｍｅｅ ｅｔＬｅｖｌ．）Ｃｈｅｎｇ ｅｔＭａｉｒｅＹｅｗ     

滇西北地区冬虫夏草和阔孢虫草的遗传分化研究

应用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术对来自云南西北部高黎贡山和丽江玉龙雪山的６个冬虫夏草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｓａｃｃ．,来自德钦地区三个地方的８个阔孢虫草Ｃ．ｃｒａｓｓｉｓｐｏｒａ Ｚａｎｇ,Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｌｉ以及来自云南昆明的一个蛹虫草Ｃ．ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｉｓ （Ｖｕｉｌｌ）Ｆｒ．进行分析。１８个随机引物获得的ＲＡＰＤ谱带清晰并呈现多态。遗传距离分析表明,冬虫夏     

大豆灰斑病菌生理小种的RAPD标记

运用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲａｎｄｏｍａｍｐｌｉｆｉｅｄｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈｉｃＤＮＡ,ＲＡＰＤ）技术对发生于中国东北的大豆灰斑病菌（Ｃｅｒｃｏｓｐｏｒｉｄｉｕｍｓｏｊｉｍｕｍ）的１０个生理小种进行基因组ＤＮＡ多态性分析,用１３个１０－核苷酸随机引物获得了１１１个ＲＡＰＤ标记,其中８６．５％具有多态性,通过聚类分析确定了供试小种间的亲缘关系,试验证明,ＲＡＰＤ技术分析大豆灰斑病菌遗传传变异可提供大量     

RAPD分析用的犁DNA提取方法

ＲＡＰＤ分析用的梨ＤＮＡ提取方法胡春根郝玉邓秀新史永忠（华中农业大学作物遗传改良国家重点实验室,武汉４３００７０）ＤＮＡＥｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎＭｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒＲＡＰＤＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｉｎＰｅａｒｓＨＵＣｈｕｎｇｅｎＨＡＯＹｕＤＥＮＧＸｉｕｘｉｎＳＨＩ...     

杉木叶绿体和线粒体遗传的研究

利用ＰＣＲ技术分别以亲本杉木（Ｃｕｎｎｉｎｇｈａｍｉａｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔａ（Ｌａｍｂ．）Ｈｏｏｋ．）、柳杉（ＣｒｙｐｔｏｍｅｒｉａｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉＨｏｏｉｂｒｅｎｋ）和杉木×柳杉杂种的总ＤＮＡ为模板,扩增了叶绿体ｔｒｎＬｔｒｎＦ和线粒体ＣｏｘⅢ基因片段,比较了这些扩增片段的限制性内切酶ＡｌｕⅠ,ＤｄｅⅠ,ＨｉｎｆⅠ,ＭｓｅⅠ和ＲｓａⅠ的酶切片段多态性,结果表明：Ｆ１代的叶绿体ＤＮＡ为母系遗传,而线粒体ＤＮＡ为父系遗传。杉木线粒体ＤＮＡ父系遗传方式与杉科其他植物一致,而叶绿体ＤＮＡ母系遗传则为在松柏类植物中首次发现。     

三尖杉科植物RAPD分析及其系统学意义

利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术分析了三尖杉科植物三尖杉Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘｕｓ ｆｏｒｔｕｎｅｉ Ｈｏｏｋ．ｆ．、粗榧Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘｕｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＬｉ、海南粗榧Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘｕｓ ｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＬｉ和篦子三尖极Ｃｅｐｈａｌｏｔａｘｕｓ ｏｌｉｖｅｒｉＭａｓｔ。,经筛选Ｏｐｅｒｏｎ公司的４组８０个引物,其中１１４个引物的谱带清晰呈多态性。采用ＵＰＧＭＡ法对各样本     

北京东灵山辽东栎群落DNA多样性的研究

在同工酶研究基础上,利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）及ＤＮＡ扩增指纹（ＤＡＦ）方法,从生态学观点分析了北京东灵山区辽东栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｌｉａｏｔｕｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ Ｋｏｄｄｚ．）种群的遗传和多样性。对１２个引物扩增产生的２０５个产物（部分）经,Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ信息指数分析,结果表明：辽东栎群群内部存在丰富的遗传变异,中央种群的遗传多样性高于边缘种群的遗传多样性。总遗传多样性的９５％发生在种群内     

用RAPD和AFLP的方法对中国卤虫（Autemia）种及亲缘关系的研究

利用ＲＡＰＤ（随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ）和ＡＦＬＰ（扩增片段长度多态性）技术对不同种及种群卤虫的关系进行分析。１０１个随机引物对４种卤虫Ａ．ｆｒａｎｃｉｓｃａｎａ、Ａ．ｕｒｍｉａｎａ、Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ和Ａ．ｐａｒｔｈｅｎｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａ基因组ＤＮＡ进行扩增,平均每个种获得７５１条带,其中４５８条带为多态性标记,每个引物提供平均７．４个标记信息,聚类结果表明Ａ．ｓｉｎｉｃａ是不同于其他旧大陆两性生殖卤虫     

RAPD应用于遗传多样性和系统学研究中的问题

在研究银杉（Ｃａｔｈａｙａ ａｒｇｙｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ）的遗传多样性时,对ＲＡＰＤ 产物的影响因素进行了大量的实验探索,结果表明：逐级纯化的ＤＮＡ 模板的ＲＡＰＤ结果一致, 因而模板制备过程中的很多纯化步骤是不必要的; ＲＮＡ 对扩增产物无影响; 模板浓度在一个相当大的范围内不影响扩增结果; 从干叶和鲜叶中提取的ＤＮＡ 可获得一致的扩增产物; 从而证明ＲＡＰＤ 产物具有很好的重复性。进而讨论了ＲＡＰＤ产物分析及数据分析中的一些问题。通过对升麻属（Ｃｉｍ ｉｃｉｆｕｇａ） ５ 种、类叶升麻（Ａｃｔａｅａ ａｓｉａｔｉｃａ）及松潘乌头（Ａｃｏｎｉｔｕｍ ｓｕｎｇｐａｎｅｎｓｅ）的ＲＡＰＤ 结果分析,认为ＲＡＰＤ 方法可用于种间乃至近缘属间的系统学研究, 但有一定的局限性     

紫云英细胞转化条件的研究

研究了紫云英（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓｓｉｎｉｃｕｓＬ．）细胞遗传转化的条件。根癌农杆菌（Ａｇｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｔｕｍ ｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）经含乙酰丁香酮的低ｐＨ／ＰＯ３－４ 诱导培养后,用来感染紫云英下胚轴原生质体,随后的细胞ＧＵＳ瞬间表达活性显著提高,间接证明了上述预培养诱导活化了细菌ｖｉｒ基因,促进了Ｔ－ＤＮＡ 向植物细胞转移。在ＰＥＧ介导的ＤＮＡ 转移中,较高的ｐＨ 和Ｃａ２＋ 浓度能够提高细胞ＧＵＳ活性。质粒ＤＮＡ 浓度及启动子类型对外源基因在植物细胞内表达也有一定影响。采用外植体－农杆菌共培养法,获得ＧＵＳ和ＮＰＴ Ⅱ基因稳定表达的紫云英转化植株     

DNA EXTRACTION AND RAPD MARKERS TO ASSESS THE GENETIC SIMILARITY AMONG GELIDIUM SESQUIPEDALE (RHODOPHYTA) POPULATIONS1

A simple method developed for genomic DNA isolation from fungus was tested on the red alga, Gelidium sesquipedale (Clem.) Born et Thur., which is commercially exploited for its high sulfated polysaccharide (agar) content. This method is faster, cheaper, and less toxic than conventional phenol/chloroform methods. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) amplifications were performed successfully without the necessity of purifying the DNA. RAPD markers were used to investigate the genetic similarity among three natural populations of G. sesquipedale from southern Portugal. Bulked-genomic DNA samples of 15 different individuals were made in each population. These can be conceived of as a sample of the population DNA. Of the 62 primers screened, 41 produced bands and 22 revealed polymorphisms. Genetic similarities among populations were high. Populations that are further away from each other have the lowest similarity coefficients, whereas the intermediate Ingrina population, located on the south coast, showed higher genetic similarity with the Odeceixe population located on the southwest coast, than with the São Rafael southern population. This suggests a higher genetic flow between Odeceixe and Ingrina or the result may be a founder effect in the sense that the species has propagated from the east coast to the south coast of Portugal. We conclude that the use of this isolation method with RAPD analysis is appropriate to characterize the genetic variability of this commercial species along its geographical distribution. Large sample sizes can be screened at a relatively low cost. Finding genetic markers for commercial populations of G. sesquipedale may be of industrial interest.     

Isolation and Characterization of Total DNA from Several Endangered Species and Their Allies

A low pH extraction medium with high salts, which avoids ionization and subsequent oxidation of phenolic compounds during tissue grinding and precipitation of large amounts of materials, were successfully used to obtain total DNA from Cathaya argyrophylla Chun et Kuang, Paeonia suffruticosa var. spontanea, Cimici fuga nanchuanensis Hsiao, Adenophora potaninii (Congeneric species with A. lobophylla) etc. The DNA yields, quality and purity were characterized. These isolated DNA could be used directly for RFLP and RAPD analysis which are useful as molecular genetic markers without sedimentation in cesium chloride gradient or column chromatography. A fast, inexpensive and reliable procedure has been developed for detecting the genetic diversity of endangered plants.     

大血藤DNA提取及RAPD研究初探

以浙江天台山大血藤为材料,对其DNA提取和RAPD分子标记方法进行了研究。结果表明:所采用的经改进的SDS提取法可获得高质量的大血藤DNA,分子量大于23kb,可满足RPAD扩增;用15个不同的随机引物对所提取的12个个体的大血藤DNA进行了RAPD分子标记分析,其中14个引物扩增产物具有多态性。建立了大血藤DNA提取和RAPD标记的分析程序,为RAPD分析应用于大血藤遗传多样性研究打下了良好的基础。     

GENETIC VARIABILITY AND PARENTAGE IN MACROCYSTIS PYRZFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) USING MULTI-LOCUS DNA FINGERPRINTING1

Multi-locus DNA fingerprints using an M13 probe were obtained for two individuals of Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag. collected from Monterey Bay, California, and their laboratory-reared offspring. DNA was extracted from each of two field-collected individuals (= parents), their self-fertilized diploid offspring (three and seven individuals), and one diploid individual resulting from spores of the two parents. A total of 20 bands (4–19 kb) was detected among all individuals, ranging from 7 to 14 bands for any one individual. Two bands were present in all individuals, and three bands were unique to one parent and its three progeny. Ten bands were observed in the out-crossed individual, of which three were inherited from one parent, two from the other parent, and five were present in both parents. Genetic similarity between each parent and their self-fertilized offspring was significantly higher than similarity between the two self-fertilized groups. The data show that multi-locus DNA fingerprints can be used to assess parentage in the giant kelp and that there is consistent agreement between genetic similarity and known genetic relatedness among parents and offspring.     

福尔马林固定白鱀豚标本DNA提取及其遗传多样性的初步研究

福尔马林固定标本是宝贵的遗传资源,但是如何有效利用其中的遗传信息一直存在问题。本文尝试从标本预处理、消化、PCR扩增各方面综合考虑和优化改进,成功提取并扩增21头福尔马林固定白豚标本线粒体DNA控制区410bp片段。采用了3种预处理方法尽量去除固定标本中残存的甲醛,从试验结果来看,从酒精梯度 临界点干燥处理的标本中提取的DNA在扩增时具有明显优势。通过蛋白酶K消化过程中对于酶的浓度、温浴时间的比较试验,发现随着采用大幅提高酶浓度、延长消化时间等高强度的蛋白酶消化操作后,DNA的质量和产量均得到显著提高。针对标本DNA降解严重的特点,设计特异性好且长度合适的引物以及使用巢式引物扩增,均提高了标本DNA扩增的特异性和灵敏度。通过对所测得的21头白鱀豚线粒体DNA控制区部分序列的对比,发现全部个体在该片段上的序列完全一致,说明白豚遗传多样性极低。     

福尔马林固定白暨豚标本DNA提取及其遗传多样性的初步研究

福尔马林固定标本是宝贵的遗传资源,但是如何有效利用其中的遗传信息一直存在问题。本文尝试从标本预处理、消化、PCR扩增各方面综合考虑和优化改进,成功提取并扩增21头福尔马林固定白暨豚标本线粒体DNA控制区410bp片段。采用了3种预处理方法尽量去除固定标本中残存的甲醛,从试验结果来看,从酒精梯度 临界点干燥处理的标本中提取的DNA在扩增时具有明显优势。通过蛋白酶K消化过程中对于酶的浓度、温浴时间的比较试验,发现随着采用大幅提高酶浓度、延长消化时间等高强度的蛋白酶消化操作后,DNA的质量和产量均得到显著提高。针对标本DNA降解严重的特点,设计特异性好且长度合适的引物以及使用巢式引物扩增,均提高了标本DNA扩增的特异性和灵敏度。通过对所测得的2l头白暨豚线粒体DNA控制区部分序列的对比,发现全部个体在该片段上的序列完全一致,说明白暨豚遗传多样性极低。     

大口黑鲈微卫星DNA指纹图谱的构建和遗传结构分析

以国内目前养殖的大口黑鲈[Micropterus salmoides(Lacépède)]群体(CH)、2009年引进的佛罗里达亚种(FL-09)、2010年引进的佛罗里达亚种(FL-10)、2010年引进的北方亚种(NT-10)为实验材料,应用43个微卫星DNA标记对这4个大口黑鲈群体进行遗传检测,构建了各群体的微卫星DNA指纹图谱,并对其遗传结构进行分析。结果显示:CH、FL-09、FL-10和NT-10群体的平均等位基因数(A)分别为2.58、3.74、3.70和4.21,平均期望杂合度(He)分别为0.4549、0.4896、0.5010和0.6138,平均多态信息量(PIC)分别为0.3786、0.4443、0.4566和0.5546,表明国内目前养殖的大口黑鲈群体遗传多样性水平远远低于国外新引进的大口黑鲈群体。利用UPGMA法对4个群体进行聚类,结果 FL-09和FL-10聚为一支,遗传距离为0.0506;NT-10和CH聚为另一支,遗传距离为0.4244,推测FL-09和FL-10两个佛罗里达亚种属于相同的群体,而NT-10和CH两个北方亚种来自不同的群体,甚至不同的水系。同时从指纹图谱中,筛选到5个特异的微卫星标记(JZL114、MiSaTPW11、Lma120、Mdo6和Msal21),可以鉴别FL、NT-10和CH群体,其中MiSaTPW11和Msal21这两个标记组合可以完全鉴别这3个群体。将5个特异性微卫星标记的图谱数据转化成计算机可以识别的数码指纹,可以方便应用于大口黑鲈不同群体及其杂交种的鉴定。研究结果可以为我国大口黑鲈种质资源保存、品种鉴定和良种选育提供理论依据。     

接合转移诱动系统在遗传分析和体内基因操作中的应用

接合转移诱动系统在遗传分析和体内基因操作中的应用赵巍,张成刚,蔺继尚（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）细菌间ＤＮＡ的转移主要有转化、转导、接合和原生质体融合等几种形式。接合是通过供体菌和受体菌完整细胞间的直接接触,而传递大段ＤＮＡ的方法,...     

用RAPD标记研究对虾属六个种间的亲缘关系

用ＲＡＰＤ技术对对虾属中六种对虾基因组ＤＮＡ的多态性进行研究。在事先优化的反应条件下用２０个随机引物扩增,共得到３６４条清晰稳定的多态性片段,片段长度在２３０￣２８００ｂｐ之间。统计这些片段,根据扩增片段的共享度计算出相对遗传距离指数,然后用ＵＰＧＭＡ和ＮＪ等聚类方法对其进行分析,构建系统树,确定了它们相互间的亲缘关系。从聚类分析的结果可以看到,外部形态比较相似的种类在基因组ＤＮＡ上表现出较大的相     

Optimization of primer screening for evaluation of genetic relationship in rose cultivars

Optimization of primer screening for evaluation of genetic relationship in 34 cultivars of rose through random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was investigated. Four series of decamer primers were used for screening and optimization of RAPD analysis between which A and N series performed good amplification of fragments as compared with other series. The primers OPN-07 and OPN-15 produced maximum number of DNA fragments in Rosa hybrida cv. Anuraag. Some primer either did not produce amplification or produced very poor amplification. Further, ten selected primers were used for genetic analysis of 34 rose cultivars. The primer OPN-15 amplified 21 fragments in all cultivars tested. A total of 162 distinct DNA fragments (bands) ranging from 100 to 3400 base pairs were amplified by using 10 selected random primers. The cluster analysis indicated that these rose cultivars formed nine clusters.