地形对亚热带山地景观尺度植被格局影响的梯度分析

用 7个指标反映三峡大老岭地区森林群落生境的地形特征 ,采用 DCCA排序方法定量分析不同地形因子对亚热带山地森林植被格局的影响及它们各自的生态意义 ;并分析它们的作用强度沿海拔的变化。结果表明 :1)DCCA排序的前 4个轴分别与海拔、坡位和坡度、坡向和坡面显著相关 ;山地森林植被存在多重尺度和方向的分异格局 ;2 )山地森林群落样方生境的热量、水分 (养分 )和光照条件可主要由海拔、坡位和坡度、坡向等地形特征分别反映 ;3)在垂直梯度上 :海拔的影响在海拔 6 0 0～ 80 0 m和 15 0 0～ 170 0 m最大 ;坡向影响的峰值在山顶带 ;坡度、坡位与坡形的影响在山地中部影响最大 ,其中坡度在海拔 6 0 0 m以下的影响也很显著 ;坡面的影响在山地中部最显著。     

黑河上游天然草地蝗虫密度与地形关系的GAM分析

地形差异性导致的环境异质性是小尺度范围内生物空间格局形成与维持的重要机制之一,也是导致物种密度分布差异的前提条件.借助GIS和S-Plus软件,利用广义可加模型(GAM)于2009年7-8月对影响蝗虫分布的地形因子进行了研究,在定量分析黑河上游祁连山区北坡地形特征的基础上,研究了该区域蝗虫密度与地形之间的关系.结果表明:蝗虫密度受地形因子影响的顺序为坡向＞海拔＞坡度＞坡位＞平面曲率＞剖面曲率;蝗虫密度在坡位、平面曲率以及剖面曲率各个梯度上的分布比较均衡,在坡向和坡度梯度上呈二次抛物线分布,在海拔梯度上呈“S”曲线分布;从分布区域上来看,蝗虫主要分布在海拔2550～2650 m区域,坡向上则主要集中在西北坡和西坡,与实际观测情况一致.蝗虫密度与地形因子之间的相互关系及其分布状态反映了地形特征对水热等条件的影响,使蝗虫分布格局呈现多元化和以及破碎化状态.     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

 根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

地形对澜沧江源区高寒草甸植物丰富度及其分布格局的影响

在澜沧江源区进行了大范围的植物群落调查,应用回归拟合和典范对应分析(CCA),研究地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向和坡位)对高强度人为干扰和全球气候变化条件下源区高寒草甸植物物种丰富度及植物分布的影响.结果表明:(1)在55个样地275个1 m×1 m的小样方中,共出现150种植物,在1 m2样方内物种数最多为27种,最少的仅为3种;(2)利用曲线方程进行拟合,物种丰富度分别与海拔和坡度有极显著的相关性,但与坡向和坡位没有显著的关系;(3)CCA第一轴基本上反映了植物群落所处环境的坡度的梯度变化,第二轴基本上反映了坡位的梯度变化,第三轴反映了地形因子的综合作用;(4)按影响程度大小,在高强度人为干扰和全球变化条件下,影响该区域高寒草甸植物种类组成和结构的地形因子从大至小依次为坡度、坡位、海拔和坡向,反映出坡度是影响源区高寒草甸水土条件的主要因子.     

神农架米心水青冈-曼青冈群落的地形异质性及其生态影响

地貌单元和地形的局部变化严重制约着光照、温度、水分甚至土壤资源的再分配 ,从而对植被的分布产生影响。以永久性监测样地为基础 ,利用数字高程模型模拟 0 .96 hm2样地的地形表面 ,在地理信息系统的支持下分析了米心水青冈 -曼青冈群落的地形异质性状况 ,并结合群落调查的结果探讨了地形因素对群落组成的影响。结果表明研究范围内样方的平均坡度在 18.2～ 74 .6°之间。坡向可以分为南坡、西南坡及东南坡 3部分 ,坡度及坡向差异显著。对坡度、坡向等地形因素及群落的物种组成进行半方差分析 ,发现三者的空间异质性尺度分别为 2 85 .8m,2 80 .5 m及 6 .1m。地形因素的变化尺度远大于植被组成的变化 ,说明小尺度下地形因素不是影响群落内种群分布格局的唯一因素。坡度和坡向因子的块金值分别为 2 1.8及 4 98.0 ,说明两者在小尺度下的某些过程不能忽视。植物与地形因素的相关分析表明不同的种对地形的适应性不同 ,群落中的 2 4种主要植物可以分为 4个生态种组。因此 ,群落的物种组成变化受到多种因素的影响 ,这种影响可以在地形变化中得到反映。     

芦芽山自然保护区青林的分类及排序

根据60个森林群落样方数据,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和冗余分析(RDA)方法,对芦芽山自然保护区的森林群落进行分类和排序。结果表明:(1)TWINSPAN将该区的森林群落分为9个类型;(2)RDA排序结果较好地反映出群落分布格局与环境梯度的关系。青林各群落类型在第一轴有明显分异,而第一轴主要反映了海拔和坡位的梯度,因此青林的群落分布格局主要受海拔和坡位的影响,从而导致植被类型的垂直分布。(3)环境因子的蒙特卡罗随机置换检验结果表明只有海拔、坡位和土壤pH对群落分布具有显著影响(P0.05),坡度、坡向和凋落物层厚度的共线性作用较大。方差分解结果表明海拔、坡位和土壤pH的独立解释量依次减小,海拔、坡位是影响青林分布的关键环境因子。     

地形对七姊妹山自然保护区植物丰富度及分布格局的影响

该研究以七姊妹山自然保护区40个(20×20m2)植物群落调查样方为基础,并采用回归分析和典型对应分析(CCA)的方法研究该区地形对植物物种丰富度及植物分布格局的影响,以明确海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子的相对重要性,为该区植物多样性的保护和管理提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)七姊妹山自然保护区40个调查样地共有植物633种,隶属133科,316属,其中乔木118种,灌木150种,草本365种。(2)曲线回归方程拟合结果显示,七姊妹山自然保护区植物物种丰富度分别与海拔、坡度具有显著相关性,物种丰富度沿海拔梯度升高而增大,沿坡度梯度先减少后增大之后又减小。(3)从植物的生活型来看,在所有海拔段,乔木物种丰富度始终低于灌木和草本植物;在低、中低海拔地带,灌木物种丰富度均高于乔木和草本植物;而在中、高海拔地带草本植物物种丰富度较大且高于乔木和灌木。(4)CCA排序结果表明,地形因子对植物物种的分布具有显著影响按其影响强度排序为海拔坡度坡位坡向,说明海拔是影响该区植物物种分布最重要的地形因子。     

车八岭山地常绿阔叶林群落结构特征与微地形条件的关系

以车八岭国家级自然保护区南亚热带常绿阔叶林2hm2样地调查数据为基础,根据样方排列、海拔梯度变化及水分梯度理论潜在值从低到高的趋势将样地划分为5条样带,在由山脊至山谷的微地形变化范围内对群落结构进行全面分析,探讨群落内部结构变化规律及其影响因子。研究结果表明,海拔、坡位、坡向、坡度等山地微地形条件对群落结构及物种分布影响显著。从山脊至谷底变化过程中,各样带平均树高、平均胸径以及较大高度级和胸径级的物种个体比例减少,物种多样性呈现增加趋势。多响应置换过程(MRPP)分析表明各样带之间物种组成存在极显著差异(P0.0001),且样带主要物种及密度发生明显变化。通过物种与地形因子的典范对应分析(CCA)知,在同一区域内,物种随地形因子表现出不同的分布趋势,米锥(Castanopsiscarlesii)、甜锥(Castanopsis eyrei)、石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)等喜光的阳性树种在上坡位分布较多,枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、樟叶槭(Acer cinnamomifolium)等喜温暖湿润气候的物种则在下坡位样带为优势物种。揭示了山地常绿阔叶林群落特征对微地形变化的响应,对于区域生物多样性保护和植被恢复具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

地形因子对粤北山地森林不同生长型地表植物分布格局的影响

利用典范对应分析(CCA)方法研究了小地形变化对广东省车八岭国家级自然保护区山地常绿阔叶林不同生长型地表植物分布格局的影响.结果表明:坡向、坡度和坡位3个地形因子的综合作用对4种生长型地表植物(蕨类、木质藤本、草本和灌木)的分布格局均有显著影响.其中,坡向对4种生长型地表植物分布格局的影响均显著,坡度对灌木分布格局的影响显著,坡位对4种生长型地表植物分布格局的影响均不显著.从阴坡到半阴坡再到半阳坡,4种生长型地表植物的总个体数均逐渐减小,表明阴性植物在亚热带山地常绿阔叶林地表植物中占优势.大部分灌木属于阴性植物,其丰富度和多样性随坡向的变化趋势与总个体数一致.灌木对坡度的变化较敏感,在缓坡上数量较多.丘陵低山的坡位变化范围不大,对地表植物分布的影响不显著.在林分尺度上,地形因子在水平方向(坡向)上对地表植物分布格局的影响比垂直方向(坡度和坡位)大,反映出坡向是亚热带山地森林中影响水热条件的主要因子.     

大兴安岭中部天然次生林种子雨动态

本研究于2018—2019年对大兴安岭中部白桦林、针叶林和针阔混交林3种林型的种子雨落种量进行了动态监测,并对3种林型主要树种的种子雨季节动态、落叶动态、种子雨千粒重、种子雨年际变化和种子雨空间格局进行了分析。结果表明: 各林型中兴安落叶松种子雨和白桦种子雨呈现明显的单峰型分布。针阔树种(落叶松、樟子松、云杉、白桦、山杨)的落叶量呈现出明显的季节动态,各林型落叶量大多在9月中上旬达到高峰。在针阔混交林和针叶林中,处于高峰期的兴安落叶松种子雨千粒重明显大于初始期和末尾期的兴安落叶松种子雨千粒重,3种林型下白桦千粒重在季节上未表现出明显的差异。兴安落叶松和白桦的种子雨均呈现出明显的年际变化,2018年为种子散种量的丰年,2019年为歉年。两年时间内,所有种子雨的空间格局在总体上均表现为聚集分布,种子雨和幼苗幼树在空间分布格局上存在一致性。     

Cyclic habitat displacements during Pleistocene glaciations have induced independent evolution of Tasimia palpata populations (Trichoptera: Tasimiidae) in isolated subtropical rain forest patches

Aim Mechanisms generating biodiversity and endemism are influenced by both historical and ecological patterns, and the relative roles of history vs. ecological interactions are still being debated. The phylogeography of one rain forest‐restricted caddisfly species, Tasimia palpata, thought to have good dispersal abilities, is used to address questions about shifts of highland rain forest habitat during Pleistocene glaciations and about their consequences for haplotype composition and distribution. Location Tasimia palpata occurs in highland subtropical rain forest patches, which are separated from one another by lowland dry bush, in south‐eastern Queensland, Australia. Methods We sequenced 375 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene from 169 individuals (20 populations) of T. palpata, mainly from three fragmented subtropical rain forest blocks, revealing 46 haplotypes. Analysis of molecular variance (amova ), genetic divergence between populations, nested clade analyses and tests based on coalescent theory were used to analyse phylogeographical relationships among T. palpata populations. Results amova indicates spatial genetic structure between isolated subtropical rain forest patches, with an isolation‐by‐distance effect. Tests based on coalescent theory suggest a repeated process of population reductions and divergence between isolated rain forests during Pleistocene glaciations as a consequence of habitat constrictions followed by population expansions during interglacial periods when subtropical rain forest expanded. In addition, these results suggest that, prior to the Pleistocene, rain forest and T. palpata had more widespread distributions in this region. Main conclusions Historical rain forest expansion and contraction during the Pleistocene resulted in changes in demography and genetic diversity of T. palpata, as well as in an increase in genetic divergence between populations from different patches of subtropical rain forest. Despite the fact that this caddisfly species was isolated in separate highland rain forest patches at various times during the Pleistocene, there is no evidence of allopatric speciation during the Quaternary, which contrasts with other examples of endemism and high diversity in rain forest highlands.     

Firescape ecology: how topography determines the contrasting distribution of fire and rain forest in the south‐west of the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area

Aim To test the hypothesis that ‘islands’ of fire‐sensitive rain forest are restricted to topographic fire refugia and investigate the role of topography–fire interactions in fire‐mediated alternative stable state models. Location A vegetation mosaic of moorland, sclerophyll scrub, wet sclerophyll eucalypt forest and rain forest in the rugged, fire‐prone landscapes of south‐west Tasmania, Australia. Methods We used geospatial statistics to: (1) identify the topographic determinants of rain forest distribution on nutrient‐poor substrates, and (2) identify the vegetation and topographic variables that are important in controlling the spatial pattern of a series of very large fires (> 40,000 ha) that were mapped using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite imagery. Results Rain forest was more likely to be found in valleys and on steep south‐facing slopes. Fires typically burned within highly flammable treeless moorland and stopped on boundaries with less flammable surrounding vegetation types such as wet sclerophyll forest and rain forest. Controlling for the effect of vegetation, fires were most likely to burn on flats, ridges and steep north‐facing slopes and least likely to burn in valleys and on steep south‐facing slopes. These results suggest an antagonism between fire and rain forest, in which rain forest preferentially occupies parts of the landscape where fire is least likely to burn. Main conclusions The distribution of rain forest on nutrient‐poor substrates was clearly related to parts of the landscape that are protected from fire (i.e. topographic fire refugia). The relative flammability of vegetation types at the landscape scale offers support to the proposed hierarchy of fire frequencies (moorland > scrub > wet sclerophyll > rain forest) that underpins the ecological models proposed for the region. The interaction between fire occurrence and a range of topographic variables suggests that topography plays an important role in mediating the fire–vegetation feedbacks thought to maintain vegetation mosaics in south‐west Tasmania. We suggest that these fire–topography interactions should be included in models of fire‐mediated alternative stable vegetation states in other fire‐prone landscapes.     

海南岛霸王岭垂直带热带植被物种多样性的空间分析

以常用的Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson指数以及新近提出的两个非参数指数(Chao多样性指数和二阶刀切法多样性指数),计测了海南岛霸王岭垂直带上不同植被类型(包括热带低山雨林、热带山地雨林、热带云雾林、热带山地矮林)的物种多样性.在此基础上,借助地理信息系统的空间分析技术,模拟绘制了整个梯度的多样性变化谱.总体而言,样带下部的物种多样性高于上部,或者说热带低山雨林与热带山地雨林的物种多样性高于热带云雾林与热带山地矮林,而南部稍高于北部.这种基于插值方法的空间分析技术为探索植被结构分析提供了一条新的途径.     

西双版纳热带雨林林窗空间分布格局及其特征数与林窗下植物多样性的相关性

林窗作为森林群落中一种重要的干扰方式, 对林下物种构成有着重要的影响。开展林窗空间格局及其特征指数与林下植物多样性关系研究对于探讨林窗对林下生物多样性的影响有重要意义, 有助于进一步了解群落动态, 在物种多样性保护方面也具有指导作用。本研究在西双版纳热带雨林地区随机选取3块大小为1 ha的热带雨林为研究样地, 采用轻小型六旋翼无人机搭载Sony ILCE-A7r可见光传感器, 分别获取各个样地的高清数字影像, 结合数字表面高程模型以及各个样地的地形数据用以确定各样区的林窗分布格局, 并进一步提取出各林窗的景观格局指数。结合地面样方基础调查数据, 对各样地各林窗下植物多样性情况进行统计, 旨在分析热带雨林林窗空间分布格局以及林窗下植物多样性对各林窗空间格局特征的响应情况。研究表明, 西双版纳州热带雨林林窗呈大而分散的空间分布, 林窗空间格局特征指数如林窗形状复杂性指数、林窗面积都与林下植物多样性呈显著正相关关系。在面积小的林窗下, 较之林窗形状复杂性因子, 林窗面积大小对林下植物多样性影响更显著; 在面积达到一定程度后, 相对于面积因子, 林窗形状复杂性指数对林下植物多样性影响更显著, 各样地林窗皆趋于向各自所处样地顶极群落发展。     

Humid tropical rain forest has expanded into eucalypt forest and savanna over the last 50 years

Tropical rain forest expansion and savanna woody vegetation thickening appear to be a global trend, but there remains uncertainty about whether there is a common set of global drivers. Using geographic information techniques, we analyzed aerial photography of five areas in the humid tropics of northeastern Queensland, Australia, taken in the 1950s and 2008, to determine if changes in rain forest extent match those reported for the Australian monsoon tropics using similar techniques. Mapping of the 1950s aerial photography showed that of the combined study area (64,430 ha), 63% was classified as eucalypt forests/woodland and 37% as rain forest. Our mapping revealed that although most boundaries remained stable, there was a net increase of 732 ha of the original rain forest area over the study period, and negligible conversion of rain forest to eucalypt forest/woodland. Statistical modeling, controlling for spatial autocorrelation, indicated distance from preexisting rain forest as the strongest determinant of rain forest expansion. Margin extension had a mean rate across the five sites of 0.6 m per decade. Expansion was greater in tall open forest types but also occurred in shorter, more flammable woodland vegetation types. No correlations were detected with other local variables (aspect, elevation, geology, topography, drainage). Using a geographically weighted mean rate of rain forest margin extension across the whole region, we predict that over 25% of tall open forest (a forest type of high conservation significance) would still remain after 2000 years of rain forest expansion. This slow replacement is due to the convoluted nature of the rain forest boundary and the irregular shape of the tall open forest patches. Our analyses point to the increased concentration of atmospheric CO(2) as the most likely global driver of indiscriminate rain forest expansion occurring in northeastern Australia, by increasing tree growth and thereby overriding the effects of fire disturbance.     

Spatial Variation in Army Ant Swarm Raiding and its Potential Effect on Biodiversity

Invertebrate communities of the tropical rain forest floor are highly diverse, characterized by patchy species distribution patterns and high variation in species density. Spatial variation in the foraging activity of swarm raiding army ants, prime invertebrate predators in tropical rain forests, is discussed as a mechanism contributing to these patterns, but highly resolved long‐term data on army ant raiding on the local and landscape scale are hitherto lacking. In this study, 196 positions in 11 study sites in a tropical rain forest in western Kenya were continuously monitored over ~4 mo for the occurrence of swarm raids of army ants. Using population simulation analyses, the consequences of army ant raiding for prey communities were assessed. We found an unexpectedly high variation in raid rates at the study site and landscape scale. The weekly chance of communities to become raided by army ants was on average 0.11, but ranged from 0 to 0.50 among the 196 positions. Simulating population developments of two Lotka–Volterra species—showing slight trade‐offs between competitive strength and resistance to army ant raids—in the real raiding landscapes showed that the observed spatial variation in raid rates may produce high prey diversity at larger spatial scales (due to high β‐diversity) and strong variation in species density. Our results indicate that high spatial variation in army ant swarm raiding is a mechanism capable of generating patchy species distribution patterns and maintaining the high biodiversity of invertebrate communities of the tropical rain forest floor.     

Clearance and fragmentation of tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW, China

Xishuangbanna, situated in the northern margin of the tropical zone in Southeast Asia, maintains large areas of tropical rain forest and contains rich biodiversity. However, tropical rain forests are being rapidly destroyed in this region. This paper analyzed spatial and temporal changes of forest cover and the patterns of forests fragmentation in Xishuangbanna by comparing classified satellite images from 1976, 1988 and 2003 using GIS analyses. The patterns of fragmentation and the effects of edge width were examined using selected landscape indices. The results show that forest cover declined from 69% in 1976 to less than 50% in 2003, the number of forests fragments increased from 6,096 to 8,324, and the mean patch size declined from 217 to 115 ha. It was found that fragment size distribution was strongly skewed towards small values, and fragment size and internal habitat differ strongly among forest types: less fragmented in subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest, but severe in forests that are suitable for agriculture (such as tropical seasonal rain forest and mountain rain forest). Due to fragmentation, the edge width was smaller in 2003 than that in 1976 when the total area of edge habitat exceeded core habitat in different forest types. The core area of tropical seasonal rain forest was smallest among main forest types at any edge width. Fragmentation was severe within 12.5-km buffers around roads. The current forest cover within reserves in Xishuangbanna was comparatively large and less fragmented. However, the tropical rain forest has been degraded inside reserves. For conservation purposes, the approaches to establish forest fragments networks by corridors and stepping stone fragments are proposed. The conservation efforts should be directed first toward the conservation of remaining tropical rain forests.     

Dynamics of Forest Landscape Patterns Along the Main Road in Xishuangbanna

In this paper, we investigated dynamics of forest landscape along the main roads in Xishuangbanna from 1976 to 1988, and from 1988 to 2003, using FRAGSTATS software and the GIS technology, based on the results interpreted from the Landsat MSS TM ETM imageries in 1976, 1988, 2003. Some representative quantitative indices of landscape diversity, including mean patch area, percent of landscape , perimeter-area fractal dimension , aggregation , Shannon′s diversity index , and Shannon′s equality index were used to describe the changes in the spatial pattern of landscape elements. Comparing with whole region of Xishuangbanna during last 27 years , the results showed that the man-made landscape (rubber plantation) and non-forested landscape along the main road expanded faster and their percentage were greater, whereas the natural landscape ( primitive forest patches) reduced faster and its percentage was smaller . There were obviouseffects of road on landscape which the forest coverage was decreased , and rubber plantation landscape was increased with the distance from the road . The natural forest landscape had been fragmented. Especially, the tropical seasonal rain forest was affected severely, while the area and contagion of rubber plantation and shrub increased. The whole landscape pattern along the main road tended to be diversiform, equal and fragmented. The landscape was still dominated by natural landscapes but this dominance was weakening . A case study about the displacement of landscape patch centroids showed that the spatial centroids of many types of landscape, including rubber plantation, tropical seasonal rain forest, mountain rain forest, shrub and non-forested land had moved away from the road. All of these changes in landscape pattern would lead the deterioration of these region environments.     

尖峰岭自然保护区土壤性质空间异质性

选取尖峰岭热带林自然保护区水平和垂直两条样带10个主要的生态系统类型,研究了该地区土壤性质的空间异质性特征。结果表明水平样带0~20cm土壤有机碳、总氮、速效氮含量变异顺序为原始林>次生林>3种人工林;垂直样带0~20cm土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷含量表现为山地雨林原始林最高,向高海拔和低海拔两端逐渐降低的趋势,且差异达到显著水平。土壤速效养分有效氮和有效磷以及阳离子交换量表现出与其它养分指标不同的变化趋势,但在水平和垂直样带都表现出与pH值有很好的相关性。位于中、高海拔,人为干扰最轻的山地雨林原始林具有最好的土壤养分保持能力,土壤综合质量指数最高。在受干扰类型中天然次生林土壤综合质量指数最高。在海拔梯度上,常绿季雨林是最易受干扰也是对干扰最敏感的生态系统类型。表明热带森林原始林对维持土壤质量及天然林破坏后使其自然恢复为保持土壤质量具有重要意义。