黑河上游天然草地蝗虫物种丰富度与地形关系的GAM分析

地形差异性导致的环境异质性为小尺度范围内生物空间格局的形成与维持提供了一种重要机制, 是形成物种丰富度差异性的前提条件。借助GIS和S-PLUS软件, 利用广义可加模型(GAM)于7-8月对影响蝗虫分布的地形因子进行了研究, 在定量分析黑河上游祁连山区北坡地形的海拔分异特征的基础上研究了该区域蝗虫的丰富度与地形复杂度的关系。结果表明： 在36个样方中共采集蝗虫3 149头, 隶属于3科10属13种; 蝗虫丰富度受地形因子影响的顺序为海拔＞坡向＞坡度＞剖面曲率＞平面曲率＞坡位; 蝗虫的分布在平面曲率和剖面曲率各个梯度上的分布比较均衡, 在海拔、 坡向以及坡位的每个梯度上呈二次抛物线分布, 坡度上呈递减趋势; 从分布的区域上来看, 蝗虫在整个区域都有较高的丰富度, 但主要分布在海拔2 600~2 700 m区域, 坡向上则主要集中在西北坡和西坡, 与实际观测情况相一致。蝗虫丰富度与地形因子之间的相互关系以及分布状态, 反映了地形因子对水热条件的重分配使蝗虫分布格局出现多元化以及破碎化。     

高寒退化草地狼毒种群地上生物量空间格局对地形的响应

地上生物量的空间格局是物种分布格局的重要内容,在小尺度范围内因地形差异导致的环境异质性是这种格局形成和演变的环境基础.在2011年8月野外调查的基础上,借助ArcGIS和S-PLUS软件,利用广义相加模型(GAM)对退化高寒草地狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的空间分布格局进行了研究,定量分析了狼毒地上生物量空间格局对主要地形因子的响应机制.结果表明:狼毒种群地上生物量受地形因子影响的顺序为坡向＞坡度＞海拔＞平面曲率＞剖面曲率;坡向和坡度两种地形因子对狼毒的地上生物量空间格局的贡献率分别为3.75和1.48,其余因子则相对较小;狼毒地上生物量在海拔、平面曲率和剖面曲率梯度上的分布比较均衡,在坡向梯度上呈开口向下的抛物线趋势,在坡度梯度上则呈现开口向上的抛物线趋势.狼毒地上生物量空间异质性及其与地形因子之间的关系,反映了狼毒在地形因子对水热条件重分配影响下的响应机制及生长策略.     

黑河上游天然草地亚洲小车蝗多度与地形的关系

在小尺度范围内,地形差异导致的环境异质性是物种格局形成和演变的环境基础.在2009年7-8月野外调查的基础上,借助GIS和S-PLUS软件,利用广义相加模型(GAM)定量分析了黑河上游祁连山北坡天然草地亚洲小车蝗多度与海拔、坡向、坡度和剖面曲率等地形因子之间的关系.结果表明:亚洲小车蝗具有较好的模型结构和模拟效果,能够较好地反映亚洲小车蝗的多度分布状况;各地形因子对亚洲小车蝗多度分布的影响不尽相同,其中海拔和剖面曲率起主导控制作用;在海拔梯度上,亚洲小车蝗多度随海拔的升高大体呈现倒“V”型变化趋势,在2380 ～ 2560 m,多度与海拔呈正相关,海拔升至2560 m以上时多度开始降低,与海拔呈负相关;亚洲小车蝗多度主要集中分布在剖面曲率＜0的区域,在剖面曲率＜-1.6的区域,多度与剖面曲率呈正相关,在剖面曲率＞-1.6的区域,二者呈负相关.亚洲小车蝗多度与地形因子之间的相互关系及分布状态,反映了地形因子对水热条件的重分配,使亚洲小车蝗空间分布格局出现异质化.     

黑河上游天然草地亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫多度分布与地形关系的GAM分析

环境异质性是生物空间格局形成与维持的重要条件, 蝗虫的空间分布是物种长期适应自然环境的结果, 反映了蝗虫与生存环境的协同进化机制。在2009年7-8月野外调查的基础上, 借助GIS和S-PLUS 8.0软件, 利用广义相加模型（GAM）研究了祁连山北坡黑河上游亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus蝗蝻与成虫多度分布与海拔、 坡向、 坡度和剖面曲率等6类地形因子之间的关系。结果表明： 亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫的多度分布与地形因子关系的GAM模型具有不同的模型结构、 模拟效果以及结果的稳定性, 能够较好地体现二者所受地形因子影响的差异。各地形因子对亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫多度的影响不尽相同, 海拔对二者的多度分布起主导控制作用, 蝗蝻与成虫的多度均随海拔的升高大体呈现倒“V”型变化趋势, 但蝗蝻在海拔梯度上的分布上限明显大于成虫。成虫主要集中分布在剖面曲率<0的区域, 蝗蝻主要集中分布在南坡与西南坡。亚洲小车蝗蝗蝻与成虫对环境选择的异质性属性, 使蝗蝻和成虫在相同地形要素的分布格局存在明显差异。     

宁夏贺兰山拟步甲科昆虫分布与地形的关系

利用典范对应分析(CCA)及曲线回归拟合,研究了宁夏贺兰山拟步甲科昆虫多样性及分布与地形的关系。结果表明:共调查到14属42种,其中,小圆鳖甲和阿小鳖甲为优势种,其个体数量分别占总捕获个体数的36.09%和19.14%。CCA分析显示,海拔、坡度和平面曲率对拟步甲昆虫的分布格局有显著影响。拟步甲昆虫丰富度和多样性分别与海拔呈显著的线性关系,个体数量与平面曲率呈显著的二次曲线关系。拟步甲昆虫的分布与坡度和坡向没有明显的回归关系,但拟步甲倾向于0°-15°坡度和西北坡向聚集。优势种小圆鳖甲与5个地形因子均不显著相关,因此在贺兰山的分布比较广泛。而优势种阿小鳖甲分布受海拔、坡度和平面曲率影响显著。     

地形对亚热带山地景观尺度植被格局影响的梯度分析

用 7个指标反映三峡大老岭地区森林群落生境的地形特征 ,采用 DCCA排序方法定量分析不同地形因子对亚热带山地森林植被格局的影响及它们各自的生态意义 ;并分析它们的作用强度沿海拔的变化。结果表明 :1)DCCA排序的前 4个轴分别与海拔、坡位和坡度、坡向和坡面显著相关 ;山地森林植被存在多重尺度和方向的分异格局 ;2 )山地森林群落样方生境的热量、水分 (养分 )和光照条件可主要由海拔、坡位和坡度、坡向等地形特征分别反映 ;3)在垂直梯度上 :海拔的影响在海拔 6 0 0～ 80 0 m和 15 0 0～ 170 0 m最大 ;坡向影响的峰值在山顶带 ;坡度、坡位与坡形的影响在山地中部影响最大 ,其中坡度在海拔 6 0 0 m以下的影响也很显著 ;坡面的影响在山地中部最显著。     

地形因子对森林景观格局多尺度效应分析

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,3S技术为研究手段,分析了泰山的森林景观结构动态变化以及景观格局沿高程的分异。选择相对高差较大的区域设计了8个地形方位,采用3种由连续样方组成的辐射状样带,在遥感影像上进行信息采集,研究地形对森林景观格局的多尺度效应,分析了不同地形因子对森林景观分异的影响。结果表明,在景观尺度上,地形方位、海拔、山地类型是影响森林景观镶嵌格局的控制因素,坡向、坡度是重要因素,坡形、坡位是不明显因素。以TM影像为信息源,从森林景观分异和梯度分析上,首先要考虑海拔坡向指数、坡形坡位指数和海拔,并立足于地形方位。地形主要因子间存在着稳定的显著正相关,为森林分异多尺度格局提供了较强的综合解释能力。     

地形对澜沧江源区高寒草甸植物丰富度及其分布格局的影响

在澜沧江源区进行了大范围的植物群落调查,应用回归拟合和典范对应分析(CCA),研究地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向和坡位)对高强度人为干扰和全球气候变化条件下源区高寒草甸植物物种丰富度及植物分布的影响.结果表明:(1)在55个样地275个1 m×1 m的小样方中,共出现150种植物,在1 m2样方内物种数最多为27种,最少的仅为3种;(2)利用曲线方程进行拟合,物种丰富度分别与海拔和坡度有极显著的相关性,但与坡向和坡位没有显著的关系;(3)CCA第一轴基本上反映了植物群落所处环境的坡度的梯度变化,第二轴基本上反映了坡位的梯度变化,第三轴反映了地形因子的综合作用;(4)按影响程度大小,在高强度人为干扰和全球变化条件下,影响该区域高寒草甸植物种类组成和结构的地形因子从大至小依次为坡度、坡位、海拔和坡向,反映出坡度是影响源区高寒草甸水土条件的主要因子.     

地形因子对粤北山地森林不同生长型地表植物分布格局的影响

利用典范对应分析(CCA)方法研究了小地形变化对广东省车八岭国家级自然保护区山地常绿阔叶林不同生长型地表植物分布格局的影响.结果表明:坡向、坡度和坡位3个地形因子的综合作用对4种生长型地表植物(蕨类、木质藤本、草本和灌木)的分布格局均有显著影响.其中,坡向对4种生长型地表植物分布格局的影响均显著,坡度对灌木分布格局的影响显著,坡位对4种生长型地表植物分布格局的影响均不显著.从阴坡到半阴坡再到半阳坡,4种生长型地表植物的总个体数均逐渐减小,表明阴性植物在亚热带山地常绿阔叶林地表植物中占优势.大部分灌木属于阴性植物,其丰富度和多样性随坡向的变化趋势与总个体数一致.灌木对坡度的变化较敏感,在缓坡上数量较多.丘陵低山的坡位变化范围不大,对地表植物分布的影响不显著.在林分尺度上,地形因子在水平方向(坡向)上对地表植物分布格局的影响比垂直方向(坡度和坡位)大,反映出坡向是亚热带山地森林中影响水热条件的主要因子.     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

Behaviors associated with tube-sharing in Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (Costa) (Crustacea:Amphipoda)

An earlier study showed that the onset of precopulatory behavior, or tube-sharing, in the amphipod crustacean Microdeutopus gryllotalpa (Costa) generally occurred toward the end of the females' intermolt period. Tube-sharing ended when the female molted and copulation occurred. It was hypothesized that after copulation the male would leave the female's tube, travel to another receptive female's tube, and begin tube-sharing with the new female (the “cruising male hypothesis”).The present study confirms this hypothesis for laboratory cultures. In addition, the study describes a female-typical and male-specific behavior (“blocking” and “intermittent pleopod beats”). These behaviors are only expressed during interactions between one individual who is entering, and another individual who is residing in the tube.     

Immature stages of Pangaeus (Pangaeus) serripes (Westwood) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Cydnidae: Cydninae), associated with figs in Mexico

The immature stages of Pangaeus (Pangaeus) serripes are described for the first time. Immature stages are illustrated and notes about their biology are included. Morphological features of the legs of the nymphs are associated with the fossorial habit of the Cydninae. Both adults and nymphs have been reared and found feeding on fallen fruits and seeds of several species of figs in Mexico.     

Haematological alterations in Rattus norvegicus (Wistar) experimentally infected with Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae)

Laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) were infected with Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). The rodents received 150 metacercariae each and blood samples were collected weekly until the fifth week of infection. The blood samples were analyzed for determination of haematocrit, total red blood cells with their dimensions, haemoglobin and haematimetric index (mean corpuscular volume, MCV; mean corpuscular haemoglobin, MCH; and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, MCHC) and platelets. Red blood cells, haematocrit and haemoglobin in the first week had significantly lower levels than those of uninfected (control) rats, suggesting the development of normocytic and normocromic anaemia with anisocytic alteration. The number of eosinophils did not increase significantly among the groups. We concluded that E. paraensei produces haematological alterations in R. norvegicus, causing regenerative anaemia. This system can therefore be a useful model to study the direct and indirect effects of gastrointestinal infections.     

Larvae of Nymphulinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with Hydrilla verticillata (Hydrocharitaceae) in North Queensland

Abstract  Australian Nymphulinae are a diverse group of moths with aquatic caterpillars that probably play an important role in determining the composition and abundance of aquatic macrophytes in Australian freshwater systems. Less than 10% of the nymphuline larvae in Australia have been described. As part of a project to develop biological control agents for hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata , we encountered a variety of Nymphulinae larvae feeding on this and other aquatic plants. We illustrate, describe and provide a key to five species of Nymphulinae larvae ( Ambia ptolycusalis (Walker), Parapoynx diminutalis Snellen, Hygraula nitens Butler, Margarosticha repititalis (Warren) and Theila siennata (Warren)) that feed on hydrilla in North Queensland. Information on their host plants also is included. Our field research indicates that none of these species should be considered as potential biological control agents for hydrilla.     

Sexual dimorphism documented in Reptalus iguchii (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae) with a description of males

Reptalus iguchii (Matsumura 1914) comb. nov., previously known from female specimens, is recognized for the first time in the Republic of Korea. This species is sexually dimorphic, based on observations of a pair in copula. Detailed morphological characters of both male and female were studied and are illustrated. Also, sequence data from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were used to distinguish males and females of the only other congener known from Korea, R. quadricinctus (Matsumura 1914). Artemisia and Prunus are recorded as potential hosts in the Republic of Korea for the first time.     

Silurian calcispheres (Calcitarcha) of Gotland (Sweden): Comparisons with calcareous dinoflagellates

Scanning electron microscope examinations of polished and etched surfaces of sediments from the Silurian carbonate platform of Gotland, Sweden, revealed the presence of numerous, morphologically diverse “calcispheres” (Calcitarcha). Some of these spherical calcareous microfossils display wall structures that are surprisingly similar to those of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts. In analogy to the interpretation of the biological affinities of Palaeozoic acritarchs as cysts of organisms that might have been the ancestors of organic-walled dinoflagellates, the Calcitarcha from Gotland can be compared and may possibly be related to organisms that may have been the ancestors of calcareous cyst-producing dinoflagellates that so far have not been observed before the Late Jurassic.     

Systematics of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with Hodotermopsis sjostedti (Isoptera: Termopsidae)

Members of the termitophilous subtribe Termitozyrina (Aleocharinae: Lomechusini) associated with Hodotermopsis sjostedti are taxonomically treated. The genera Hodotermophilus Naomi & Terayama and Termophidoholus Naomi & Hirono, and each type species (monotypic) are redescribed. Termophidoholus formosanus, originally described from Taiwan, and its host termite H. sjostedti are newly recorded from Laos. Yakuus iwatai Kanao & Maruyama gen. & sp. nov. and H. gloriosus were collected sympatrically in the same nests in Yaku‐shima, Japan. All of the above species, belonging to the three genera, share the presence of a batch of spurs at the tibial apex of fore and mid legs. Habitus photographs and illustrations of diagnostic features are provided for these species, and their phylogenetic relationships are discussed based on morphological similarities and the extant distribution of the host termite species.     

Compatibility of Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) with Neoseiulus Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Iphiseius Amblyseius) degenerans Berlese (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the biocontrol of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

The compatibility of Orius laevigatus Fieber with Neoseiulus (Amblyseius) cucumeris Oudemans as predators of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande was assessed in 24 h tests on French bean leaf discs. At varying densities of N. cucumeris and F. occidentalis in the presence of a single female O. laevigatus, it was found that O. laevigatus fed on both other organisms to a similar extent, thus raising questions as to the suitability of this combination of predators in the biocontrol of F. occidentalis. In similar trials assessing the compatibility of O. laevigatus with Iphiseius (Amblyseius) degenerans Berlese, O. laevigatus preyed on F. occidentalis to a greater extent than on I. degenerans. It is hypothesized that O. laevigatus and I. degenerans could be used simultaneously in the biocontrol of F. occidentalis with minimal interference between them.