渠式生物膜氧化法处理生活污水的技术研究

研究了利用渠式生物膜法进行生活污水处理实验。该法结合了活性污泥法和生物膜法的优点,能有效处理城市生活污水,而且装置不设二沉池,占地面积少,基建投资省。实验测定了不同的水力停留时间(HRT)和进水负荷下的化学需氧量(COD_Cr)及氨氮(NH₃-N)浓度,并分析其对去除率的影响。结果表明,在实验设定的范围内,COD_Cr和NH₃-N去除率随着水力停留时间的增大而增大,而随着进水负荷的增大而相应的减少。在水温25℃,流量0.6L·min^-1,COD_Cr 100mg·L^-1,NH₃-N 15 mg·L^-1的条件下,污染物的去除率较高(COD_Cr为71%、NH3-N为36%),出水水质比较理想,可以达到景观、娱乐和冷却水等的用水标准。     

水力停留时间对自然曝气生物滤床净化效能的影响

论文采用自然曝气生物滤床工艺处理富营养化水体,研究水力停留时间(HRT)对其净化效能的影响并进行机理方面的探讨。研究结果表明,当HRT为9.6 min时,自然曝气生物滤床对各目标污染物的去除效果最好,TN、NH₄⁺-N、COD及Chl a的去除负荷分别为1.08、1.30、3.36和26.02 g/(m²·d)。随着HRT的减小,异养细菌所占的比例从7.0%增加到98.4%,自养细菌所占的比例从93%下降到1.6%。填料表面的生物膜及菌丝体结构也随着HRT的减小而增多。此外,本文还得出了沸石生物滤床HRT与HLR之间的经验公式,可以为类似滤床的设计和运行提供理论参考。     

居住小区生活污水处理的工程实践

分析、总结了运用氧化沟工艺处理某居住小区生活污水的设计和工程实际运行情况.实践证明,进水COD浓度<400mg·L^-1时,出水COD去除率>80%;进水BOD浓度<200mg·L^-1时,出水BOD去除率>85%.该工艺是一种技术先进、高效低耗、运行稳定、出水水质好的处理工艺.     

人工沉床对富营养化河道净化效果及水体微生物群落的影响

对于透明度低、富营养化严重的河道,难以直接在河底种植沉水植物净化水质。通过构建穗花狐尾藻人工沉床系统,对上海临港一典型富营养化河道进行生态修复。结果表明：人工沉床可通过沉水植物吸收和改变微生物群落结构及多样性,达到脱氮除磷、提高水体透明度效果。沉床修复30 d后,水体透明度升高了152.2%,水体叶绿素a浓度降低了87.4%,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃-N)和活性磷(PO₄^3--P)浓度平均去除率分别为61.0%、76.4%、91.8%和76.6%,与对照区差异显著(P<0.05)。修复后水体微生物多样性提高,改变了门、属水平群落结构以及水体氮处理细菌结构,提高了磷处理细菌丰度;冗余分析进一步表明,TP、NH₃-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P是导致沉床修复不同时期水体门水平群落结构差异的主要驱动因子,变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门与TP、NH₃-N、PO₄     

铜和磺胺甲唑复合污染下人工湿地对禽畜养殖尾水的处理效果

为研究人工湿地同步去除养殖尾水中重金属和抗生素的效果, 文章以铜(Cu)和磺胺甲唑(Sulfamethoxazole, SMZ)为例, 设计了5组小试垂直流人工湿地模拟处理不同重金属-抗生素复合水平的养殖尾水(A: 空白; B: Cu 2 mg/L; C: Cu 2 mg/L, SMZ 5 mg/L; D: Cu 20 mg/L, SMZ 0.2 mg/L; E: Cu 20 mg/L, SMZ 5 mg/L), 探究复合污染下人工湿地处理效果的差异。结果显示, 复合污染下人工湿地对模拟禽畜养殖尾水中的N、P、化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demands, COD)、Cu和SMZ仍具有较高的去除率和较为稳定的去除效果, 各组平均去除率均达到99%, 复合污染的影响主要体现在氨态氮(Ammonia Nitrogen, NH₃-N)和总氮(Total Nitrogen, TN)的去除上。添加不同浓度Cu和SMZ后, 各组NH₃-N平均去除率依次为81.75%、87.59%、79.50%、74.45%和65.41%, TN平均去除率依次为81.59%、87.63%、80.82%、74.15%和67.56%, C、D和E组植物地下部分干重分别较A组下降了 22.22%、30.58%和30.64%, 复合污染对植物产生毒害作用, 使微生物的群落结构产生变化, 一些在氮去除过程中具有重要作用的微生物比如Propionicicella和Bacillus丰度降低, 从而影响NH₃-N 和TN的去除。     

青藏高原天然湿地水环境特征和水质净化能力分析

研究以拉萨市拉鲁湿地及其相连干渠和茶巴朗湿地水体为研究对象, 分别于2020年8月(夏季)和2021年4月(春季)各采集22个水样, 测定水体氮磷营养盐和高锰酸盐指数, 分析了夏季和春季湿地的水环境特征和水质净化能力。结果表明, 拉鲁湿地和茶巴朗湿地由于流域人为污染水平不同进水水质存在差异, 拉鲁湿地进水水质主要受氮磷营养盐影响, 茶巴朗湿地水质主要受耗氧有机物影响。两湿地对水质都具有净化作用, 不同季节湿地对不同污染物的去除效果也有所差异。夏季, 拉鲁湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP和SRP的最大去除率分别为75.0%、65.2%、89.5%、82.2%和35.3%。茶巴朗湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP和SRP的去除率分别为60.7%、73.5%、12.7%、35.9%和5.0%。夏季两湿地对COD_Mn均未表现出去除作用。春季, 拉鲁湿地对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP、SRP和COD_Mn的最大去除率分别为35.2%、65.9%、56.8%、59.5%、62.3%和17.9%。茶巴朗湿地的水质净化效果较差, 对TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、TP、SRP和COD_Mn的去除率分别为2.2%、10.2%、11.3%、11.3%、9.0%和26.0%。湿地水生植物、湿地结构、特殊的水动力特征及水污染负荷都可能影响高原湿地的水质净化能力, 春季高原湿地较低的水温、植物丰度和水文条件可能会降低湿地对污染物的去除效果。     

凤眼莲对无锡电影胶片厂含银废水净化生产性应用实例

 本文报道了凤眼莲对无锡电影胶片厂含银废水的净化生产性应用试验结果：(1)污水停留时间为49h时,氧化沟出水中的银净化率为98.0%到100%(未检出);(2)COD的去除率为54.58%;(3)混浊度的去除率为68.9%;(4)NH4+–N和PO43–的去除率分别为45.55%和34.3%。该法已被该厂采纳应用,并取代了原来的活性炭吸附和O3氧化三级处理,年节约运转费用12.5万元。     

可调式沉水植被网床对泥沙型富营养化河道生态修复工程研究

分别采用水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)2种可调式沉水植被网床对临港新城环湖流动泥沙型河道进行修复, 通过4个月连续跟踪测定修复河道总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)、亚硝态氮(NO₂-N)、总磷(TP)、活性磷酸盐(PO₄-P)的含量变化以及水体透明度(SD)变化以评价可调式沉水植物网床生态修复效果。结果显示, 沉水植物网床对流动泥沙型河道透明度具有明显改善作用。其中, 水花生网床和狐尾藻网床对TN、NO₃-N、NO₂-N、TP、PO₄-P的削减率分别为69.58%、67.91%、84.48%、62.26%、82.61%和45.48%、58.32%、76.56%、43.12%、73.68%, 且分别对泥沙型河道透明度提高了18%和26%。可见, 水花生网床对营养盐的削减效果优于狐尾藻网床, 而狐尾藻网床对透明度改善效果优于水花生网床。因此把这2种可调式沉水植物网床结合起来, 对流动泥沙型富营养化河道具有更好去除富营养物及泥沙的生态修复效果。     

典型农作措施对沙溪庙组壤质紫色土坡耕地径流氮流失的影响

明确典型农作措施对紫色土坡耕地径流氮(N)流失的影响可为优化面源污染防控措施提供科学依据。基于2019—2021年沙溪庙组发育的壤质紫色土坡耕地不同降雨等级次降雨产流事件,分析了常规施肥(CK),优化施肥(T1)和优化施肥+秸秆还田(T2)措施下径流、径流中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO₃-N)及铵态氮(NH₄-N)流失浓度和流失量的变化特征。结果表明,与CK相比,T1和T2的径流深分别减小了4.24%、12.71%,但减小程度不显著(P>0.05);CK与T1的径流系数相等,且比T2增加了12.5%(P>0.05);相比CK,T1和T2的TN浓度增加了19.35%、25.8%(P>0.05),TN流失量则均增加了11.54%(P>0.05),表明T1和T2的施用也有增加土壤N流失的潜在风险。与中雨、大雨和大暴雨事件相比,暴雨事件的径流深分别增加了6.5%—191.11%(P<0.05),而TN、NO₃-N及NH₄-N的流失量分别增加106.38%—177.14%(P>...     

后置反硝化生物滤池脱氮效果研究

采用生活污水处理厂的二级出水为原水,以醋酸钠和硝酸钾为外碳源和氮源,挂膜15天后分析进、出水COD、TN和NO3--N。试验表明,挂膜成功后COD去除率稳定在72%～83%,出水COD平均浓度为11.71mg/L,低于污水厂二级出水值;反硝化细菌不断增值,到第8天达到最佳状态,TN和NO3--N的最高去除率分别为66.33%和65.34%,出水浓度分别为11.28mg/L和9.54mg/L,可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。     

Nitrogen removal from polluted river by enhanced floating bed grown canna

Floating beds of canna can remove nitrogen from polluted river water, but the removal efficiency is not very high in a short time, so some enhanced methods must be used to improve nitrogen removal efficiency by the system. Immobilized denitrifying bacteria and aeration were added into the canna floating bed. The experimental results showed that these enhancements substantially improved the nitrogen removal efficiency of the floating beds. With the enhancements, total nitrogen removal was 72.1%, ammonia nitrogen oxidation was 100%, nitrate nitrogen removal was 75.8%, nitrite nitrogen removal was 95.9%, and COD removal was 94.6% in 5 days. Without the enhancements, the canna floating bed system removed only 50.4% of the total nitrogen, 22.4% of the nitrate nitrogen, 5.3% of the nitrite nitrogen and 39.9% of the COD, respectively, in 5 days, but did accomplish 100% oxidation of the ammonia nitrogen. The experimental results provide an improved method for the treatment of polluted river water.     

有机碳源下废水厌氧氨氧化同步脱氮除碳

为明确有机碳源胁迫下,厌氧氨氧化反应器的同步脱氮除碳规律及功能微生物群落结构的动态变化,采用成功启动的厌氧氨氧化UASB反应器,通过逐步提升进水有机负荷,探究有机碳源下废水厌氧氨氧化同步脱氮除碳。研究表明,当进水化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)浓度从172 mg/L升至620 mg/L,反应器维持较高的脱氮效率,氨氮和总氮去除率均在85%以上,并对COD具有平均56.6%的去除率,高浓度COD未对Anammox菌活性构成显著抑制作用。聚合酶链式反应和变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)图谱和割胶测序结果表明,变形菌门Proteobacteria、浮霉菌门Planctomycetes、绿曲挠菌门Chloroflexi以及绿菌门Chlorobi等微生物共存于同一反应体系中,推测反应器内存在复杂的脱氮除碳途径。而且,代表厌氧氨氧化的部分浮霉菌门微生物能耐受高浓度有机碳源,在高有机负荷下依旧发挥着高效的脱氮作用,为反应器高效脱氮提供了保障。     

Effect of influent COD/N ratio on biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from high-strength ammonium industrial wastewater

The effect of influent COD/N ratio on biological nitrogen removal (BNR) from high-strength ammonium industrial wastewater was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a modified Ludzack–Ettinger pilot-plant configuration for 365 days. Total nitrification of an influent concentration of 1200 mg NH₄⁺–N l⁻¹ was obtained in this period. Influent COD/N ratios between 0.71 and 3.4 g COD g N⁻¹ were tested by varying the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) supplied to the pilot plant. An exponential decrease of nitrification rate was observed when the influent COD/N ratio increased.

The experimental COD/N ratio for denitrification was 7.1±0.8 g COD g N⁻¹ while the stoichiometric ratio was 4.2 g COD g N⁻¹. This difference is attributable to the oxidation of organic matter in the anoxic reactor with the oxygen of the internal recycle. The influence of influent COD/N ratio on the treatment of high-strength ammonium industrial wastewater can be quantified with these results. The influence of COD/N ratio should be one of the main parameters in the design of biological nitrogen removal processes in industrial wastewater treatment.     

Comparison between a moving bed membrane bioreactor and a conventional membrane bioreactor on organic carbon and nitrogen removal

A membrane bioreactor filled with carriers instead of activated sludge named a moving bed membrane bioreactor (MBMBR) was investigated for simultaneously removing organic carbon and nitrogen in wastewater. Its performance was compared with a conventional membrane bioreactor (CMBR) at various influent COD/TN ratios of 8.9–22.1. The operational parameters were optimized to increase the treatment efficiency. COD removal efficiency averaged at 95.6% and 96.2%, respectively, for MBMBR and CMBR during the 4 months experimental period. The MBMBR system demonstrated good performance on nitrogen removal at different COD/TN ratios. When COD/TN was 8.9 and the total nitrogen (TN) load was 7.58 mg/l h, the TN and ammonium nitrogen removal efficiencies of the MBMBR were maintained over 70.0% and 80.0%, respectively, and the removed total nitrogen (TN) load reached to 5.31 mg/l h. Multifunctional microbial reactions in the carrier, such as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), play important roles in nitrogen removal. In comparison, the CMBR did not perform so well. Its TN removal was not stable, and the removed total nitrogen (TN) load was only 1.02 mg/l h at COD/TN ratio 8.9. The specific oxygen utilization rate (SOUR) showed that the biofilm has a better microbial activity than an activated sludge. Nevertheless, the membrane fouling behavior was more severe in the MBMBR than in the CMBR due to a thick and dense cake layer formed on the membrane surface, which was speculated to be caused by the filamentous bacteria in the MBMBR.     

铁-碳内电解质下4种水生植物的净水效果

为比较湿地生态系统中常见水生植物的净水效果,在铁-碳内电解质下以凤眼莲、睡莲、菖蒲、芦苇4种水生植物为研究对象,比较分析植物及其组合在不同试验时间(1～5 d)对污水中铵氮、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)的净化效果.结果表明:与无植物的对照相比,铁-碳内电解质下单种水生植物对污水中的铵氮、COD、TP去除效果更好,但物种间存在明显差异.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲对铵氮的去除率达到100%;3 d时,铵氮在菖蒲水体中的浓度接近0;各类型植物组合对铵氮的去除效果均较好.在污水处理2 d时,凤眼莲的水体COD浓度接近0,菖蒲次之,凤眼莲-菖蒲组合水体的COD浓度降为最低(4.33 mg·L^-1),去除率为85.1%.在处理4 d时,凤眼莲的TP浓度最低,芦苇次之;处理2 d时,凤眼莲-菖蒲水体的TP浓度最低.内电解质与植物的组合效果比单纯内电解质对污水的净化效果好,植物的配置应依据污染物水平进行优化.     

Control of COD/N ratio for nutrient removal in a modified membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating high strength wastewater

A modified membrane bioreactor (MBR) system has been developed to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient removal in treating synthetic high strength water. This study examined the effect of influent COD/N ratio on this system. Results showed that above 95.0% removal efficiencies of organic matter were achieved; indicating COD removal was irrespective of COD/N ratio. The average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and phosphate (PO(4)(3-)-P) with a COD/N ratio of 9.3 were the highest at 90.6% and 90.5%, respectively. Furthermore, TN removal was primarily based on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process occurred in the aerobic zone. Decreased COD/N ratios to 7.0 and 5.3, TN removal efficiencies in steady-states were 69.3% and 71.2%, respectively. Both aerobic SND and conventional biological nitrification/denitrification contributed to nitrogen removal and the latter played dominant effect. PO(4)(3-)-P-release and uptake process ceased in steady-states of COD/N 7.0 and 5.3, which decreased its removal efficiency significantly.     

Aerobic treatment of dairy wastewater with sequencing batch reactor systems

Performances of single-stage and two-stage sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems were investigated for treating dairy wastewater. A single-stage SBR system was tested with 10,000 mg/l chemical oxygen demand (COD) influent at three hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 1, 2, and 3 days and 20,000 mg/l COD influent at four HRTs of 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. A 1-day HRT was found sufficient for treating 10,000-mg/l COD wastewater, with the removal efficiency of 80.2% COD, 63.4% total solids, 66.2% volatile solids, 75% total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and 38.3% total nitrogen from the liquid effluent. Two-day HRT was believed sufficient for treating 20,000-mg/l COD dairy wastewater if complete ammonia oxidation is not desired. However, 4-day HRT needs to be used for achieving complete ammonia oxidation. A two-stage system consisting of an SBR and a complete-mix biofilm reactor was capable of achieving complete ammonia oxidation and comparable carbon, solids, and nitrogen removal while using at least 1/3 less HRT as compared to the single SBR system.     

Enhancing mainstream nitrogen removal by employing nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation processes

Due to serious eutrophication in water bodies, nitrogen removal has become a critical stage for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) over past decades. Conventional biological nitrogen removal processes are based on nitrification and denitrification (N/DN), and are suffering from several major drawbacks, including substantial aeration consumption, high fugitive greenhouse gas emissions, a requirement for external carbon sources, excessive sludge production and low energy recovery efficiency, and thus unable to satisfy the escalating public needs. Recently, the discovery of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria has promoted an update of conventional N/DN-based processes to autotrophic nitrogen removal. However, the application of anammox to treat domestic wastewater has been hindered mainly by unsatisfactory effluent quality with nitrogen removal efficiency below 80%. The discovery of nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) during the last decade has provided new opportunities to remove this barrier and to achieve a robust system with high-level nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater, by utilizing methane as an alternative carbon source. In the present review, opportunities and challenges for nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation are discussed. Particularly, the prospective technologies driven by the cooperation of anammox and n-DAMO microorganisms are put forward based on previous experimental and modeling studies. Finally, a novel WWTP system acting as an energy exporter is delineated.     

间歇曝气对微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统脱氮性能的影响

针对寡营养生境下生物脱氮过程碳源不足等问题,开展不同间歇曝气方式对微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统脱氮性能的影响研究,探究修复系统短程硝化反硝化的可行性与过程机理.结果表明:在停曝-曝气时间为8 h-16 h的间歇曝气方式(Ⅰ)下启动的生物接触氧化修复系统,其铵态氮(NH+4-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)的平均去除率分别稳定在93.0%、78.1%、19.4%;而在停曝-曝气时间为16 h-8 h的间歇曝气方式(Ⅱ)下运行修复系统,其NH+4-N、CODMn平均去除率仍能分别维持在81.2%、76.4%,体系内NO-2-N发生积累,TN去除率增至50%以上.对工况Ⅱ下修复系统周期内氮素转化特性分析发现,在确保出水NH+4-N、溶解氧(DO)浓度达标的前提下,缩短曝气时间可将体系DO长时间控制在0.5～1.5 mg·L-1,亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)生长及其活性受到抑制,NO-2-N明显累积,最终实现了微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统的短程生物脱氮.     

The development of simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process in a single reactor for nitrogen removal

The simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process was validated to potentially remove ammonium and COD from wastewater in a single, oxygen-limited, non-woven rotating biological contactor (NRBC) reactor. An ammonium conversion efficiency of 79%, TN removal efficiency of 70% and COD removal efficiency of 94% were obtained with the nitrogen and COD loading rate of 0.69 kgN/m(3)d and 0.34 kg/m(3)d, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) analysis revealed the existence of the dominant groups of bacteria. As a result, the aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), with a spot of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were mainly distributed in the aerobic outer part of the biofilm. However, ANAMMOX bacteria with denitrifying bacteria were present and active in the anaerobic inner part of the SNAD biofilm. These bacteria were found to exist in a dynamic equilibrium to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and COD removal in NRBC system.