假交替单胞菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. AJ5 产k-卡拉胶酶的培养条件优化

[目的]本研究的目的是优化Pseudoalteromonas sp. AJ5菌株的培养条件使之产生高活性的胞外κ-卡拉胶酶.[方法]通过富集培养技术从刺参肠道分离出一株卡拉胶降解菌AJ5,该菌株能利用卡拉胶作为惟一碳源和能源.依据形态学和生理学特征及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas).通过单因素试验和正交试验对Pseudoalteromonas sp. AJ5菌株产胞外κ-卡拉胶酶的培养条件进行了优化.[结果]单因素试验结果表明,Pseudoalteromonas sp. AJ5菌株的最佳培养条件为250 mL三角瓶装入75 mL发酵培养基、摇床转速150 r/min、接种量7%、pH8.0.单因素试验和正交试验结果显示该菌株的最佳培养基组成为κ-卡拉胶 1 g/L、牛肉膏2 g/L、 NaCl 20 g/L、K2HPO4·3H2O 1 g/L、 MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L、 MnCl2· 4H2O 0.2 g/L、 FePO4 · 4H2O 0.01 g/L; 培养温度为28℃,培养时间为28 h.[结论]Pseudoalteromonas sp. AJ5菌株分泌胞外κ-卡拉胶酶,在最佳培养条件下,该菌株的κ-卡拉胶酶活力比优化前提高了4倍.     

鬼伞0901纤维素酶液体发酵条件研究

纤维素酶的低成本生产是第二代燃料乙醇产业化的关键.以农业废弃生物质为原料的液体发酵是纤维素酶规模化制备的发展趋势.利用实验室保藏的鬼伞0901 菌株,采用单因子比较的方法,初步考察了其发酵产纤维素酶的培养基组分和培养条件,培养基组分为(100mL 发酵液):菜籽饼1.2g,尿素0.09g,麸皮0.72g,蔗糖0.025g,MgSO4 · 7H2O 0.03 g,CaCl2 0.03g, FeSO4 · 7H2O 0.5 mg,MnSO4 ·H2O 0.16mg,ZnSO4 · 7H2O 0.14mg,CoCl2 0.2mg,KH2PO4 0.2g,;且培养条件初始pH 值为5,250mL 三角瓶中装液量为30mL,发酵周期为163h,菌株0901 的CMC 酶活最高达199.684U/mL.     

谷氨酸棒状杆菌发酵生产L-瓜氨酸及发酵条件优化

以代谢控制发酵理论为指导,重点对C.glutamicum 366菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件的优化。应用响应面法优化发酵培养基的配比,优化后的发酵培养基:葡萄糖63.33 g/L、精氨酸196.96 mg/L、(NH4)2SO445.79 g/L、生物素35.72μg/L、K2HPO4·3H2O 1.0 g/L、KH2PO41.0 g/L、Mg SO4·7H2O、0.25 g/L、Mn SO4·H2O 0.02 g/L、Fe SO4·7H2O 0.02g/L、Zn Cl21 mg/L、Cu SO40.2 mg/L、VB1200μg/L、Ca CO330 g/L。摇瓶发酵培养条件:温度30℃、摇床转速200r/min、初始p H 7.0。在此发酵条件下,菌株进行摇瓶发酵72 h,产L-瓜氨酸14.96 g/L,相比优化之前提高了75.8%。     

淡色生赤壳菌(Bionectria ochroleuca)Bo-1菌株产生抗菌物质的发酵条件优化

以淡色生赤壳菌(Bionectria ochroleuca)Bo-1菌株发酵液乙酸乙酯粗提物对水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae,Xoo)抑菌活性为检测指标,采用单因素试验优化Bo-1菌株产生抗菌物质培养所需的碳源、氮源、无机盐;通过正交试验优化培养基配方和摇瓶发酵条件。研究结果表明,Bo-1菌株产生抗菌物质适宜的碳源、氮源和无机盐分别为淀粉、蛋白胨、MgSO4·7H2O;优化的培养基配方为:淀粉30 g/L,蛋白胨2 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L;适宜的发酵条件为:温度30℃,转速150 r/min,装液量80 mL/250 mL,pH 6.5。     

响应面法优化革耳Panus rudis FG-35菌株产漆酶培养基

采用Plackett-Burman设计和响应面分析相结合的方法,对革耳Panus rudis FG-35菌株产漆酶的液体培养基配方进行优化。单因素试验结果显示,发酵培养基中的最优碳源为可溶性淀粉,最优氮源为蛋白胨;Plackett-Burman设计筛选出影响漆酶产量的3个重要因素为可溶性淀粉、金属Ca2+离子和吐温-40,在此基础上运用最陡爬坡试验逼近最大响应值区域,最后利用Box-Behnken试验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析,获得最佳培养基配方为:可溶性淀粉10.040 4 g/L、蛋白胨0.2 g/L、K2HPO41.00g/L、ZnSO4·7H2O 0.008 g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L、CuSO4·7H2O 0.007 g/L、FeSO4·7H2O 0.005 g/L、MnSO40.035 g/L、CaCl20.0816 g/L、VB10.1 g/L、吐温-40 0.428%。在优化后的条件下摇瓶发酵产漆酶酶活力为263.31 U/mL,与模型预测值接近,发酵产酶量比优化前提高1.07倍,同时优化后的发酵液对木质素降解进行试验发现,优化后漆酶对木质素降解率提高了14.34%。     

一株高产Monacolin K紫红曲霉菌株筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为从天然发酵红曲米中分离的30株红曲霉菌株中筛选高产MonacolinK的菌株,并对其产MonacolinK的发酵条件进行优化。实验采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)筛选到9株具有产MonacolinK能力的红曲霉菌株,其中以编号ZX26的菌株产MonacolinK能力最高,发酵液中Monacolin K产量达到107.6mg/L,并且产MonacolinK能力具有良好的稳定性。微生物形态学结合ITS基因同源性分析结果表明,编号ZX26菌株为紫红曲霉。进一步采用单因素试验和正交试验法优化紫红曲霉ZX26产MonacolinK的发酵条件,结果表明在培养基组分为葡萄糖70g/L,牛肉膏15g/L,NaNO32g/L,MgSO4·7H2O0.5g/L,KH2PO41.5g/L时,其最优发酵条件为:发酵初始pH4.0,接种量为7%,培养温度30℃,发酵10天,在此条件下,紫红曲霉ZX26发酵液中MonacolinK产量达到271.36mg/L,相对于培养条件优化前MonacolinK产量提高152.19%,经验证此培养条件下MonacolinK产量最佳。     

响应面法优化类芽胞杆菌HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶发酵培养基

为了提高类芽胞杆菌新种HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶活力,本研究采用响应面法对该菌株液体发酵培养基进行了优化实验。在单因素实验和Plackett-Burman试验筛选出海藻酸钠、胰蛋白胨、NaCl、MgSO4·7H2O等4个显著影响产酶因素的基础上,通过Box-Behnken设计及响应面法进行回归分析,得出产褐藻胶裂解酶最佳发酵培养基,其成分为:海藻酸钠7.50 g/L、胰蛋白胨13.57 g/L、NaCl 29.75 g/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.08 g/L。优化条件下该菌株最大酶活性达14.60 U/mL,是优化前的1.87倍。本研究为菌株HB172198产褐藻胶裂解酶的大规模生产和工业应用提供了重要的理论依据。     

煤附生真菌产漆酶菌株的分离鉴定及产酶特性研究

从煤炭样品中筛选到一株产漆酶活性菌株,经菌体形态观察和ITS序列分析,鉴定为Trichoderma asperellum W03。菌株所产漆酶的最适反应pH为3.5-4.5,最适反应温度45℃,类似于白腐真菌漆酶。液态发酵条件的均匀设计实验表明,适宜的发酵培养基组成为:土豆200.00g/L、葡萄糖9.36g/L、米糠粉37.44g/L、硝酸钾4.00g/L、KH2PO43.20g/L、MgSO4·7H2O2.00g/L、CuSO4·5H2O0.005g/L、初始pH8.0;在33℃、180r/min、50mL/250mL的摇瓶培养条件下,棘孢木霉W03在孢子接种培养后48h、84h产酶量较高,分别处在菌体的快速生长期和衰亡期;菌体产酶受Cu2+、联苯胺诱导,而受1-萘酚、愈创木酚和2,4-D抑制。     

转氨酶产生菌的筛选鉴定及其摇瓶发酵条件的优化

从土壤中分离到1株具有支链氨基酸转氨酶活性,且亮氨酸转氨酶活性较高的菌株WJ44.通过观察形态特征、生理生化实验以及16S rRNA序列的比对和系统发育分析,鉴定其为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).经过对产酶条件的优化,确定最佳摇瓶产酶条件为:葡萄糖20 g/L,蛋白胨15 g/L,牛肉膏5 g/L,玉米浆15 g/L,KH2PO43 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L,初始pH 7.0,培养温度37℃,装液量20 mL/250 mL三角瓶,摇床转速200 r/min.WJ44菌株在最佳产酶条件下培养10 h其亮氨酸转氨酶酶活即可达到45.787 U/mL,菌体干重8.643 g/L,分别比原来提高了54%与10%,是一株产酶和生长性能较佳的菌株.     

对羟基苯乙腈水合酶高产菌株的选育

从全省各处采集的50多份土样筛选到一株产腈水合酶能力较高的菌株E10a,该菌株产生的腈水合酶为非诱导酶,产酶条件优化实验结果表明,产酶培养基组成:麦芽糖20 g/L,酵母膏5 g/L,尿素7.5 g/L,味精0.75 g/L,K2HPO40.5 g/L,KH2PO40.5 g/L,MgSO40.5 g/L,FeSO4.7H2O 10 mg/L,CoCl210 mg/L,微量元素母液0.8 ml/L;最佳培养条件为:培养温度28℃,摇床转速150 r/min,培养基起始pH 7.0,培养时间5 d,在优化培养条件下,1 h可将1 g/L质量浓度的底物对羟基苯乙腈全部转化为对羟基苯乙酰胺。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。