苏南地区湖泊群的富营养化状态比较及指标阈值判定分析

借助综合营养状态指数法、箱须图法以及拐点探测分析法,分析了苏南地区11个主要湖泊的富营养化特征以及各湖之间的差异性,并探讨湖泊由轻度富营养化向中度富营养化状态转换的相关指标阈值。结果显示苏南地区各湖泊的营养物水平存在明显的阶梯状特征,不同湖泊所处的富营养化阶段有所不同。典型封闭型湖泊水源地尚湖与傀儡湖水质最好,总体为Ⅱ—Ⅲ类,评价为中营养状态。典型过水性湖泊淀山湖与澄湖水质最差,TN和TP均劣于Ⅴ类,评价为中度富营养状态,其他湖泊属于轻度富营养化状态。基于拐点分析,提出苏南地区湖泊群富营养化状态由轻度向中度转变的指标阈值:COD Mn为4.7mg/L,NH3-N为1.0mg/L,TN为2.3mg/L,TP为0.125mg/L,Chl-a为25μg/L,透明度为50cm;尚湖和傀儡湖处于富营养化最轻的下游区,元荡和阳澄湖目前处于敏感的拐点区域,而淀山湖、澄湖、长荡湖等其他湖泊处于富营养化程度较重的上游区。苏南湖泊群的富营养化状态差异性主要是由不同人为干扰强度和水资源管理模式引起的,实现管理目标由资源利用向资源保护合理转变是解决富营养化问题的关键。     

程海富营养化机理的神经网络模拟及响应情景分析

揭示湖泊的富营养化发生机制、定量了解关键生源要素与藻类爆发的因果关联对有效改善湖泊水质和富营养化状况具有重要的科学与决策意义。本研究以云南省程海为例,建立了基于神经网络的响应模型,对富营养化机理进行了研究,并从富营养化核心驱动因子识别、神经网络模型构建与架构分析以及叶绿素a(Chl a)与TN、TP浓度降低的响应模拟几个方面对面临的科学问题进行探索。模拟结果表明,神经网络模型必须在适当的架构下才能产生科学合理的结果;程海的富营养化机制由一个氮(N)、磷(P)共限制的营养盐-藻类动力结构主导,但在此主导结构下拥有氮型限制的次级结构。基于神经网络模型模拟,推导出一系列基于湖体水质控制的Chl a响应的非线性函数,为程海的富营养化控制提供了快速决策支持。     

菹草附着物对营养盐浓度的响应及其与菹草衰亡的关系

在菹草衰亡阶段对5个静水水体中菹草叶片表面附着物进行野外调查,并将其与水体营养盐浓度、沉水植物衰亡程度进行相关性分析。附着物共调查Chl.a含量、干重、有机质含量和藻类数量4个指标,沉水植物衰亡程度用单位面积叶片Chl.a含量表示,水体营养盐含量测量了TP、TN和N/P 3个指标。结果显示：附着物生物量与水体营养盐状况存在一定的正相关;各个点的附着物生物量与菹草衰亡状况存在一定相关性但相关性趋势与水体污染程度有关。在污染程度较高的水体中附着物生物量与菹草衰亡程度呈正相关,在污染程度较低的水体中附着物生物量与菹草衰亡程度呈负相关。结论为富营养化湖泊中营养盐含量的增加会导致附着物生物量的增加,但附着物只在污染程度较高的水体中促进植物衰亡。     

厦门后溪水质与流域景观特征沿城乡梯度的变化分析

基于河流水质观测数据和Landsat 8影像数据,分析厦门后溪2013至2017年干季和湿季的水质时空变化特征,研究沿城乡梯度河流水质变化与流域景观特征的关系。结果表明:后溪上游(饮用水水源地水体)和下游(景观水体)溶解氧(DO)分别符合《地表水环境质量标准(GB3838—2002)》Ⅱ类标准和Ⅴ类标准,但是总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)有不同程度的超标,其中TN的超标比例较高。后溪上游土地利用类型中70%以上为林地,具有涵养水源、保护水质的作用;下游建设用地和耕地比重增加,TN、TP和叶绿素a (Chl a)显著高于上游。耕地和建设用地是提高TN、TP和Chl a等水质参数的主要土地利用类型,斑块密度、香农多样性指数和源汇景观指数与各水质指标也显著相关。冗余分析表明,流域景观特征可解释70%以上水质变化,对TN和TP的影响在湿季更大,而对Chl a的影响在干季较大。土地利用组成、配置、距离、高程和坡度对流域水质均有较大影响,其中土地利用组成对Chl a的影响较大,而景观指数则对TN和TP的影响较大。因此,在流域尺度加强土地利用的规划与综合管理,通过减少和控制地表径流面源污染的途径在一定程度上可降低人类活动对水质的不良影响。     

保安湖菹草种群的时空分布特征及环境效应分析

为了解近20年来保安湖菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)种群的变化特征及其对水环境的影响, 研究以保安湖最大的湖区, 即主体湖为研究对象, 分季节对其沉水植物种类组成、生物量及水深(Z_M)、透明度(Z_SD)、水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和浮游藻类叶绿素a(Chl. a)等环境指标进行了监测, 并分析了菹草在不同生活史阶段对环境影响的差异。结果表明: (1)2002年春季菹草生物量(B_P.c)均值为356 g/m2, 2012年上升至974 g/m2, 2019年为1901 g/m2, 菹草种群分布范围由中部扩展至整个湖区; (2)在春季菹草快速生长时, B_P.c与Z_M(Z_M≤3 m)呈显著正相关(r= 0.52, P<0.01), 与Chl. a呈显著负相关(r= –0.42, P<0.01), 与Z_SD、Z_SD/Z_M、TN、TP无相关关系; 有草区的Z_M(中位数为2.1 m)、Z_SD(中位数为0.93 m)和Z_SD/Z_M(中位数为0.48)显著高于无草区(1.8 m、0.45 m和0.28; P<0.05), 有草区的Chl. a(中位数为8.13 μg/L)显著低于无草区(14.10 μg/L; P<0.05); 有草区的Chl. a和TP的关系不明显, 无草区的Chl. a的含量随TP上升而增加, 且在相同TP条件下, 无草区Chl. a多数高于有草区; (3)在夏季菹草衰亡后, 夏季Z_SD/Z_M与B_P.c呈显著负相关(r= –0.47, P<0.01), Z_SD、TN、TP、Chl. a与B_P.c无相关关系; 无草区TN(中位数为1.30 mg/L)显著高于有草区(0.72 mg/L; P<0.05); 有草区和无草区的Chl. a均随TP的上升而增加, 在相同TP条件下, 无草区Chl. a和有草区差异不显著。以上结果表明近20年来保安湖菹草种群生物量呈上升趋势, 分布范围也在不断增加。在快速生长期(春季), 大量菹草的存在有利于水质的改善。在菹草衰亡(春末夏初)后, 其对水质产生的不利效应未持续整个夏季。     

典型高原湖滨带底泥细菌群落结构及多样性特征

【背景】高原湖泊的富营养化日趋严重,而湖滨带作为湖泊的保护屏障对外源污染物具有拦截净化等作用,水环境变化则会对底泥细菌产生深刻影响。【目的】探究高原湖滨带底泥细菌群落结构特征及与水体富营养化之间的联系。【方法】基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析了阳宗海南岸湖滨带8个不同样点的底泥细菌群落结构及多样性,并结合样品水体环境因子,采用主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)探讨了水体富营养化对底泥细菌群落结构及丰富度的影响。【结果】湖滨带底泥细菌与水体富营养化程度存在响应关系,在水体富营养化程度高的区域(S3)细菌丰富度较高,操作分类单元(operationaltaxonomicunits,OTU)高达1473。反之,在富营养化程度低的区域(S1)细菌丰富度较低,OTU为730。阳宗海南岸湖滨带底泥中主要优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),含有少量的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)与水体富营养化程度具有相关性,在中度富营养化区域,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的比重高达44.1%,而在轻度富营养化区域绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的比重仅为15.6%。通过环境因子分析发现,阳宗海湖滨底泥细菌受总磷(TP)、叶绿素a (Chla)和总氮(TN)影响较强。【结论】研究结果明确了高原湖泊湖滨带底泥细菌种群的结构、变化特征及其对于水体富营养化的响应,加深了高原湖泊底泥细菌的了解,为高原湖泊水体富营养化的防治提供理论基础。     

三峡水库营养元素的分布及其与藻类生长的关系

为进一步研究三峡水库(尤其是支流)氮和磷等营养元素的时空分布格局及其与藻类生长的关系, 于2012 年8 月、11 月与2013 年1 月、4 月在三峡库区木洞至秭归的5 个断面采样分析了不同形态氮和磷以及叶绿素a(Chl.a)的浓度, 并对藻类进行了胞外碱性磷酸酶的荧光标记(Enzyme Labelled Fluoresce, ELF)。结果表明, 春夏季总磷(TP)与Chl.a 浓度均高, 但二者的正相关性在空间尺度上并未得到充分的体现, 干流的TP浓度显著高于支流(P0.05), 而Chl.a 浓度则反之。巫山断面干流与支流的TP 浓度显著低于其他断面(P0.05),而Chl.a 浓度则无显著差异, 秭归断面显著增高的TP 浓度改变了其沿水流方向下降的趋势。从总体上讲,Chl.a 浓度与TP、溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解反应性磷(SRP)和硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度均极显著负相关(P0.01), 而与总氮(TN)浓度、TN/TP、NO3--N/SRP 等均极显著正相关(P0.01), 因此, 氮对藻类的生长可能具有一定的促进作用, 而泥沙对磷的吸附与沉降有效降低了其生物可利用性。巫山断面底层显著较高的TP 与颗粒态磷(PP)浓度支持了上述推测, 不同断面不同藻类胞外磷酸酶的标记进一步说明了磷对其生长的关键限制性作用。因此, 在水质管理、富营养化防治和渔业资源管理过程中必须充分考虑不同营养元素的存在状态及其与水文条件的交互作用。       

南淝河叶绿素 a 时空分布特征及环境因子影响分析简

2009年8月至2012年4月,采样测试了南淝河上游8个位点的水质状况等,分析了南淝河叶绿素a(Chl.a)的时空分布特点及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,南淝河研究河段Chl.a平均值为83.46μg/L,已处于严重富营养化状态。南淝河Chl.a浓度与总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD)、酸碱度(pH)、总固体悬浮物(TSS)、水温(WT)显著性正相关(P0.05),与透明度(SD)、氨氮/总磷比值(4NH+–N/TP)、水深(WD)、降雨(Rain)及风速(Wind)显著性负相关(P0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,影响南淝河上游河段Chl.a浓度的主导环境因子依次为水温、风速、降雨、总磷和氨氮。对南淝河与其他富营养化水体Chl.a的主要影响因子进行比较,结果表明水温是影响Chl.a的最重要因子,氮磷比、营养盐、降雨、风速、生物因子均对富营养化水体Chl.a有影响。     

富营养化对白洋淀底栖-浮游耦合食物网结构和功能的影响

国际湖沼学的长期研究发现,一个完整的湖泊生态系统应包括底栖食物网和浮游食物网,而营养条件变化会显著改变浅水湖泊中底栖-浮游食物网的结构和功能。为了明晰富营养化对浅水湖泊底栖-浮游耦合食物网结构和功能的影响,以浅水草型湖泊——白洋淀为研究区,运用野外监测和ECOSIM与ECOPATH(Ew E)模型相结合方法,构建白洋淀底栖-浮游耦合食物网的概念模型,模拟1982—2011年间富营养化对白洋淀底栖路径和浮游路径的结构和功能影响:(1)野外监测的结果表明,从1999年至今白洋淀一直处于富营养化状态;(2)Ew E模型模拟结果表明1982—2006年,总生物量呈下降趋势,下降比例达66.38%;能流路径从以底栖路径为主转变为以浮游路径为主;(3)运用Pearson相关分析,结果表明:浮游植物与TN(r=0.67,P0.01)和TP(r=0.37,P0.05)呈显著正相关,而底栖藻类和大型沉水植物与TN(r=0.77,P0.01;r=0.67,P0.01)和TP(r=0.54,P0.01;r=0.36,P0.05)呈显著负相关。富营养化是白洋淀底栖初级和次级生产力向浮游初级和次级生产力转变的主要驱动力。采用科学的方法准确评估富营养化对湖泊底栖-浮游耦合食物网结构和功能的影响,可为湖泊生态系统管理提供技术和方法支持。     

奥奈达(Oneida)湖营养状态变化趋势及影响因素

【摘要】营养状态是湖泊生态系统的基本特征, 也常是全面认识湖泊生态系统的关键。为了解奥奈达湖营养状态演变, 根据1975-2012年5-10月奥奈达湖水体叶绿素a(Chl a)、总磷(TP)、透明度(SD)等指标, 采用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数法(TSIM), 计算了奥奈达湖营养状态指数, 分析了其营养状态演变规律及其影响因素。结果显示: 1975-2012年间奥奈达湖Chl a、TP、溶解氧(DO)和硝态氮(NO3--N)总体呈下降趋势, 下降幅度分别为2.6 µg·(L·10a)-1、1.5 µg·(L·10a)-1、0.3 mg·(L·10a)-1 和4.0 µg·(L·10a)-1; SD和水温(WT)呈上升趋势, 上升幅度分别为0.7 m·10a-1和0.5 ℃·10a-1; 溶解性活性磷(SRP)变化不明显; 此外Chl a、TP、SD、WT和DO均具明显季节变化。1975-2012年奥奈达湖的综合TSI呈下降趋势, 范围为37.8-51.3, 总体呈中营养状态; TSI的月均值也具明显季节变化; Chl a、TP以及斑马贻贝(Dreissena polymorpha)和斑驴贻贝(Dreissena rostriformis bugensis)的入侵是影响奥奈达湖营养状态的重要因素。该研究结果可为全面了解奥奈达湖营养状态演变提供参考。     

Relationship Between Surface Sediment Diatoms and Summer Water Quality in Shallow Lakes of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The relationship between surface sediment diatoms and summer water quality was investigated at 49 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Lakes ranging from oligomesotrophic to hypereutrophic were examined, providing an obvious nutrient gradient. With the shift from mesotrophic to eutrophic levels, diatom multi-ecotypes dominated by epiphytic and facultative planktonic taxa were replaced by nutrient-tolerant planktonic taxa, such as Cyclotella meneghiniana Skvortzow, C. atomus Hustedt, Cyclostephanos Round, and Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg etc., reflecting the nutrient changes in the lake. The relationship between diatoms and summer water quality indices was explored further using numeric analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with forward selection and a Monte Carlo permutation test revealed that of all 25 summer water environmental variables, total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (Chl a), Secchi depth (SD), dissolved inorganic phosphorus, Cl–, SO42–, Mg2+, CO32–, and water depth were significant variables (P<0.05) in explaining diatom distributions. Of these, TP, Chl a, SD, and Cl–, were the most important variables. The result of the correlation analysis also showed that a significant correlation exists among these variables, implying that these indices are either interconnected or independent in explaining the diatom data. For phosphorus-limited sites, TP was the most significant variable affecting the diatoms, also affecting changes in Chl a, SD, and iron concentrations. The independence of Chl a may be related to algal competition induced by lake eutrophication, resulting in the feedback to diatom community. In addition to TP, SD can be related to sediment disturbance by wave action and the growth of macrophytes in large shallow lakes. These relationships between diatom ecotypes and water quality provide the basis for a future quantitative reconstruction of historic lake nutrient evolution in the study area and will also provide a wealth of modern ecological knowledge that can be used to interpret fossil diatom records.     

Relationship Between Surface Sediment Diatoms and Summer Water Quality in Shallow Lakes of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The relationship between surface sediment diatoms and summer water quality was investigated at 49 lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Lakes ranging from oligomesotrophic to hypereutrophic were examined, providing an obvious nutrient gradient. With the shift from mesotrophic to eutrophic levels, diatom multi-ecotypes dominated by epiphytic and facultative planktonic taxa were replaced by nutrient-tolerant planktonic taxa, such as Cyclotella meneghiniana Skvortzow, C. atomus Hustedt,Cyclostephanos Round, and Stephanodiscus Ehrenberg etc., reflecting the nutrient changes in the lake.The relationship between diatoms and summer water quality indices was explored further using numeric analysis. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with forward selection and a Monte Carlo permutation test revealed that of all 25 summer water environmental variables, total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (Chzl a), Secchi depth (SD), dissolved inorganic phosphorus, C1-, SO42-, Mg2 , CO32-, and water depth were significant variables (P＜0.05) in explaining diatom distributions. Of these, TP, Chl a, SD, and C1-, were the most important variables. The result of the correlation analysis also showed that a significant correlation exists among these variables, implying that these indices are either interconnected or independent in explaining the diatom data. For phosphorus-limited sites, TP was the most significant variable affecting the diatoms, also affecting changes in Chl a, SD, and iron concentrations. The independence of Chl a may be related to algal competition induced by lake eutrophication, resulting in the feedback to diatom community.In addition to TP, SD can be related to sediment disturbance by wave action and the growth of macrophytes in large shallow lakes. These relationships between diatom ecotypes and water quality provide the basis for a future quantitative reconstruction of historic lake nutrient evolution in the study area and will also provide a wealth of modern ecological knowledge that can be used to interpret fossil diatom records.     

The threshold responses of phytoplankton community to nutrient gradient in a shallow eutrophic Chinese lake

Excessive nutrient loads resulted in cascading trophic effects and ecosystem responses. Aims of this study were to determine if the thresholds in nutrient gradient related to phytoplankton community composition could be identified in eutrophic lake, and further to analyze the change of phytoplankton assemblage along the nutrient concentration based on Threshold Indicator Taxa ANalysis (TITAN). The results presented the significant community thresholds estimate for negative taxa declining at 1.650 mg/L TN and 131.5 μg/L TP, as well as simultaneously increasing for positive taxa at 1.665 mg/L TN and 151.5 μg/L TP along nutrient enrichment gradient. However, there was unremarkable change point determined for TN:TP ratios in Lake Dianchi. Elevated TN and TP altered the phytoplankton assemblage, even may induce the fade of algal blooms across the threshold in the hypertrophic lake. The findings could provide implications for deeply deciphering abrupt transitions for phytoplankton assemblage and developing nutrient tactics to protect the lake ecosystems.     

湖南省大通湖百余年环境演化历史及营养物基准的建立

科学有效地治理退化湖泊需要知晓湖泊的演化历史, 并设立合理的参照目标(即环境基准)来及时评判治理效果。湖南省大通湖位于经济发达的长江中下游地区, 发挥着重要的湖泊水生态系统服务功能。在强烈的人类活动干扰下, 该湖近年来生态系统退化严重, 但其水环境演变的历史缺少详细的记录。研究对大通湖沉积钻孔的年代、烧失量、化学元素、沉积物总磷(TP)和沉积硅藻等沉积指标进行了分析, 重建了大通湖百余年来的环境变化历史。结果表明: 在人类干扰加强和气候变化的共同作用下, 大通湖生态系统及环境发生了显著的变化, 硅藻群落由中营养属种Aulacoseira granulata占优过渡到以富营养浮游类型Stephanodiscus hantzschii、S. minutulus占优的过程, 揭示了该湖自1980s以来显著的富营养化过程; 对应的, 其他沉积指标亦发生了显著的变化。冗余分析揭示出沉积物总磷(TP)和铅(Pb)含量是影响湖泊环境演化的2个显著变量, 这表明工农业发展带来的营养和重金属输入对大通湖环境演化影响巨大。利用区域-总磷转换函数重建了大通湖过去百余年湖水总磷变化历史, 选择1850s人类活动相对较弱时期的湖水总磷(50—60 μg/L)及沉积物磷的浓度(600 mg/kg)值作为该湖的基准环境, 为湖泊的富营养化治理提供修复目标。     

Unexpected stasis in a changing world: Lake nutrient and chlorophyll trends since 1990

The United States (U.S.) has faced major environmental changes in recent decades, including agricultural intensification and urban expansion, as well as changes in atmospheric deposition and climate—all of which may influence eutrophication of freshwaters. However, it is unclear whether or how water quality in lakes across diverse ecological settings has responded to environmental change. We quantified water quality trends in 2913 lakes using nutrient and chlorophyll (Chl) observations from the Lake Multi‐Scaled Geospatial and Temporal Database of the Northeast U.S. (LAGOS‐NE), a collection of preexisting lake data mostly from state agencies. LAGOS‐NE was used to quantify whether lake water quality has changed from 1990 to 2013, and whether lake‐specific or regional geophysical factors were related to the observed changes. We modeled change through time using hierarchical linear models for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), stoichiometry (TN:TP), and Chl. Both the slopes (percent change per year) and intercepts (value in 1990) were allowed to vary by lake and region. Across all lakes, TN declined at a rate of 1.1% year^?1, while TP, TN:TP, and Chl did not change. A minority (7%–16%) of individual lakes had changing nutrients, stoichiometry, or Chl. Of those lakes that changed, we found differences in the geospatial variables that were most related to the observed change in the response variables. For example, TN and TN:TP trends were related to region‐level drivers associated with atmospheric deposition of N; TP trends were related to both lake and region‐level drivers associated with climate and land use; and Chl trends were found in regions with high air temperature at the beginning of the study period. We conclude that despite large environmental change and management efforts over recent decades, water quality of lakes in the Midwest and Northeast U.S. has not overwhelmingly degraded or improved.     

蓝藻水华水样总氮含量的测定

为评估蓝藻水华藻密度对水样中总氮含量测定的影响,采用实验室培养纯藻和天然微囊藻水华样品,利用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法,测定了不同藻密度水样TN的含量并进行了比较分析。研究发现,如果藻密度较高的水样稀释不充分, TN值会被严重低估。对太湖水华水样分析结果表明,叶绿素a与TN的相应值平均为0.156 mg N/μg Chl. a,干藻样的氮含量平均为16%。这些数据有助于估算蓝藻水华对水体TN的贡献。     

Water quality and diversity of the Recent ostracod fauna in lowland springs from Lombardy (northern Italy)

Sedimentary records provide important information for understanding changes in the history of eutrophication in Lake Taihu. In addition, the catchment nutrient model SWAT provides a powerful tool to examine eutrophic changes in a long-term context. Since it is difficult to evaluate impacts of natural eutrophic development and anthropogenic changes in catchment discharge and land use, simulation of past changes provides a mirror on processes and dynamics. Boundaries in the simulations are set to a pre-industrial time to evaluate natural-agricultural nutrient changes in Taihu Basin a 100 years ago. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the main channel flowing into the lake are simulated in four sub-basins for 200 model years. Results show that modeling can capture basic features of basin nutrient development, where mean TN concentration (0.12 mg l⁻¹) can be compared in broad scale to mean TN concentration (0.17 mg kg⁻¹) from Lake Taihu sedimentary cores dating back about 100 years. Spatial nutrient simulations suggest that the two major nutrient sources are from the southwestern sub-basin (48% TN and 68% TP of the basin total) and the northwestern sub-basin (18% TN and 17% TP). There are differences of +7.3 × 10⁴ kg TN and +2.0 × 10⁵ kg TP between total input and output values, simulating mean annual amounts of nutrient deposited into the lake. TN and TP concentration differences between input and output sub-basins become smaller in the second 100 years than the first 100 years, suggesting a 100 year period to reach a balance of net nutrients. Catchment nutrient modeling provides a basis to evaluate how nutrient production and balance responded to environmental changes over 200 years in Taihu Basin.     

Quantile regression improves models of lake eutrophication with implications for ecosystem‐specific management

相似文献   

Surface sediment diatom assemblages and epilimnetic total phosphorus in large, shallow lakes of the Yangtze floodplain: their relationships and implications for assessing long-term eutrophication

1. The Yangtze floodplain (SE China) is characterized by a number of large shallow lakes, many of which have undergone eutrophication due to the intensification of agriculture and urban growth over recent decades. As monitoring data are limited and in order to determine lake baseline nutrient concentrations, 49 lakes were sampled, covering a total phosphorus (TP) gradient (c. 30–550 μg L⁻¹) to develop a diatom-based inference model. 2. There are three dominant diatom assemblages in these shallow lakes with a marked change in assemblage structure near the boundary between eutrophic and hypereutrophic nutrient levels (as indicated by their TP value). Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that TP was the most important and significant variable in explaining the diatom distributions, independently accounting for 9.5% variance of diatoms. 3. Forty-three lakes were used to generate a transfer function using weighted averaging (WA) with inverse deshrinking. This model had low predictive error (root mean squared error of prediction; RMSEP_jack = 0.12) and a high coefficient of prediction (R²_jack = 0.82), comparable with regional TP models elsewhere. The good performance of this TP model may reflect the low abundance of benthic diatom species which are commonly regarded as the main error source in European shallow lake WA models. 4. The WA model was used to reconstruct the past-TP concentrations for Taibai Lake, a shallow hypereutrophic lake in Hubei province. The results showed that TP concentration varied slightly (43–62 μg L⁻¹) prior to the 1920s, indicating an eutrophic state since the 1800s. A period of sustained eutrophication occurred after 1950, because of the development of agriculture, reflecting by maximum values of Aulacoseira alpigena and increased abundance of Cyclotella meneghiniana, C. atomus and Cyclostephanos dubius. The steep increase in nutrient concentration after 1970 was related to the overuse of chemical fertilizer and fish farming in the catchment. 5. The shift in fossil diatoms from epiphytic to planktonic forms in the lake sediment core during 1950–70 provides useful information on the transformation from macrophyte-dominated to alga-dominated states. It is plausible that the TP concentration of 80–110 μg L⁻¹ observed in this study is the critical range for switching between the two stable states in the lake. 6. The regional diatom-TP model developed in this study allows, therefore, the possibility of reconstructing historical background nutrient concentrations in lakes. It will provide an indication of the onset and development of eutrophication at any site. This is particularly important for the many lakes in the Yangtze floodplain where information about historical changes in water quality is lacking.     

Summer fluctuations of microbial planktonic communities in a eutrophic lake--Cierva Point, Antarctica

A eutrophic lake at Cierva Point, Antarctic Peninsula was surveyedduring the summers of 1997 and 1998. Phytoplankton size fractions(micro-, nano- and picoplankton) were analysed, as well as theabundance of bacterioplankton and planktonic ciliates. No permanentvertical stratification was found owing to the shallowness ofthe lake. Both nutrient concentrations and chlorophyll a valuesindicated highly eutrophic conditions, which are a consequenceof a natural enrichment by seabirds. Significant differencesin temperature between the 1997 and 1998 seasons strongly influencedmost of the biological features. The phytoplankton communityshowed a high algal species-richness, with important contributionsof epilithic, cryobiontic and soil algae. The dominant algalgroup was Chlorophyta, mainly represented by Chlamydomonas aff.celerrima, followed by Chl. aff. braunii. Some replacement ofphytoplanktonic species took place in summer and was more evidentin 1998. Picophytoplankton reached high densities, similar tothose reported from other Antarctic lakes. Bacterioplanktonabundances were typical of eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes.There was a positive correlation between bacterial and totalphytoplankton abundance. Ciliates reached some very high peaks,with higher figures than those reported for other Antarcticsystems with similar trophic status.