HaSNPV几丁质酶基因在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中的表达及其产物对Bt杀虫剂的增效作用

为了探索杆状病毒几丁质酶对微生物杀虫剂的增效作用及其利用途径 ,分别在大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞中表达棉铃虫单粒包埋型核型多角体病毒 (HaSNPV)几丁质酶 .用PCR方法扩增出不含N端信号肽编码序列的几丁质酶基因片段 ,并分别克隆至原核表达载体pET2 8a和重组到杆状病毒BactoBac表达系统 ,在大肠杆菌 (E .coli)BL2 1和粉纹夜蛾 (Trichoplusiani)细胞系Tn 5B1 4中分别进行了表达 .在大肠杆菌中表达量约占细菌总蛋白 15 % ,在昆虫细胞中表达量约占细胞总蛋白10 % .将含有几丁质酶的大肠杆菌和昆虫细胞表达产物添加到苏云金杆菌 (Bt)菌液中一起喂食 2龄家蚕 .结果显示 ,HaSNPV几丁质酶基因的 2种表达产物和Bt杀虫剂的混合物使处理的家蚕的致死时间较对照处理均明显缩短 .昆虫细胞和大肠杆菌表达产物与Bt混合物处理的LT50 分别从 93 5h和 95 1h缩短到 5 6 2h及 6 7 2h ,并且供试家蚕的生长速度明显缓慢 .研究结果表明 ,重组的HaSNPV几丁质酶有望作为Bt杀虫剂的增效剂     

Bt几丁质酶的基础表达及诱导合成的多态现象

多数微生物可以产生几丁质酶。一般认为几丁质酶基因表达受几丁质的诱导和葡萄糖抑制。但是苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(简称Bt)几丁质酶的诱导表达方式是否与其他微生物相同,至今尚无定论。采用DNS法检测77株Bt在有或无诱导物培养基中的几丁质酶活力。研究了葡萄糖对4株不同表达类型菌株酶活力的影响,以及葡萄糖抑制与几丁质诱导之间的关系。研究发现在无几丁质诱导条件下,全部试验菌株都可以产生几丁质酶,保持一定量的基础表达,说明Bt能组成型合成几丁质酶,不需要诱导。添加诱导物之后,31株菌的酶活力没有任何变化,44株菌有不同程度的提高,但其中绝大部分诱导特性并不典型,酶活力提高不显著。许多Bt菌株几丁质酶表达兼具组成型和诱导型的特点。葡萄糖能够抑制几丁质的诱导作用,但是不能完全抑制Bt菌株几丁质酶的基础表达。比较组成型和诱导型菌株的几丁质酶基因chiA、chiB调节区域核苷酸序列,发现仅存在个别碱基的差异。     

甘蓝夜蛾几丁质酶基因cDNA序列的克隆与序列分析

昆虫几丁质酶在害虫生物防治中具有很大的发展潜力。以甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae L.预蛹期幼虫整个虫体为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),扩增得到其几丁质酶的cDNA序列。该序列含有2826个碱基,包括1个1689个碱基的开放阅读框,预测编码1个含562个氨基酸的多肽,分子量约为62.6kDa,等电点为5.30。推导得到的氨基酸序列含有2个N-位糖基化位点,22个O-位糖基化位点,氨基酸序列与其他昆虫,尤其是鳞翅目昆虫的几丁质酶高度同源。获得的甘蓝夜蛾几丁质酶基因cDNA序列已经登录GenBank并获得登录号FJ436415。     

利用宏基因组法筛选新几丁质酶基因

为了寻找新型几丁质酶编码基因,提取了汕头湾海域海底表层沉积物中微生物的宏基因组,采用PCR-DGGE技术扩增和分离获得了新型几丁质酶基因编码信息。实验共得到63条几丁质酶基因片段,其编码的蛋白序列与NCBI数据库收录的序列相似率在41%~97%之间,且大多数在70%以下,只有8条相似率在70%以上,NCBI数据库中与其相似性最高的几丁质酶蛋白序列有18个种属,其中与橙色滑柱菌株(Herpetosiphon aurantiacus)ATCC 23779的几丁质酶存在着最高相似性的序列有27条,另外,与未可培养细菌几丁质酶基因片段相似的有22条,占34.9%,分属9个种属。说明汕头湾表层沉积物中存在多种几丁质酶编码基因,其中有很多是尚未研究的,为寻找新型的几丁质酶编码基因提供了有力的生物资源。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌HB310几丁质酶基因chi70的克隆和表达

为了了解嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila几丁质酶的功能,本研究通过PCR技术从X nematophila HB310菌株中克隆得到了几丁质酶基因chi70,对该基因进行了生物信息学分析。结果表明该基因全长1947 bp,编码648个氨基酸,表达的Chi70蛋白不含信号肽。将chi70基因进行原核表达,获得大量重组Chi70蛋白。采用二硝基水杨酸法（DNS法）测定重组蛋白酶活,结果表明几丁质酶Chi70在pH70时活性最高,为8815 U/mL。采用生测方法测定 Chi70对苏云金芽孢杆菌HD-73（Bt HD-73）的增效活性,结果表明单独使用Bt HD-73时对2龄棉铃虫幼虫的LC50为1480 μg/mL,添加Chi70后的Bt HD-73对2龄棉铃虫幼虫的LC50为 566 μg/mL,实验结果说明Chi70对Bt具有明显的增效作用。     

甘蓝夜蛾两种不同类型几丁质脱乙酰基酶基因的克隆与组织特异性表达

几丁质脱乙酰基酶(chitin deacetylase,CDA)是昆虫几丁质降解酶中的一种酶,可以将几丁质转化为壳聚糖,在昆虫几丁质代谢中具有重要作用.本研究以甘蓝夜蛾Mamestra brassicae5龄幼虫虫体为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,分别扩增得到甘蓝夜蛾的2类不同几丁质脱乙酰基酶基因的...     

舞毒蛾几丁质酶基因的真核表达与重组病毒的获得

几丁质是昆虫外骨骼和围食膜的重要组成部分,鉴于几丁质酶在昆虫生长发育过程中发挥着举足轻重的作用,应用昆虫几丁质酶为探索新的生物防治害虫的方法提供了途径。本文分别根据苜蓿银纹夜蛾Autographa californica核型多角体病毒多角体蛋白基因序列和编码舞毒蛾Lymantria disparⅠ型几丁质酶基因的开放阅读框设计引物,使用聚合酶链反应扩增出以上两个基因,全长分别为783 bp和1 737 bp。构建重组质粒pFastBac-LdCht和pFastBac-AcPH-LdCht,转化大肠杆菌DH10Bac后获得重组穿梭载体,通过脂质体介导转染Sf9细胞产生重组杆状病毒AcMNPV-AcPH--LdCht和AcMNPV-LdCht,分别用于表达蛋白和获得重组病毒。细胞成功表达出有活性的舞毒蛾几丁质酶,并在棉铃虫体内扩增得到重组病毒。研究为深入了解昆虫几丁质酶性质提供依据,并为应用重组病毒奠定基础。     

烟夜蛾几丁质酶基因的克隆与表达

运用RT-PCR技术扩增编码烟夜蛾Helicoverpaassulta(Guen啨e)幼虫几丁质酶基因的cDNA片段,将其克隆至pMD18-T载体,获得该基因的成熟蛋白阅读框序列。将该基因重组到表达型质粒pGEX-4T-2中,并转化入原核细胞中表达,序列测定结果表明,烟夜蛾幼虫几丁质酶基因的成熟蛋白阅读框全长1338bp,编码445个氨基酸残基,预测分子量和等电点分别为50.1kDa和9.26;推导的氨基酸序列与其近缘种棉铃虫几丁质酶氨基酸序列的一致性达99%,与其他6种昆虫几丁质酶的氨基酸序列也高度一致(65%~76%),并具有几丁质酶的典型特征。将该基因克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2上并转化BL21,SDS-PAGE和Western印迹分析表明,经IPTG诱导,76kDa附近没有特异蛋白条带出现,表明烟夜蛾几丁质酶基因不能在原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2中表达。     

桑氏链霉菌几丁质酶ChiKJ40基因的克隆表达及其抑菌作用

【背景】目前关于桑氏链霉菌(Streptomyces sampsonii)生防基因的研究不多,仅从其基因组中克隆了2个几丁质酶基因片段,其单个几丁质酶的完整基因序列相关研究未见报道。【目的】克隆S.sampsonii KJ40的几丁质酶基因Chi KJ40并进行原核表达,纯化重组蛋白并研究其抑菌作用。【方法】采用PCR扩增法从S.sampsonii KJ40中克隆几丁质酶基因Chi KJ40,连接到表达载体p ET-32a,导入Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)进行诱导表达。使用His标记蛋白质微量纯化试剂盒对重组几丁质酶进行纯化,Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定粗酶液和纯化酶液的浓度,几丁质酶试剂盒测定粗酶液和纯化酶液的几丁质酶活性。观察重组几丁质酶对桉树焦枯病菌(Cylindrocladium scoparium)、栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)、链格孢菌(Alternaria alternate)、紫丝核菌(Rhizoctonia violacea)几种致病真菌的抑菌作用。【结果】Chi KJ40基因(登录号为MF434484)在E.coli中经IPTG诱导表达,获得42 k D的重组几丁质酶,不同浓度IPTG在37°C诱导3 h,蛋白产量无明显变化。0.2 mmol/L IPTG 16°C诱导过夜,重组几丁质酶主要以可溶性形式存在于上清,小部分以包涵体存在于沉淀中。粗酶液几丁质酶活性为0.080 U/m L,酶比活力为0.041 U/mg,纯化酶液几丁质酶活性为0.046 U/m L,酶比活力为0.115 U/mg,纯化倍数为2.8,酶活回收率为57.5%。重组几丁质酶处理后,C.scoparium、C.parasitica和A.alternata菌丝细胞出现分节、膨胀,R.violacea菌丝溶解且部分被破坏成碎片。【结论】Chi KJ40基因的研究补充了S.sampsonii的生防背景,为几丁质酶基因找到了新的来源,并为其应用奠定了理论基础。     

棘孢木霉几丁质酶tachi2 基因的原核表达及酶学性质研究

目的:实现棘孢木霉(Trichoderma asperellum)几丁质酶基因tachi2的原核高效表达,研究几丁质酶Tachi2的酶学性质.方法:利用PCR技术扩增得到几丁质酶基因tachi2,将其克隆到原核表达载体pEHISTEV中,测序后,转化大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞,经异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导后进行Tachi2蛋白的纯化和复性.用纯化的目的蛋白Tachi2进行几丁质酶酶学性质的研究.结果:tachi2基因在重组大肠杆菌中正确表达,其主要以包涵体形式存在;重组蛋白Tachi2分子量约为44kDa,经过纯化和复性后得到的Tachi2有较高的几丁质酶活性.该酶的最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为7.0,几丁质酶在40℃以下比较稳定、pH 6～9时酶有较高活性,受Cu2和Zn2+的强烈抑制.结论:成功实现了棘孢木霉几丁质酶基因tachi2的原核高效表达,表达纯化了重组蛋白,明确了几丁质酶Tachi2的酶学性质,为该几丁质酶的进一步开发利用和深入研究奠定了基础.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌Sigma54和CcpA共同调控的基因鉴定

【目的】通过综合分析苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)HD73菌株Sigma54缺失突变体的转录组数据和蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)ATCC 14579菌株CcpA缺失突变体的转录组数据,并进行启动子与CcpA蛋白的体外结合验证,明确Bt HD73菌株中Sigma54和CcpA共同调控的基因,丰富了对微生物的代谢调控网络的认识。【方法】以转录组测序结果为基础,通过基因同源性的比对在Bt HD73菌株中寻找受Sigma54和CcpA共同调控的基因,在这些基因中找到具有cre序列的启动子,通过凝胶阻滞验证这些启动子与CcpA蛋白的结合。【结果】Bt HD73菌株中有31个基因受Sigma54和CcpA共同调控,其中14个基因的启动子序列包含cre序列,这些启动子都可以与CcpA蛋白发生体外结合。【结论】Bt HD73菌株中有14个基因直接受CcpA的调控,同时其转录受Sigma54的控制。     

The substantive equivalence of transgenic (Bt and Chi) and non-transgenic cotton based on metabolite profiles

Compositional studies comparing transgenic with non-transgenic counterpart plants are almost universally required by governmental regulatory bodies. In the present study, two T₂ transgenic cotton lines containing chitinase (Line 11/57) and Bt lines (Line 61) were compared with non-transgenic counterpart. To do this, biochemical characteristics of leaves and seeds, including amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, anions, and cations contents of the studied lines were analyzed using GC/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and ion chromatography (IC) analyzers, respectively. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analyses confirmed the presence and expression of Chi and Bt genes in the studied transgenic lines. Although, compositional analysis of leaves contents confirmed no significant differences between transgenic and non-transgenic counterpart lines, but it was shown that glucose content of chitinase lines, fructose content of transgenic lines (Bt and chitinase) and asparagine and glutamine of chitinase lines were significantly higher than the non-transgenic counterpart plants. Both the transgenic lines (Bt and chitinase) showed significant decrease in the amounts of sodium in comparison to the non-transgenic counterpart plants. The experiments on the seeds showed that histidine, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine contents of all transgenic and non-transgenic lines were the same, whereas other amino acids were significantly increased in the transgenic lines. Surprisingly, it was observed that the concentrations of stearic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid in the chitinase line were significantly different than those of non-transgenic counterpart plants, but these components were the same in both Bt line and its non-transgenic counterpart. It seems that more changes observed in the seed contents than leaves is via this point that seeds are known as metabolites storage organs, so they show greater changes in the metabolites contents comparing to the leaves.     

`Cloning of <Emphasis Type="Italic">vip1/vip2</Emphasis> genes and expression of Vip1Ca/Vip2Ac proteins in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis>

Forty-one Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) standard reference strains and 118 Bt local isolates were screened for vip1/vip2 genes by PCR amplification, with only three strains (HD201, HD109 and HD12) producing the desired bands. Southern blot showed that vip1/vip2 genes were located on a 10 Kb EcoRV fragment of their total DNAs. Furthermore, the vip1Ca/vip2Ac genes were cloned from a partial genomic library of HD201. Sequence homologous analysis revealed that vip2Ac gene was highly conserved and encoded a protein possibly having ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, and that vip1Ca gene was of low homology, especially at its 3-terminus. Western blot showed that Vip1Ca and Vip2Ac proteins could be detected from middle logarithmic phase to the stationary phase in Bt HD201. However, bioassays of HD201 supernatants exhibited no activity against Culex quinquefasciatus, Spodoptera exigua, S. litura, Helicoverpa amigera and Tenebrio molitor larvae. Whether Vip1Ca and Vip2Ac proteins have any toxicity to other susceptible targets still needs to be investigated.     

转异源chi基因的Bt工程菌株的生防潜力评价

【目的】构建增强抑制真菌能力兼杀虫的苏云金芽胞杆菌多功能生防菌株。【方法】将含有组成型高效表达启动子、地衣芽胞杆菌chi MY基因的重组质粒p DM,转化进杀虫活性高且有一定抑菌活性的Bt519-1菌株。酶谱分析方法确认Bt519(p DM)组成型异源表达几丁质酶。室内测定工程菌株抑菌谱,计算抑菌效率,确定最敏感的植物病原真菌,进行植物盆栽病害防治的应用潜力评价。将不同浓度的Bt粗酶液灌入甜椒幼苗根部,12 h后接种辣椒疫霉孢子液,接种2 d后开始观察,记录发病株数。自7 d起调查植株发病情况统计并分析防治效果。【结果】SDS-PAGE及酶谱分析证明,Bt519(p DM)能够特异表达68 k D蛋白,该蛋白为异源几丁质酶Chi MY。抑菌谱测定证明,工程菌抑制效率达到90%以上的有5种真菌,其中最明显的是辣椒疫霉。盆栽实验证明,Bt519(p DM)7 d的防效为73.2%。工程菌株对棉铃虫的半致死浓度(LC50)为121.26 mg/L。【结论】Bt519(p DM)是一株有应用潜力的生防菌株。     

Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715

A plasmid-encoded crystal protein gene (bt2) has been cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715. In Escherichia coli, it directs the synthesis of the 130-kDa protein (Bt2) which is toxic to larvae of Pieris brassicae and Manduca sexta. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this Bt2 protein with the B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD1 Dipel, B. thuringiensis kurstaki HD73 and B. thuringiensis sotto crystal protein sequences suggests that homologous recombination between the different genes has occurred during evolution. Treatment of the Bt2 protein with trypsin or chymotrypsin yields a 60-kDa protease-resistant and fully toxic polypeptide. The minimal portion of the Bt2 protein required for toxicity has been determined by analysing the polypeptides produced by deletion derivatives of the bt2 gene. It coincides with the 60-kDa protease-resistant Bt2 fragment and it starts between amino acids 29 and 35 at the N-terminus and terminates between positions 599 and 607 at the C-terminus.     

苏云金杆菌毒素调控基因plcR的特性与表达

根据蜡状芽胞杆菌plcR基因和papR基因序列设计特异引物,对6个Bt菌株（WB1、WB7、WB9、HD98、8010、8311）及5个Bc菌株（6A1、6A2、6A3、6A4、6S1）进行了PCR检测.结果显示,3个Bt菌株及4个Bc菌株含有plcR-papR基因.克隆了Bt8010、Bc6A2和6A3的plcR、papR基因,核苷酸序列分析表明,三个菌株的plcR、papR基因与NCBI数据库中的Bt、Bc及Ba相应序列都有很高的相似性.Bt8010的plcR基因编码框由846个核苷酸组成,可编码282个氨基酸;papR基因的编码框由144个核苷酸组成,可编码48个氨基酸.推导的氨基酸序列分析表明,Bt8010 的PapR有21个氨基酸的信号肽序列,PlcR没有信号肽序列.与Bc6A2、6A3和Bc 569相比,Bt8010 的PlcR和PapR在氨基酸序列上与Bc 相应序列存在相对较大的差异.将plcR-papR基因连接到表达载体pHT304中,并转化至大肠杆菌JM109中成功进行了表达,为研究Bt plcR基因的功能奠定了基础.     

Constructing Bacillus thuringiensis strain that co-expresses Cry2Aa and chitinase

A triple recombineering technique was used with plasmid pHT315 to produce pHTEC, a construct carrying chitinase and cry2Aa genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki 4.0718. Transformation of wild-type B. thuringiensis strain HD73 and the acrystalliferous strain Cry-B with pHTEC resulted in the recovery of recombinant strains that expressed Cry2Aa as cubic crystals in the cell pellet and soluble chitinase protein. The toxicity of HD73 (pHTEC) against Helicoverpa armigera larvae increased sevenfold when compared with HD73 (pHT315) harboring pHT315 vector. The triple recombineering protocol was optimized by comparing recombination efficacy mediated by RecE/RecT and Redα/Redβ and by using single-strand DNA as substrate.     

Construction of a Promoter-probe Vector for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus thuringiensis</Emphasis>: the Identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">cis</Emphasis>-acting Elements of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">chiA</Emphasis> Locus

The expression and application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) chitinase genes have been extensively investigated. However, little information is available regarding the regulation of chitinase gene expression in Bt. In this study, a shuttle promoter-probe vector was constructed incorporating the thermostable β-galactosidase gene bgaB of B. stearothermophilus as the reporter for the study of Bt promoters. Using this plasmid, the activity of the chiA gene promoter in Bt was investigated. Deletion analysis of the putative chiA promoter region revealed that the sequence located ~75 bp DNA from positions −116 to −42, with respect to the translation start site, is the core promoter of chiA gene. Furthermore, a site for chitin induction was identified near position −36. This site for negative regulation was indicated downstream of the RNA polymerase binding sites of the promoter of chiA. The expression of chiA started in cell grown for about 6 h and reached the maximum after 60 h of incubation. Induction of chiA expression by chitin was demonstrated by an increase in β-galactosidase activity of ~2.5-fold.