茉莉酸信号途径中转录抑制因子JAZ蛋白家族的分子进化分析

茉莉酸在植物的生长发育、应激反应和次生代谢过程中起着重要的调控作用。转录抑制因子JAZ（Jasmonate ZIM-domain）蛋白则是茉莉酸信号从SCF^coi1受体复合物向下游茉莉酸应答基因转导的纽带。采用比较基因组学的方法。从多谱系的角度对植物JAZ蛋白家族进行分子进化分析并取得以下研究结果。（1）在藻类植物、苔藓植物、蕨类植物、裸子植物及单、双子叶植物6个不同谱系的15种代表植物基因组中,鉴定了82个JAZ同源基因,其中在低等藻类植物基因组中没有鉴定到JAZ同源基因,提示JAZ家族基因可能起源于陆生植物。（2）系统发育分析表明,在植物基因组中JAZ蛋白家族可分为10个保守的亚家族,而谱系特异扩增尤其是串联重复和区段重复可能是陆生植物JAZ家族基因扩增与进化的主要机制,并导致多个谱系特异的JAZ亚家族产生。（3）基因结构分析表明,JAZ家族基因含有0一7个数目不等、62—4222bp长度不等的内含子,提示在植物基因组进化过程中,JAZ家族基因可能发生内含-丢失或内含子插入缺失,进而导致基因外显子．内含子结构的多样性。该研究结果将为植物JAZ蛋白家族的深入研究提供参考。     

海南龙血树茉莉酸受体基因DcCOI1的鉴定和表达分析

茉莉酸是植物响应生物和非生物逆境胁迫的关键激素之一,而茉莉酸信号受体蛋白(Coronatine-insensitive protein 1, COI1)在茉莉酸信号转导过程中发挥着关键作用。本研究基于海南龙血树转录数据中的转录本序列,利用注释拼接和RT-PCR的方法首次鉴定了1个编码海南龙血树茉莉酸受体COI1基因(命名为DcCOI1, GenBank登录号为MF193604),DcCOI1基因长度为2 274 bp,包含一个1 785 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码594个氨基酸,Dc COI1蛋白与芦笋COI1序列的一致性为94%,系统进化分析中与芦笋、剑兰划为同一分支,同属于单子叶植物大类。生物信息学分析显示,其编码蛋白包含COI1的蛋白的F-box特征结构域,分子量为64.14 k D,理论等电点为6.09,为非分泌型蛋白,且不含跨膜结构域,包含52个磷酸化位点,主要在细胞质中发挥生理作用;二级结构主要有α螺旋(43.10%)和无规则卷曲(29.63%)构成。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现DcCOI1在海南龙血树根、茎、叶和花中均有表达,根和茎中的表达量较高,而花中的表达量最低。此结果为阐明海南龙血树血竭形成过程中茉莉酸的调控作用研究奠定了基础。     

植物烯酰辅酶A还原酶家族的基因鉴定和分析

植物烯酰辅酶A还原酶(ECR)是超长链脂肪酸合成的最后一步关键酶。植物中,针对ECR的基因多集中于拟南芥,而鲜有其它植物中ECR基因鉴定的报道,更没有针对其基因全面鉴定及家族进化的报道。本研究首先从拟南芥ECR蛋白序列中鉴定得到了编号为PF02544.12的结构域,进而从8种从藻类到被子植物的基因组中鉴定得到了48条ECR家族成员。进化树构建结果表明,此家族基因可进一步细分为4个亚家族,其中3个亚家族中的拟南芥基因均得以阐明,分别为ECR、PPRD和DET2基因;这3个亚家族成员在从藻类到高等植物的各基因组中均存在,且ECR和PPRD的数目在被子植物中极为保守,表明其在植物中发挥重要且根本的功能。第4个亚家族仅在陆地植物中存在,且基因拷贝数在各陆地物种中极为保守,暗示其在陆地植物中起重要作用。ECR和PPRD基因编码蛋白较大,而各基因疏水性较高,且不稳定系数较高。本研究为进一步全面阐明植物中ECR基因的功能提供了基础。     

拟南芥ASK1与COI1形成蛋白复合体并调控雄性不育

茉莉素(茉莉酸及其衍生物)是一类新的植物激素, 对植物的生长发育以及调控植物抗性起重要作用. COI1基因已被证明介导茉莉素所调控的植物育性和抗性. 用生物化学和分子生物学手段, 证明了ASK1与F-box蛋白COI1发生相互作用, 并在植物体内形成蛋白复合体. 利用反义RNA策略进行功能分析, 表明ASK1调控植物的雄性不育. 这为阐明茉莉素调控植物生长发育的分子机理提供了重要线索.     

OsCOI1,水稻中一个受茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸诱导表达的F-box家族基因

利用Blast检索、EST分析和RT-PCR,在水稻中分离到一个与拟南芥COI1同源的新基因,命名为OsCOI1.OsCOI1编码595个氨基酸.推测的OsCOI1编码蛋白有一个F-boxmotif和16个富含亮氨酸的重复序列,这与拟南芥COI1相似.OsCOI1在氨基酸水平上和COI1有很高的同源性(74%).经半定量RT-PCR法和RNA印迹分析,表明水稻中OsCOI1表达水平在经茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸处理后呈明显变化,但不受水杨酸和乙烯的影响,说明OsCOI1可能在茉莉酸信号途径和脱落酸途径中具有特定功能.     

F-box蛋白COI1稳定性调控机制

拟南芥F-box蛋白COI1(Coronatine insensitive 1)与ASK1(Arabidopsis serine/Threonine kinase 1)蛋白及CUL1(CULLIN1)蛋白等结合形成SCFCOI1泛素连接酶复合体.COI1感知茉莉素信号、进而调控植物一系列的防御反应和生长发育过程.虽然多种作物的COI1同源蛋白已经被相继鉴定,但是其自身蛋白水平的调控机制仍然未知.本文重点研究了蔬菜作物番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)和经济作物烟草(Nicotiana attenuata)中COI1蛋白稳定性的调控机制.结果证明,这两种作物的COI1蛋白通过与ASK1的相互作用而得到稳定,表明形成SCFCOI1复合体可能有助于COI1蛋白的稳定.同时,26S蛋白酶体抑制剂能够明显抑制COI1的降解,说明泛素-蛋白酶体途径参与了其降解过程.这些结果证明在这两个不同物种中,两条互相拮抗的途径共同发挥作用,平衡并稳定COI1蛋白在细胞内的恰当丰度.该研究为深入研究不同作物的茉莉素信号转导调控机制奠定了良好的基础.     

COI1参与茉莉酸调控拟南芥吲哚族芥子油苷生物合成过程

芥子油苷是一类具有防御作用的植物次生代谢产物,外源激素茉莉酸对吲哚族芥子油苷的合成具有强烈的诱导作用,但茉莉酸调控吲哚族芥子油苷生物合成的分子机制并不清楚。以模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的野生型和coi1-22、coi1-23两种突变体为研究材料,通过茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理,比较了拟南芥野生型和coi1突变体植株吲哚族芥子油苷含量、吲哚族芥子油苷合成前体色氨酸的生物合成基因(ASA1、TSA1和TSB1)、吲哚族芥子油苷生物合成基因(CYP79B2、CYP79B3和CYP83B1)及调控基因(MYB34和MYB51)的表达对MeJA的响应差异,由此确定茉莉酸信号通过COI1蛋白调控吲哚族芥子油苷生物合成,即茉莉酸信号通过信号开关COI1蛋白作用于转录因子MYB34和MYB51,进而调控吲哚族芥子油苷合成基因CYP79B2、CYP79B3、CYP83B1和前体色氨酸的合成基因ASA1、TSA1、TSB1。并且推断,COI1功能缺失后,茉莉酸信号可能通过其他未知调控因子或调控途径激活MYB34转录因子从而调控下游基因表达。     

西瓜APX基因的序列分析及其茉莉酸甲酯诱导表达特性

抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)作为植物抗氧化防御系统中的重要一员,在一定程度上决定着植物的抗逆性。茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,Me JA)作为逆境信号物质可以诱导植物抗逆响应,但是能否诱导APX基因表达、其表达趋势如何到目前为止尚未见报道。我们根据拟南芥APX同源基因At APXIII(AJ006030.1)的序列在西瓜基因组数据库中搜索获得一个高度同源序列:Cla015833,命名为Cl APX1。我们对该基因进行了生物信息学分析并以二倍体西瓜细胞为材料,利用q RT-PCR技术对Cl APX1在茉莉酸甲酯诱导下的表达特性进行了研究。结果表明Cl APX1基因的转录起始位点位于起始密码子上游980 bp处,启动子区域包含典型启动子必须的调控元件,多个激素响应元件和逆境胁迫响应元件等;该基因编码的蛋白含有286个氨基酸,分子量为31.56 k D,理论等电点为6.67,此蛋白可能定位在细胞质中,属于c APX;该基因在亲缘关系上较为接近同科的黄瓜和甜瓜。在茉莉酸甲酯施加了0.5 h后Cl APX1基因的表达量高于本底水平,一直持续到8 h,变化呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。本研究说明了Cl APX1基因对茉莉酸甲酯模拟的逆境信号做出了响应且表达量提高。本研究为利用茉莉酸甲酯提高植物抗逆性提供了理论支持,为植物的APX基因对茉莉酸信号响应方式和表达调控趋势做了补充,为以后深入研究APX基因奠定基础。     

拟南芥IQM1涉及主根生长对茉莉酸甲酯的反应

目的:进一步找出拟南芥钙调素结合蛋白IQM1介导茉莉酸信号转导的证据。方法:比较分析IQM1基因的功能缺失突变体iqm1-1及其野生型幼苗在茉莉酸甲酯(Me JA)处理后的主根长度和JAZ(jasmonate ZIM-domain)家族基因的表达。结果:Me JA抑制iqm1-1及其野生型植株的主根生长,但iqm1-1对Me JA反应的敏感度比野生型弱;与此结果一致,iqm1-1幼苗中几个JAZ基因表达上调。结论:IQM1介导茉莉酸信号转导,参与对植物根生长的调节。     

草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)MYC2-like基因的克隆和非生物胁迫下的表达分析

髓细胞组织增生蛋白2(myelocytomatosis protein 2, MYC2)作为MYC型bHLH转录因子家族成员,是茉莉酸响应途径的关键转录因子,在调控植物抵抗逆境胁迫中具有重要作用。本研究基于NCBI数据库中野草莓(Fragaria vesca)的基因序列,从草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)品种‘红颜’(‘Benihoppe’)中克隆鉴定了1个FaMYC2-like基因,其开放阅读框长度为1 473 bp,编码490个氨基酸残基。保守结构域分析表明,FaMYC2-like蛋白具有bHLH-MYC家族保守结构域。系统发育分析显示,FaMYC2-like蛋白与月季花(Rosa chinensis)等蔷薇科(Rosaceae)植物中的同源基因编码的蛋白质具有较近的亲缘关系。通过启动子顺式作用元件预测,发现其启动子区含有大量的光信号、胁迫响应及激素信号的响应元件。亚细胞定位结果表明,FaMYC2-like蛋白定位于细胞核中。组织特异性RT-qPCR结果显示,FaMYC2-like基因在草莓的根中表达量最高,在茎、叶和花中也有较高表达,在匍匐茎中表达量最低;在果实发育早期...     

GmCOI1, a soybean F-box protein gene, shows ability to mediate jasmonate-regulated plant defense and fertility in Arabidopsis

The F-box protein gene COI1 from Arabidopsis plays a fundamental role in response to jasmonates, which regulate plant root growth, pollen fertility, wounding and healing, and defense against pathogens and insects. Null mutations in COI1 were previously found to abolish all the jasmonate responses, and the Arabidopsis coil-1 mutant is male sterile and susceptible to pathogen infection. In this study, we isolated an F-box protein gene from soybean, which shares significant homology with the Arabidopsis COI1 and similarly contains an F-box motif and leucine rich repeats (LRR), here designated GmCOI1 (Glycine max L. (Merr.) COI1). To test whether the sequence homology and structural similarity are indicative of functional conservation, we expressed GmCOI1 in the Arabidopsis coil-1 mutant. The transgenic coil-1 plants with expression of the GmCOI1 gene were found to exhibit normal jasmonate responses, including jasmonate-regulated plant defense and fertility. In addition, the chimerical proteins with swapped domain of the F-box motif or LRR between GmCOI1 and COI1 were shown to functionally complement the coil-1 mutation. Furthermore, GmCOI1 was found to assemble into the Skpl-Cullin-F-box (SCF) complexes, similar to the formation of the Arabidopsis SCF(COO1). These data demonstrate the soybean F-box protein gene GmCOI1 is able to mediate jasmonate-regulated plant defense and fertility in Arabidopsis, which implies a generic jasmonate pathway with conserved signal components in different plant species.     

Phylogenetic analysis of proteins involved in the stringent response in plant cells

The nucleotide (p)ppGpp is a second messenger that controls the stringent response in bacteria. The stringent response modifies expression of a large number of genes and metabolic processes and allows bacteria to survive under fluctuating environmental conditions. Recent genome sequencing analyses have revealed that genes responsible for the stringent response are also found in plants. These include (p)ppGpp synthases and hydrolases, RelA/SpoT homologs (RSHs), and the pppGpp-specific phosphatase GppA/Ppx. However, phylogenetic relationship between enzymes involved in bacterial and plant stringent responses is as yet generally unclear. Here, we investigated the origin and evolution of genes involved in the stringent response in plants. Phylogenetic analysis and primary structures of RSH homologs from different plant phyla (including Embryophyta, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Glaucophyta) indicate that RSH gene families were introduced into plant cells by at least two independent lateral gene transfers from the bacterial Deinococcus-Thermus phylum and an unidentified bacterial phylum; alternatively, they were introduced into a proto-plant cell by a lateral gene transfer from the endosymbiotic cyanobacterium followed by gene loss of an ancestral RSH gene in the cyanobacterial linage. Phylogenetic analysis of gppA/ppx families indicated that plant gppA/ppx homologs form an individual cluster in the phylogenetic tree, and show a sister relationship with some bacterial gppA/ppx homologs. Although RSHs contain a plastidial transit peptide at the N terminus, GppA/Ppx homologs do not, suggesting that plant GppA/Ppx homologs function in the cytosol. These results reveal that a proto-plant cell obtained genes for the stringent response by lateral gene transfer events from different bacterial phyla and have utilized them to control metabolism in plastids and the cytosol.     

COS1: an Arabidopsis coronatine insensitive1 suppressor essential for regulation of jasmonate-mediated plant defense and senescence

The Arabidopsis thaliana CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1) gene encodes an F-box protein to assemble SCF(COI1) complexes essential for response to jasmonates (JAs), which are a family of plant signaling molecules required for many essential functions, including plant defense and reproduction. To better understand the molecular basis of JA action, we screened for suppressors of coi1 and isolated a coi1 suppressor1 (cos1) mutant. The cos1 mutation restores the coi1-related phenotypes, including defects in JA sensitivity, senescence, and plant defense responses. The COS1 gene was cloned through a map-based approach and found to encode lumazine synthase, a key component in the riboflavin pathway that is essential for diverse yet critical cellular processes. We demonstrated a novel function for the riboflavin pathway that acts downstream of COI1 in the JA signaling pathway and is required for suppression of the COI1-mediated root growth, senescence, and plant defense.     

Downstream divergence of the ethylene signaling pathway for harpin-stimulated Arabidopsis growth and insect defense

Ethylene (ET) signal transduction may regulate plant growth and defense, depending on which components are recruited into the pathway in response to different stimuli. We report here that the ET pathway controls both insect resistance (IR) and plant growth enhancement (PGE) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants responding to harpin, a protein produced by a plant pathogenic bacterium. PGE may result from spraying plant tops with harpin or by soaking seeds in harpin solution; the latter especially enhances root growth. Plants treated similarly develop resistance to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). The salicylic acid pathway, although activated by harpin, does not lead to PGE and IR. By contrast, PGE and IR are induced in both wild-type plants and genotypes that have defects in salicylic acid signaling. In response to harpin, levels of jasmonic acid (JA) decrease, and the COI1 gene, which is indispensable for JA signal transduction, is not expressed in wild-type plants. However, PGE and IR are stimulated in the JA-resistant mutant jar1-1. In the wild type, PGE and IR develop coincidently with increases in ET levels and the expression of several genes essential for ET signaling. The ET receptor gene ETR1 is required because both phenotypes are arrested in the etr1-1 mutant. Consistently, inhibition of ET perception nullifies the induction of both PGE and IR. The signal transducer EIN2 is required for IR, and EIN5 is required for PGE because IR and PGE are impaired correspondingly in the ein2-1 and ein5-1 mutants. Therefore, harpin activates ET signaling while conscribing EIN2 and EIN5 to confer IR and PGE, respectively.