气候变暖对贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄热量资源及冷冻害的影响

利用宁夏贺兰山东麓各地1981年以来气象资料,分析了气候变暖对酿酒葡萄生育关键期主要热量资源和冷冻害的影响。结果表明:1981年以来,随着气候变暖,贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄发育期4—9月各地各月平均气温显著上升,1997年前后发生突变,突变后部分年份较常年同期偏高1℃以上,其中放条萌芽期4月平均气温上升显著,但月内波动幅度增大,酿酒葡萄遭受霜冻或强降温危害的风险增加;7—8月浆果生长和成熟期低温事件发生的可能性仍然较大;气候变暖使活动积温显著增加,中晚熟品种积温保证率达100%,4—9月3300℃(成熟度高,葡萄酒质量好的临界积温)的积温保证率明显提高;无霜期延长,晚熟品种的保证率提高,部分年份活动积温和无霜期满足极晚熟品需求;大部分地区冬季低温冻害相关要素变化趋势都不显著,其中出现持续低于-17℃(冬季受冻临界气温)日数减少,极端最低气温升高,但仍然低于-17℃,惠农、贺兰、平罗、银川20 cm深度-4℃以下日数减少;春季适宜放条期后出现霜冻的年份和日数增多,霜冻过程的最低气温明显降低,出现伴随霜冻的中等及以上强度冷空气频率和次数增加,强度增强。气候变暖对宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄生产有利有弊,不同品种酿酒葡萄对气候的适用性不同,因此在酿酒葡萄生育各关键期,仍需加强极端天气气候事件和气象灾害的监测和防范工作,减轻或避免气候条件变化对酿酒葡萄产业发展的不利影响。     

陕西省植被覆盖时空变化及其对极端气候的响应

基于2001—2018年MODIS NDVI数据,从生态分区视角分析陕西省归一化植被指数(NDVI)的时空变化特征,并结合该地区31个气象站点日值数据,探讨NDVI对极端气温和极端降水指数的响应特征。结果表明：(1)陕西省及其各生态区的NDVI变化均显著上升,整体呈南高北低的分布特点,其中秦巴山地落叶与阔叶林生态区(IV)NDVI值最高为0.86,陕北北部典型草原生态区(I)NDVI值最低为0.38。(2)年际尺度上,陕西省NDVI与极端气温暖极值(暖夜日数)和极端降水指数总体呈显著正相关(P<0.05),在陕西省北部NDVI变化主要受极端降水的影响,南部则对极端气温的敏感度更高。(3)多年月尺度上,各生态区NDVI对极端气温冷极值(最低气温、日最低气温的极低值和日最高气温的极低值)和极端气温暖极值(最高气温、日最低气温的极高值和日最高气温的极高值)存在明显的滞后性,滞后时间多为3个月;与极端降水指数(单日最大降水量和连续5日最大降水量)的滞后时间为2个月,说明陕西省内NDVI对极端气候的响应具有显著的滞后效应。     

中国西南部地区植被对极端气候事件的响应

在全球气候变化背景下, 极端气候事件频发。中国西南部地区植被对于气候变化及极端气候事件的响应较为敏感。为探究西南部地区植被对极端气候事件的响应程度, 该文采用Pettitt检验、趋势分析法对数据进行分析, 并对数据进行去趋势处理, 分析去趋势前后极端气候指数与归一化植被指数(NDVI)的相关关系。结果表明: (1) 1982-2015年西南部地区植被NDVI呈现显著上升的趋势, NDVI在1994年发生突变, 突变前上升不显著, 突变后呈现显著上升的趋势; (2)去趋势前, 1982-2015年间, 极端降水指数与NDVI显著相关的仅有1日最大降水量, 其与NDVI显著正相关; 除气温日较差外, 其他极端温度指数均与NDVI显著相关。1994-2015年间, 1日最大降水量与NDVI显著正相关, 降水日数与NDVI显著负相关; 在极端温度指数中, 日最低气温最大值、暖昼日数、夏季日数、生长季长度和气温日较差与NDVI显著正相关, 冷昼日数、冰冻日数、冷夜日数和霜冻日数与NDVI显著负相关。1982-2015年间NDVI对年平均气温的响应最强, 而在1994-2015年间NDVI对夏季日数和气温日较差的响应强于对年平均气温的响应。(3)去趋势后, 极端降水指数与NDVI的相关性在两个时段都不显著; 而日最高气温最大值、暖昼日数、夏季日数和气温日较差在这两个时段与NDVI显著正相关, 但其与NDVI的相关系数都在1994-2015年间更高。气温日较差在两个时段与NDVI的相关系数都最高。只在1982-2015年冷昼日数与NDVI显著负相关。     

黄土高原极端气温变化特征及其与平均气温的相关性

近几十年来,黄土高原极端气候频发,研究和预测极端气候的发生显得尤为重要。目前,关于极端气候的研究多关注事件本身的变化特征,而忽略了平均气温与其变化趋势的相关分析。本研究基于1986—2019年黄土高原79个气象站的逐日最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验以及Pearson相关分析方法,对黄土高原地区极端气温的变化趋势及其与平均气温的相关性进行研究。结果表明: 研究期间,黄土高原地区极端气温暖指数呈显著上升趋势,冷指数呈显著下降趋势,极端高温事件发生频率增加;大多极端气温指数在20世纪90年代中后期和2012年发生突变,且极端气温在1998—2012年整体呈现下降趋势,较好地响应了全球变暖停滞现象;平均气温在西部黄土高塬沟壑区、土石山区及河谷平原区的上升趋势较其他区域明显,且极端气温指数大幅变化趋势的站点几乎都发生在平均气温大幅上升的区域;平均气温的小幅上升显著增加了极端高温事件发生的频率,其中,极端低温的变化幅度和速率大于极端高温,气候变暖对极端气温指数产生了不同影响,平均气温的微小变化使得黄土高原整体气候分布向着更易发生热浪的方向转移。     

长江三角洲地区极端气温事件变化特征及其与ENSO的关系

基于1960—2014年65个气象站点逐日最高、最低气温和平均气温资料,分析了长江三角洲地区极端气温事件的变化规律和ENSO事件强度对极端气温指数变化趋势的影响。结果表明:近55年长江三角洲地区夏季日数(SU)、热夜日数(TR)、暖昼日数(TX90)、暖夜日数(TN90)、异常暖昼持续指数(WSDI)、生长期(GSL)均呈增加趋势,其中暖夜日数(TN90)增加幅度最大,增幅为8.55d/10a;极值指数也呈上升趋势,其中月最低气温极小值(TNn)上升幅度最大为(0.53℃/10a);冰冻日数(ID)、霜冻日数(FD)、冷昼日数(TX10)、冷夜日数(TN10)、异常冷昼持续指数(CSDI)均呈减少趋势,其中冷夜日数(TN10)减少幅度最大(-6.06d/10a);月平均日较差(DTR)以0.11℃/10a的速率呈下降趋势。空间上,所有站点SU、TXn、TNx呈增加趋势;TR、TX90、TN90、TNn、TXx、WSDI、GSL分别有97%、85%、98%、95%、78%、92%、94%的站点呈增加趋势;所有站点ID、FD、TX10、TN10呈减少趋势;CSDI、DTR分别有87%、77%的站点呈减少趋势。多数极端气温指数与纬度、经度、海拔显著相关。气候变暖突变后,极端暖指数明显增加,极端冷指数明显减少。总体上,厄尔尼诺对极端气温指数的影响大于拉尼娜的影响。     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化Ⅷ.江西省双季稻各生育期热量条件变化特征

基于江西省地面气象资料和农业气象试验站数据,分析了江西省双季稻生育期的变化趋势,并利用生长度日（GDD）、低温度日（CDD）和高温度日（HDD）对1981-2007年江西省水稻各生育期热量资源的变化趋势进行分析.结果表明：气候变暖背景下,江西省水稻生长季平均气温、平均最低气温和平均最高气温均呈升高趋势,引起双季稻生长季缩短,其中,营养生长期日数减少最明显,而生殖生长期延长;生长度日和高温度日均增加,低温度日减少.研究期间,江西省双季稻有效热量资源增加,低温风险减少,但高温风险增多;江西省水稻有效热量资源的空间变化特征表现为东北部的增幅大于西南部,南部的低温风险大于北部,中部的高温风险最大.     

北方半干旱荒漠草原生态区生态脆弱性变化遥感监测及其驱动机制分析

针对研究区的生态环境特征(风力侵蚀、沙漠化、盐渍化严重、水力侵蚀严重),引入了大尺度景观格局指数(香农均匀性指数和蔓延度指数)和极端气候指数(极端高温日数、极端低温日数和极端降雨日数),构建了北方半干旱荒漠草原生态区生态脆弱性评价体系,进而分析和探讨了该地区近13年的生态脆弱性时空变化格局和驱动机制。结果表明,北方半干旱荒漠草原生态区的生态脆弱性总体上属于中度脆弱状态,呈现自西向东递减的趋势。2000-2013年,北方半干旱荒漠草原生态区生态脆弱性呈现减小趋势。近13年北方半干旱荒漠草原生态区的生态脆弱性时空变化格局受GDP密度、气温、降水、地形等因子影响显著。这些为北方半干旱荒漠草原生态区的生态环境修复及保护提供重要的科学支撑。     

广西生物多样性优先保护区的气候变化风险评估

利用位于广西生物多样性优先保护区内的48个国家气象观测站的1961—2014年历史气候观测资料,应用线性趋势分析和气候变化指数方法,对优先保护区的气候变化特征及风险进行分析,结果表明,优先保护区气候总体朝暖干化发展:气温明显升高,降水日数、相对湿度和日照减少。年气温平均升高速率为0.155℃·(10 a)~(-1),年降水日数平均减少速率为4.0 d·(10 a)~(-1),年平均相对湿度的平均减少速率为0.7%·(10 a)~(-1),年日照时数的平均减少速率为4.3 h·a~(-1)。部分地区发生了低温日数减少,高温日数增多的变化:低温日数减少主要集中在九万山区、桂北南岭地区和桂西山原区;高温日数变化主要分布在桂西山原区、桂西岩溶山区、大明山区、九万山区和沿海地区。秋、冬季强降水日数的增多变化和重旱日数的增多变化,主要集中分布在桂西岩溶山区、大明山区和沿海地区。广西3类生物多样性典型生境地中,岩溶地区气候变化影响程度最大,气候变化风险最高,沿海和海岛地区次之,桂北南岭山地等原始森林地区气候保持最稳定,风险最低。广西生物多样性优先保护区中95%以上地区处于中等及以下等级的风险区内,西林是保护区中唯一的高风险等级区。     

1961—2020年松花江流域极端气候指数的时空变化特征

研究气候变化和极端气候对保障松花江流域的粮食安全和社会经济发展具有重要意义。基于松花江流域及其附近69个气象站点的1961—2020年逐日降水量、最高气温和最低气温数据，采用世界气象组织推荐的27个极端气候指数，利用一元线性回归模型和Mann-Kendall趋势检验以及普通克里金插值分析松花江流域极端温度和降水的时空变化特征。结果表明：1961—2020年，研究区极端冷指数中除了冷日持续时间外，其余均呈下降趋势，而极端暖指数、极值指数及其他温度指数呈上升趋势，且最低气温的上升趋势大于最高气温。结冰日数和冷日持续时间及暖日持续时间呈现出自南向北递增的趋势，而日最高气温极低值和日最低气温极低值则呈现相反的空间特征。夏日日数和热夜日数的高值区主要分布在西南部，而冷昼日数、暖夜日数、暖昼日数的空间变化不明显。整体上，除了冷日持续时间外，其他的极端冷指数在松花江流域北部和西部下降趋势较快；而暖指数中的夏日日数、暖夜日数、暖昼日数、暖日持续时间在北部和西部的上升速度较快，热夜日数在西南部上升速度最快；极值指数中，温度的极大值在西北部上升最快，而极小值在东北部上升最快。除了持续干燥日外，其余的降水指...     

1960—2014年松嫩草地极端气候事件的时空变化

基于1960—2014年松嫩草地13个气象站点的日值记录数据,计算与区域水旱寒热灾害、植被生长发育密切相关的14个极端气候指数;利用线性趋势法、间断趋势分析法、Mann-Kendall检验、Sen斜率估计和滑动t检验等方法,分析松嫩草地极端气候事件的发生趋势与时空格局.结果表明: 表征极端高温指数的夏日日数、暖昼日数、暖夜日数、暖持续指数均呈显著上升趋势,表征低温指数的霜日日数、冷昼日数、冷夜日数、冷持续指数均呈明显下降趋势,区域变暖趋势显著;区域极端低温的增幅大于极端高温的增幅,夜间增温幅度大于白昼;1970—2009年区域气候变暖趋势较为明显,各指数突变也集中发生在这一时期;表征极端降水的各指数变化趋势不显著,普通日降水强度和持续干燥指数呈下降趋势,5日最大降水量、强降水量、年湿期降水总量和持续湿润指数呈微弱上升趋势,表明区域气候呈微弱的暖湿化特征;松嫩草地南部和北部地区是对气候变暖响应最显著的区域;对极端降水指数而言,各指数南北分异特征明显,区域北部以变湿为主要特征,而南部则以变干为主要特征,尤其是区域西南部的干旱风险较高.     

植物物候与气候研究进展

植物物候及其变化是多个环境因子综合影响的结果,其中气候是最重要、最活跃的环境因子。主要从气候环境角度分析了植物物候与气候以及气候变化间的相互关系,概述了国内外有关植物物候及物候模拟等方面的研究进展。表明,温度是影响物候变化最重要的因子;同时,水分成为胁迫因子时对物候的影响也十分重要。近50a左右,世界范围内的植物物候呈现出了春季物候提前,秋季物候推迟或略有推迟的特征,从而导致了多数植物生长季节的延长,并成为全球物候变化的趋势。全球气候变暖改变了植物开始和结束生长的日期,其中冬季、春季气温的升高使植物的春季物候提前是植物生长季延长的主要原因。目前对物候学的研究方向主要集中在探讨物候与气候变化之间的关系,而模型模拟是定量研究气候变化与植物物候之间关系的重要方式,国内外已经开发出多种物候模型来分析气候驱动与物候响应之间的因果关系。另外遥感资料的应用也为物候模型研究提供了新的方向。物候机理研究、物候与气候关系以及物候模型研究将是研究的重点。     

气候变化背景下中国农业气候资源变化V.宁夏农业气候资源变化特征

基于1961-2009年宁夏21个气象站点的气象资料,分析了宁夏各区农业气候资源的时空变化趋势.结果表明:研究期间,宁夏各地气温逐渐升高,呈北高南低的空间分布特征,年均气温的气候倾向率为0.4℃·(10 a)-1;大部分地区年降水量呈逐渐减少趋势,年降水量的气候倾向率为4.26 mm·(10 a)-1;无霜期和作物生长季天数随着气候变暖逐渐延长;≥10℃积温在3200℃·d以上的区域向南扩展,宁夏适宜种植中晚熟水稻的区域有所扩大;2001-2009年,宁夏大部分地区适宜种植冬小麦,全区各地几乎都适宜种植春小麦;宁夏南部山区各地7月平均气温≤20℃的区域面积逐渐缩小,适宜种植马铃薯的地域也随之缩小.     

Implications of climate change for agricultural productivity in the early twenty-first century

This paper reviews recent literature concerning a wide range of processes through which climate change could potentially impact global-scale agricultural productivity, and presents projections of changes in relevant meteorological, hydrological and plant physiological quantities from a climate model ensemble to illustrate key areas of uncertainty. Few global-scale assessments have been carried out, and these are limited in their ability to capture the uncertainty in climate projections, and omit potentially important aspects such as extreme events and changes in pests and diseases. There is a lack of clarity on how climate change impacts on drought are best quantified from an agricultural perspective, with different metrics giving very different impressions of future risk. The dependence of some regional agriculture on remote rainfall, snowmelt and glaciers adds to the complexity. Indirect impacts via sea-level rise, storms and diseases have not been quantified. Perhaps most seriously, there is high uncertainty in the extent to which the direct effects of CO₂ rise on plant physiology will interact with climate change in affecting productivity. At present, the aggregate impacts of climate change on global-scale agricultural productivity cannot be reliably quantified.     

Regional and global climate risks for reef corals: Incorporating species-specific vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards

Climate change is driving rapid and widespread erosion of the environmental conditions that formerly supported species persistence. Existing projections of climate change typically focus on forecasts of acute environmental anomalies and global extinction risks. The current projections also frequently consider all species within a broad taxonomic group together without differentiating species-specific patterns. Consequently, we still know little about the explicit dimensions of climate risk (i.e., species-specific vulnerability, exposure and hazard) that are vital for predicting future biodiversity responses (e.g., adaptation, migration) and developing management and conservation strategies. Here, we use reef corals as model organisms (n = 741 species) to project the extent of regional and global climate risks of marine organisms into the future. We characterise species-specific vulnerability based on the global geographic range and historical environmental conditions (1900–1994) of each coral species within their ranges, and quantify the projected exposure to climate hazard beyond the historical conditions as climate risk. We show that many coral species will experience a complete loss of pre-modern climate analogs at the regional scale and across their entire distributional ranges, and such exposure to hazardous conditions are predicted to pose substantial regional and global climate risks to reef corals. Although high-latitude regions may provide climate refugia for some tropical corals until the mid-21st century, they will not become a universal haven for all corals. Notably, high-latitude specialists and species with small geographic ranges remain particularly vulnerable as they tend to possess limited capacities to avoid climate risks (e.g., via adaptive and migratory responses). Predicted climate risks are amplified substantially under the SSP5-8.5 compared with the SSP1-2.6 scenario, highlighting the need for stringent emission controls. Our projections of both regional and global climate risks offer unique opportunities to facilitate climate action at spatial scales relevant to conservation and management.     

Performance of climate envelope models in retrodicting recent changes in bird population size from observed climatic change

Twenty-five-year population trends of 42 bird species rare as breeders in the UK were examined in relation to changes in climatic suitability simulated using climatic envelope models. The effects of a series of potential 'nuisance' variables were also assessed. A statistically significant positive correlation was found across species between population trend and climate suitability trend. The demonstration that climate envelope models are able to retrodict species' population trends provides a valuable validation of their use in studies of the potential impacts of future climatic changes.     

Range expansion during the Pleistocene drove morphological radiation of the fir genus (Abies,Pinaceae) in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Himalayas

Range expansion caused by climate oscillations in the past probably promoted morphological radiation in a few plant groups. In this study, we aim to test this hypothesis through phylogeographical analysis of the cold‐tolerant fir genus (Abies) in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) and Himalayas, where it comprises 12 described species. We examined sequence variation in two maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt) DNA fragments (nad5‐4 and nad7‐1) and two paternally inherited plastid DNA fragments (trnS‐G and trnL‐F) for 733 individuals from 75 populations of the species in a monophyletic group. Only six mtDNA haplotypes were recovered, but five were shared between multiple species and one occurred at a high frequency, providing strong evidence of range expansion. Forty‐three plastid DNA haplotypes were detected, 19 of which were shared between species and three occurred at high frequency. Network, mismatch and Bayesian skyline plot analyses of all plastid DNA haplotypes from this clade clearly suggested range expansion. This expansion was dated as having occurred during the longest and most extensive glaciation in the Pleistocene. Our results therefore supported the range expansion hypothesis for this clade of Abies during the Pleistocene; expansion probably drove the morphological radiation of the clade in the QTP and Himalayas, although it remains unclear whether the different morphotypes should be acknowledged as independent, reproductively isolated species. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 179 , 444–453.     

Examples of phenological change, past and present, in UK farming

This paper examines a large number of agricultural and other phenological records kept by a farmer in Sussex, UK from 1980 to 2000. Twenty five of the 29 events were earlier in 1990‐2000 than in 1980‐1989. The average advancement of all 29 events was 5.5 days at a time when January‐March mean temperature increased by 1.4°C. In comparing the events with monthly mean temperatures, 18 of the events were significantly negatively related to temperatures of the three calendar months preceding the mean event date. Response rates to temperature varied between 4 and 12 days earlier for each °C warmer. A comparison with historical farming records reveals that many of the current farming events appear as responsive to temperature now as they were 200 years ago.     

Climate influences on the cost-effectiveness of vector-based interventions against malaria in elimination scenarios

Despite the dependence of mosquito population dynamics on environmental conditions, the associated impact of climate and climate change on present and future malaria remains an area of ongoing debate and uncertainty. Here, we develop a novel integration of mosquito, transmission and economic modelling to assess whether the cost-effectiveness of indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) against Plasmodium falciparum transmission by Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes depends on climatic conditions in low endemicity scenarios. We find that although temperature and rainfall affect the cost-effectiveness of IRS and/or LLIN scale-up, whether this is sufficient to influence policy depends on local endemicity, existing interventions, host immune response to infection and the emergence rate of insecticide resistance. For the scenarios considered, IRS is found to be more cost-effective than LLINs for the same level of scale-up, and both are more cost-effective at lower mean precipitation and higher variability in precipitation and temperature. We also find that the dependence of peak transmission on mean temperature translates into optimal temperatures for vector-based intervention cost-effectiveness. Further cost-effectiveness analysis that accounts for country-specific epidemiological and environmental heterogeneities is required to assess optimal intervention scale-up for elimination and better understand future transmission trends under climate change.     

中国富士苹果种植气候适宜区的年代际变化

苹果是中国种植面积最大的水果,分析气候变化背景下其种植气候适宜区的年代际变化,可为合理利用气候资源、科学应对气候变化提供参考。基于中国主栽的富士苹果地理分布信息和1961—2010年中国区域2084个气象台站资料,利用最大熵模型(MaxEnt)和ArcGIS软件,通过构建富士苹果种植分布与气候因子的关系模型,分析1961—2010年中国富士苹果种植分布的年代际变化特征及其对气候变化响应的敏感区。结果表明,气候变化导致中国富士苹果种植分布的气候界限和气候适宜区明显北移,其中气候适宜区范围伴有西扩趋势。富士苹果种植的各气候适宜区分布年代际变化特征明显,适宜气候种植面积显著增加,特别是1990s变化最为突出,2010s气候种植适宜面积较1960s增加36%。但高气候适宜区面积则呈年代际波动,2010s虽略高于1960s,但较1970s—1980s减少25%。富士苹果种植适宜区对气候变化响应最为敏感的地区主要分布在辽宁南部、鲁南、苏北、豫东南、黄土高原西北部和川陕接壤区。除热量条件外,年日照时数对富士苹果种植的气候适宜区面积影响显著,气候资源变化有助于富士苹果种植的气候适宜范围增加,但不利于高气候适宜区的稳定。     

On the relationship of phenological strategy to ecological success: the case of broomsedge in Hawaii

Andropogon virginicus L. (broomsedge) is a perennial bunchgrass of temperate origin which was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands early in the 20th Century. Since its introduction broomsedge has become the dominant species of savanna vegetation on the windward sides of Oahu and Hawaii (the Big Island). Despite its ecological success, the phenology of broomsedge-especially the timing of its periods of active growth in the summer and dormancy (or semi-rest) in the winter-is not synchronized with the summer-dry, winter-wet moisture seasonality of its range in Hawaii. Rather, this species responds to a shortening-daylength cue by flowering in late autumn, and the onset of dormancy and the progression of subsequent phenophases seems to be mostly under endogenous control following the flowering response. The lack of synchronization between the onset of active growth by broomsedge and the onset of the rainy season does not conform to the specific assumption that the ecological dominance of the perennial bunchgrass life-form in savanna vegetation results from a coupling of phenological strategy to moisture seasonality. It also brings into question the more general assumption that a perfect coupling of phenology to the prevailing climatic conditions is a prerequisite for ecological success.