干细胞巢研究进展

干细胞巢即干细胞周围的微环境构成,一般包括干细胞的相邻细胞、粘附分子及基质等,但不同的干细胞有不同的巢结构。干细胞巢通过不同信号途径调控着干细胞的行为,使干细胞的自我更新和分化处于平衡状态。根据近年来有关干细胞巢的研究,本文从果蝇生殖系干细胞巢、哺乳动物造血干细胞巢、肠干细胞巢、毛囊表皮干细胞巢和神经干细胞巢等五个系统分别综述了干细胞巢的构成及其对干细胞的调节作用,探讨了干细胞巢作用于干细胞的内在机制。     

干细胞生物工程研究展望

 由于最近两年干细胞研究技术的突破 ,一门崭新的学科“干细胞生物工程”已经形成 .人类胚胎干细胞在体外的成功培养以及一种组织的干细胞 (成体干细胞 )向另一种组织细胞横向分化的发现 ,为利用“干细胞生物工程”技术治疗疾病奠定了基础 .本综述着重介绍干细胞研究领域的一些新概念和新技术以及干细胞分化的基因调控 .对干细胞生物工程的临床应用前景作了概括性讨论     

揭秘成体干细胞

干细胞研究给人类带来很多福音已是不争的事实,但作为干细胞研究主要部分的胚胎干细胞研究在取得系列成果的同时也带来了一系列的伦理争议(见本刊上期)。而时于成体干细胞的研究在一定程度上回避了伦理问题。本文系统介绍了成体干细胞研究的基础知识、研究现状及发展前景。细读此文,相信你一定会有所收获。     

成体干细胞研究进展

近年来由于成体干细胞研究技术的突破 ,成体干细胞的多向分化潜能日益为人们所关注。尤其“横向分化”的发现 ,不仅更新了对成体干细胞的传统认识 ,而且为其临床疾病治疗奠定了基础。介绍了成体干细胞的特点及分化潜能 ,并对其临床应用作了概括性讨论。     

简明干细胞生物学

<正>化学工业出版社出版章静波、刘星霞编著。本书为协和医学院研究生教学用书。全书以干细胞为中心,介绍其生物学性质、操纵以及利用。书中如实告知了干细胞为什么可保持其不对称的分裂微环境是怎样调控干细胞增殖与分化的等尚未解决的难题。本书有几章专门介绍干细胞培养的技术,如胚胎干细胞的培养、i PS细胞的建系、干细胞的诱导分化实验等。     

干细胞治疗糖尿病的研究进展

随着糖尿病的发病率升高,世界各国科学家积极地寻找治疗糖尿病的有效方法.干细胞是近年来的研究热点之一,很多科学家着眼于应用干细胞治疗糖尿病,并取得了显著的成效.本文综合近些年来各国科学家的研究成果,从胚胎干细胞、胰腺干细胞、骨髓干细胞、骨髓造血干细胞等4个方面介绍当前的研究情况,同时时比4种干细胞治疗糖尿病的优缺点.     

骨髓间充质干细胞的免疫学研究进展

间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）是骨髓中除造血干细胞以外的另一种成体干细胞,广泛分布于动物体内骨髓、肝脏、脂肪等多种组织中。MSCS具有强大的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,是移植领域应用前景广阔的再生来源细胞;同时,MSCs是一种重要的免疫调节细胞,MSCs在炎症细胞因子刺激后对免疫系统表现出很强的抑制作用,所以MSCs有望应用于减少免疫排斥,延长移植物存活时间,治疗相关免疫失调症,如自身免疫疾病等方面。本文主要对间充质干细胞与免疫系统相互作用的研究做相关介绍。     

书讯

<正>简明干细胞生物学化学工业出版社出版章静波、刘星霞编著。本书为协和医学院研究生教学用书。全书以干细胞为中心,介绍其生物学性质、操纵以及利用。书中如实告知了干细胞为什么可保持其不对称的分裂、微环境是怎样调控干细胞增殖与分化的等尚未解决的难题。本书有几章专门介绍干细胞培养的技术,如胚胎干细胞的培养、iPS细胞的建系、干细胞的诱导分化实验等。本书可作为生物学、医学基础等专业的本科或研究生教材,可供希望学习与掌握有关干细胞知识与技能的生物学与     

3种间充质干细胞成软骨分化潜能比较

目的:比较骨髓间充质干细胞、脂肪间充质干细胞、滑膜间充质干细胞3种间充质干细胞的成软骨分化潜能,为软骨组织工程中种子细胞的选择提供实验依据。方法:采用贴壁法分别分离提取兔骨髓间充质干细胞、脂肪间充质干细胞、滑膜间充质干细胞3种间充质干细胞,并进行传代培养,绘制3种间充质干细胞的生长曲线并比较其倍增时间。将3种间充质干细胞成软骨诱导14 d后,行甲苯胺蓝染色及II型胶原免疫组化染色以观测3种细胞成软骨分化能力。结果:脂肪间充质干细胞的倍增时间短于骨髓间充质干细胞,滑膜间充质干细胞的倍增时间最短;3种细胞成软骨诱导14 d后均产生糖胺聚糖和II型胶原,且组与组之间II型胶原表达水平的差异有统计学意义,骨髓间充质干细胞组高于脂肪间充质干细胞组(P0.01),滑膜间充质干细胞组高于骨髓间充质干细胞组(P0.01)。结论:在一定的培养条件下,3种间充质干细胞均有一定的成软骨细胞分化潜能,滑膜间充质干细胞最快的增殖速度及最强的成软骨分化潜能。     

什么是干细胞

随着干细胞研究的快速发展,人们对干细胞的认识也不断加深。拟根据我们的科研和教学实践,扼要介绍对有关干细胞的一些基本概念的理解,其中包括胚胎干细胞,成体干细胞和诱导性多潜能干细胞等。     

胚胎干细胞向血液干细胞定向分化的研究进展

骨髓移植是目前治疗恶性白血病以及遗传性血液病最有效的方法之一。但是HLA相匹配的骨髓捐献者严重短缺,骨髓造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cells,HSCs）体外培养困难,在体外修复患者骨髓造血干细胞技术不成熟,这些都大大限制了骨髓移植在临床上的应用。多能性胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESCs）具有自我更新能力,在合适的培养条件下分化形成各种血系细胞,是造血干细胞的另一来源。在过去的二十多年里,血发生的研究是干细胞生物学中最为活跃的领域之一。小鼠及人的胚胎干细胞方面的研究最近取得了重大进展。这篇综述总结了近年来从胚胎干细胞获得造血干细胞的成就,以及在安全和技术上的障碍。胚胎干细胞诱导生成可移植性血干细胞的研究能够使我们更好地了解正常和异常造血发生的机制,同时也为造血干细胞的临床应用提供理论和实验依据。     

造血干细胞研究进展

造血干细胞（hematopoietic stem cell,HSC）是成体干细胞研究领域的范式。对造血干细胞自我更新和不对称分裂分子遗传学机制的诠释,将不仅帮助理解成体干细胞“干性”维持的发育遗传学机制,也将对白血病干细胞和其他类型肿瘤干细胞的发育起源及开发针对肿瘤干细胞的靶向治疗模式产生深远的影响。     

The Drosophila ovary: an active stem cell community

Only a small number of cells in adult tissues (the stem cells) possess the ability to self-renew at every cell division,while producing differentiating daughter cells to maintain tissue homeostasis for an organism's lifetime.The Drosophilaovary harbors three different types of stem cell populations (germline stem cell (GSC),somatic stem cell (SSC) andescort stem cell (ESC)) located in a simple anatomical structure known as germarium,rendering it one of the best modelsystems for studying stem cell biology due to reliable stem cell identification and available sophisticated genetic toolsfor manipulating gene functions.Particularly,the niche for the GSC is among the first and best studied ones,and studieson the GSC and its niche have made many unique contributions to a better understanding of relationships between stemcells and their niche.So far,both the GSC and the SSC have been shown to be regulated by extrinsic factors originatingfrom their niche and intrinsic factors functioning within.Multiple signaling pathways are required for controlling GSCand SSC self-renewal and differentiation,which provide unique opportunities to investigate how multiple signals fromthe niche are interpreted in the stem cell.Since the Drosophila ovary contains three types of stem cells,it also providesoutstanding opportunities to study how multiple stem cells in a given tissue work collaboratively to contribute to tissuefunction and maintenance.This review highlights recent major advances in studying Drosophila ovarian stem cells andalso discusses future directions and challenges.     

神经干细胞分离培养方法的介绍

在成体的许多组织中发现了多能干细胞,这些干细胞可以进行自我复制,参与组织的正常修复。神经干细胞在体外能分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞,并具有多向分化潜能。成体神经干细胞和胚胎干细胞都能分化成成体神经系统中的各种神经细胞。神经干细胞具有自我更新能力,因此神经干细胞可以应用于神经损伤或者神经疾病的修复。本文概述了神经干细胞体外分离培养的方法及其生长影响因子。     

Microfluidic systems: A new toolbox for pluripotent stem cells

Conventional culture systems are often limited in their ability to regulate the growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Microfluidic systems can overcome some of these limitations by providing defined growth conditions with user-controlled spatiotemporal cues. Microfluidic systems allow researchers to modulate pluripotent stem cell renewal and differentiation through biochemical and mechanical stimulation, as well as through microscale patterning and organization of cells and extracellular materials. Essentially, microfluidic tools are reducing the gap between in vitro cell culture environments and the complex and dynamic features of the in vivo stem cell niche. These microfluidic culture systems can also be integrated with microanalytical tools to assess the health and molecular status of pluripotent stem cells. The ability to control biochemical and mechanical input to cells, as well as rapidly and efficiently analyze the biological output from cells, will further our understanding of stem cells and help translate them into clinical use. This review provides a comprehensive insignt into the implications of microfluidics on pluripotent stem cell research.     

体细胞重编程为多能干细胞的研究进展

体细胞通过重编程转变成其他类型的细胞,在再生医学方面具有重要的应用前景。细胞重编程的方法主要有体细胞核移植、细胞融合、细胞提取物诱导、限定因子诱导等,这些方法可以不同程度地改变细胞命运。最近,限定因子诱导的多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cell。iPS）为重编程提供了一种崭新的方法,不仅可以避免伦理争议,还提供了一种更为便利的技术,为再生医学开辟了新的天地;同时,iPS技术为研究基因表达调控、蛋白质互作、机体生长发育等提供了一个非常重要的研究手段。本文主要论述了体细胞重编程的方法及iPS细胞的进展、面临的问题和应用前景。     

胚胎干细胞体外分化为造血干细胞

造血干细胞移植已成为治疗白血病、再生障碍性贫血、重症免疫缺陷征、地中海贫血、急性放射病、某些恶性实体瘤和淋巴瘤等造血及免疫系统功能障碍性疾病的成熟技术和重要手段,另外这一技术还被尝试用于治疗艾滋病,已取得积极的效果。但是由于移植需要配型相同的供体,并且过程复杂,使得造血干细胞移植因缺少配型相同的供体来源以及费用昂贵而不能被广泛应用。胚胎干细胞是一种能够在体外保持未分化状态并且能进行无限增殖的细胞,在适合条件下能够分化为体内各种类型的细胞,研究胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞,不仅可作为研究动物的早期造血发生的模型,而且可以增加造血干细胞的来源,还可以通过基因剔除、治疗性克隆等方法来解决移植排斥的问题,从而为造血干细胞移植的发展扫除了障碍,因此有着重要的研究价值和应用前景。现对胚胎干细胞体外分化为造血干细胞的诱导方法,诱导过程中的调控机制,并对胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞的存在问题和发展前景进行讨论。     

诱导型细胞的研究进展

胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)和诱导型多能干细胞(iPS细胞)的研究进展为生物学基础研究注入了新的活力,然而免疫排斥、致瘤性以及诱导效率低等缺陷制约其进一步快速发展和临床应用．最近,科学家借鉴iPS细胞诱导技术和传统的诱导体系,将终末分化细胞直接诱导为功能性细胞,如心肌细胞、神经细胞和肝脏细胞,称为诱导型细胞．这些研究进展极大地促进了细胞分化、重编程和表观遗传学的研究,也为人类再生医学的研究提供了新的途径．     

Stem cell autotomy and niche interaction in different systems

The best known cases of cell autotomy are the formation of erythrocytes and thrombocytes (platelets) from progenitor cells that reside in special niches. Recently, autotomy of stem cells and its enigmatic interaction with the niche has been reported from male germline stem cells (GSCs) in several insect species. First described in lepidopterans, the silkmoth, followed by the gipsy moth and consecutively in hemipterans, foremost the milkweed bug. In both, moths and the milkweed bug, GSCs form finger-like projections toward the niche, the apical cells (homologs of the hub cells in Drosophila). Whereas in the milkweed bug the projection terminals remain at the surface of the niche cells, in the gipsy moth they protrude deeply into the singular niche cell. In both cases, the projections undergo serial retrograde fragmentation with progressing signs of autophagy. In the gipsy moth, the autotomized vesicles are phagocytized and digested by the niche cell. In the milkweed bug the autotomized vesicles accumulate at the niche surface and disintegrate. Autotomy and sprouting of new projections appears to occur continuously. The significance of the GSC-niche interactions, however, remains enigmatic. Our concept on the signaling relationship between stem cell-niche in general and GSC and niche (hub cells and cyst stem cells) in particular has been greatly shaped by Drosophila melanogaster. In comparing the interactions of GSCs with their niche in Drosophila with those in species exhibiting GSC autotomy it is obvious that additional or alternative modes of stem cell-niche communication exist. Thus, essential signaling pathways, including niche-stem cell adhesion (E-cadherin) and the direction of asymmetrical GSC division - as they were found in Drosophila - can hardly be translated into the systems where GSC autotomy was reported. It is shown here that the serial autotomy of GSC projections shows remarkable similarities with Wallerian axonal destruction, developmental axon pruning and dying-back degeneration in neurodegenerative diseases. Especially the hypothesis of an existing evolutionary conserved “autodestruction program” in axons that might also be active in GSC projections appears attractive. Investigations on the underlying signaling pathways have to be carried out. There are two other well known cases of programmed cell autotomy: the enucleation of erythroblasts in the process of erythrocyte maturation and the segregation of thousands of thrombocytes (platelets) from one megakaryocyte. Both progenitor cell types - erythroblasts and megakaryocytes - are associated with a niche in the bone marrow, erythroblasts with a macrophage, which they surround, and the megakaryocytes with the endothelial cells of sinusoids and their extracellular matrix. Although the regulatory mechanisms may be specific in each case, there is one aspect that connects all described processes of programmed cell autotomy and neuronal autodestruction: apoptotic pathways play always a prominent role. Studies on the role of male GSC autotomy in stem cell-niche interaction have just started but are expected to reveal hitherto unknown ways of signal exchange. Spermatogenesis in mammals advance our understanding of insect spermatogenesis. Mammal and insect spermatogenesis share some broad principles, but a comparison of the signaling pathways is difficult. We have intimate knowledge from Drosophila, but of almost no other insect, and we have only limited knowledge from mammals. The discovery of stem cell autotomy as part of the interaction with the niche promises new general insights into the complicated stem cell-niche interdependence.     

OAZ在果蝇大脑发育中的功能研究

OAZ基因编码在进化上保守的C2H2型O/E相关锌指蛋白,参与基因转录的调控。TGF-β信号传导通路中OAZ通过与SMAD4/R-SMAD结合形成转录复合物发挥作用;Olf1/EBF作为转录因子与OAZ相互作用来调控嗅觉上皮细胞和B淋巴细胞的分化。此外,OAZ是JAK/STAT信号通路的下游候选靶基因。但是迄今为止OAZ在果蝇大脑发育的功能还没有研究。果蝇大脑视叶作为一个相对简易操作的模型为我们揭示早期神经干细胞的增殖和转化机制创造了条件,为加快理解哺乳动物早期神经发生过程以及进一步开展神经干细胞治疗提供可能。本研究通过RNA干扰来研究OAZ在果蝇大脑发育中的作用。我们的初步实验结果表明,OAZ对果蝇大脑视叶神经上皮细胞的维持可能不是必需的,OAZ对果蝇大脑视叶神经板和脑髓神经节的发育也可能不是必需的。