袋鼠花水培扦插技术研究

扦插是袋鼠花繁殖的主要方法。本实验采用不同剂量营养液与吲哚丁酸(IBA)不同浓度相结合的方法,以清水为对照,通过测定袋鼠花的生根情况,探讨袋鼠花水培扦插的适宜处理组合。结果表明:营养液方面,清水处理对根条数、根长、根鲜重和生根率的影响明显优于其它处理,有利于袋鼠花的水培生根;IBA浓度为20mg/L时的生根率明显优于其它处理和对照,而当其浓度为40mg/L时对于根条数、根长和根鲜重则明显优于对照和其它处理,最有利于袋鼠花的水培生根。实验结果说明较低浓度的营养液(如清水)与中等浓度(如40mg/L)的IBA激素最有利于袋鼠花的水培生根。因此,本研究为缩短水培袋鼠花的生产周期及突出其观根特色,提高其观赏价值和商品价值提供理论依据。     

桑芽的组织快繁技术研究

不同物候期的茎段诱芽率不同,以夏季湖桑32的桑芽作为起始外植体。分别以MS和1/2MS培养基添加不同浓度的IBA、6-BA、2,4-D进行桑芽分化和生根诱导,以探究最适桑芽增殖、生根的激素浓度组合以及活性炭对桑组培苗的褐化抑制作用。实验结果表明:最佳丛芽诱导培养基组合为6-BA 1.7 mg·L~(-1)+2,4-D 0.03mg·L~(-1)+IBA 0.05 mg·L~(-1),最佳诱导生根的IBA浓度为0.05 mg·L~(-1),活性炭添加的最佳浓度为1.5~2.0 mg·L~(-1),能有效控制褐化负面影响。炼苗过程中,长势良好的桑苗先进行水培炼苗5~7 d后再移栽到土中,能提高组培苗的成活率。     

培育年限对刺五加主要药用活性成分的影响

为评价不同培育年限对刺五加根、茎部多种活性成分积累的共同影响,对提高刺五加培育和高值利用具有重要作用,可为规范化种植和合理开发利用刺五加提供理论依据。采集同一产地三年生、五年生、九年生刺五加为实验样本,运用超高效液相色谱系统（Ultra-Performance LC,Waters,Japan）分析不同培育年限对刺五加根、茎中槲皮苷、金丝桃苷、芦丁、紫丁香苷、刺五加苷E、异嗪皮啶6种活性成分含量的同时影响。结果表明,五年生刺五加根、茎中6种主要活性成分的综合得分最高。其中,黄酮类成分槲皮苷在三年生根中含量最高,在五年生茎中含量最高;芦丁在五年生根及茎中含量均最高,在根中三年生含量最低,九年生茎中含量最低;金丝桃苷在五年生根及三年生茎中含量最高。苯丙素类成分异嗪皮啶在三年生根及茎中含量最高,在五年生根和茎中含量最低;紫丁香苷在九年生根中含量最高,在五年茎中含量最高;刺五加E在五年生根中含量最高,在三年生茎中含量最高。不同药用成分在不同生长阶段的刺五加根和茎中积累不同,定向培育可根据目的活性成分选择适合的采收年限。     

远志根的结构发育与远志皂苷积累关系的研究(英文)

应用植物解剖学、组织化学定位及植物化学技术,研究了远志根不同发育时期的结构特征与远志皂苷积累的关系。结果表明:皂苷分布在远志根的薄壁组织细胞中,次生韧皮部是皂苷积累的主要场所。以远志皂苷元为评价指标来分析远志皂苷的积累动态,显示在4~10月的不同发育时期,4个不同生长年份根中远志皂苷元百分含量具有相同的变化趋势,并且均表现为:1年生根2年生根3年生根4年生根,表明远志皂苷在幼嫩的植株根中含量高;从年平均增长率来看,根的长度、直径、次生韧皮部的厚度及根干重的增长均在药材种植第2~3年增加最快。兼顾药材产量和质量,应该在远志种植第三年的果后期进行采收比较适宜。     

一种适于营养胁迫研究的拟南芥水培方法

水培法可通过更换营养液来控制根际营养成分,成为植物营养学研究的最佳培养方式。由于根际通气和微生物滋生等问题,拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的水培技术始终无法被广泛应用。该文利用Eppendorf离心管管盖和离心管盒,将拟南芥种子在琼脂上萌发和植株水培有机结合,通过控制营养液用量和液体深度,增加营养液表面积,解决了水培过程中根系通气问题。利用离心管管盖作为支撑材料,降低了琼脂水分蒸发,并减少琼脂的用量和厚度,从而实现琼脂和营养液的快速平衡,为拟南芥培养和营养胁迫研究提供了一个简单且经济的水培方法。     

CO2与养分交互作用对番茄幼苗根生长的影响

在营养液栽培条件下,以番茄（合作906）为研究材料,设计不同的CO2及养分浓度处理,采用定期取样的方法研究番茄定植后根重齄的动态变化及CO2与不同养分供应强度的交互作用对根中碳氮含量与碳氮比的影响。结果表明：番茄苗期根干物质在生长前期积累速率较慢,中后期积累速率较快,在育苗后期CO2对根干物质积累的影响大于前期,根干重对CO2的响应随营养液离子浓度的改变而变化,表明对天番茄幼苗根的生长发育,CO2施肥结合高养分浓度的营养液,才能达到最佳效果。定量分析番茄根干鲜重与生长时间的关系,结果表明：生长条件的改变,会改变番茄根系的生长,对于根鲜重．在较高的CO2条件下,1／2山崎番茄营养液与1／4山崎番茄营养液里生长的根系鲜重在拟合方程中以幂函数拟合得到的相关系数最大,其余处理以二次曲线方程拟合得到的相关系数最大;对于根干重,在较高的CO2条件下,1／2山崎番茄营养液里生长的根系干重在所拟合的方程中以幂函数拟合的相关系数最大,其余的处理以二次曲线方程拟合的相关系数最大。CO2降低了在1／2山崎番茄营养液中生长的根系中的N含量,升高其它营养液处理中的根的N含量,降低了在1／2、1／4山崎番茄营养液中生长的番茄根系中Ｃ的百分含量,增加在1／8、1／16山崎番茄营养液中生长的番茄根系中Ｃ的百分含量,增加所有营养液浓度条件下的Ｃ、N总量,降低根系中的Ｃ／N比,在同一CO2条件下C／N比随营养液浓度的降低而升高。     

透明花盆水培花卉中藻类抑制技术初探

针对透明花盆水培花卉易产生藻类的情况,采用木炭、活性炭及水体净化剂VT-500进行抑制藻类生长试验。结果表明,水培花卉中,每升营养液加入2 g活性炭,既能有效抑制营养液中藻类生长,又能维持营养液pH相对稳定;加入一定量木炭在一定程度上也能抑制藻类生长或缓解营养液pH下降;而施用一定剂量的水体净化剂VT-500,虽能在一定程度上缓冲pH值下降,但同时会促进藻类生长。     

镉在黄瓜和油菜中的运输与分布规律

采用水培方法,研究了黄瓜和油菜中镉的分配特点及根细胞壁对镉的亲和力,了解不同蔬菜根细胞壁对镉的吸收和运输的影响.结果表明:随着营养液中镉浓度的增加,黄瓜和油菜根中水和氯化钙提取镉的比例增加,而根中镉的比例降低;营养液中镉浓度在10 μmol·L-1时,根中水和氯化钙提取镉的比例占根中镉总量的10%以上;而营养液中镉浓度在1 μmol·L-1时,油菜根中水和氯化钙提取镉的比例仅占根中镉总量的2%;黄瓜根中氯化钙提取镉的比例高于油菜;在相同镉浓度处理下,油菜根和地上部镉的浓度明显高于黄瓜,并且油菜地上部与根部镉的比例高于黄瓜;植物根中镉的浓度是地上部的8～66倍,根细胞壁对镉有一定的固定作用,限制了镉从根向地上部的转移.     

两种野生花卉的扦插繁殖研究

开展野生花卉车轮梅(Raphiolepis indica)和赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)扦插试验,结果表明:车轮梅硬枝扦插需一定浓度的外源激素方能生根;对激素浓度大小不敏感;总体上NAA组合生根质量优于IBA组合。综合不同处理生根率、根数和不定根根长3个指标,以800 mg/L NAA或800 mg/L IBA作为车轮梅生产上扦插的激素种类和浓度。赤楠生根率较低,最高扦插率达66.7%,生根时间长,约需45 d始生根。综合生根率、不定根根数和不定根根长3个生根指标,试验的4种激素均能较好促进赤楠生根,200×根太阳在生根率和根数上效果最好,生产上可用200×根太阳浸泡2 h,也可用50-100 mg/L NAA或100-400 mg/L IBA浸泡2 h后进行扦插。     

西洋参根残体对自身生长的双重作用

无论在自然生态环境还是在人工农田环境下,植株残体进入土壤后都会对土壤的物理化学性质以及后茬植物的生长产生重要影响。西洋参（Panax quinquefolium L.）为人参属多年生名贵药材,在栽培生产中存在严重的连作障碍问题。为了探明秋后残留在土壤中的须根降解产物对来年植株生长的影响,以及收获后残留在田间的根茬对连作西洋参生长的作用,本实验以3年生西洋参苗为研究对象,采用室内水培试验以及田间盆栽试验,通过添加西洋参根的粉碎物模拟根残体,测定其对西洋参生长的影响。水培试验中全营养液中分别添加0.02 mg/mL、0.1 mg/mL、0.5 mg/mL西洋参根粉碎物,处理后每隔5天测定植株叶片展开情况、株高、冠幅等生长指标。盆栽试验在土壤中添加0.1 mg/g根粉碎物,于栽种后1-2个月测定西洋参叶片展开情况、株高、冠幅等生长指标;水培及盆栽试验均于展叶期、现蕾期、结果期测定地上部及地下部生物量。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定根围土壤中8种酚酸类化合物的含量。试验结果表明,水培溶液中添加0.02-0.5 mg/mL根残体,可显著抑制西洋参自身地上部分生长,推迟展叶期,结果期生物量降低14.9%-45.0%;对地下部分的影响主要表现为在展叶期显著促进须根生长(p<0.05)。与水培试验相比,盆栽土壤中添加0.1 mg/g根残体同样导致西洋参展叶期推迟;不同的是处理组的地上、地下部及须根的平均生物量均高于对照。另外,添加根残体后盆栽西洋参根围土壤中丁香酸、香草醛、p-香豆酸、阿魏酸等酚酸类化感物质含量下降49.1%-81.4%,但作为逆境信号物质的水杨酸含量升高59.9%。以上结果可以初步确认根残体对西洋参早期生长具有自毒和促进的双重作用,表现为抑制地上部分生长,导致生物量显著下降;同时在生长早期促进须根生长;但在田间环境下,自毒作用可能受根残体降解速度以及土壤对降解产物吸附的影响有所减弱,使促进作用更为明显。     

胡杨组织培养叶片及插穗毛状根发生

胡杨(Populus euphratica)是唯一分布在干旱沙漠地区的高大乔木, 根蘖能力强, 但自然条件下插穗难以生根, 扦插繁殖困难。该文研究发根农杆菌菌株ATCC11325诱导胡杨发根, 菌液浓度为OD₆₀₀=0.4, 添加100 mg·L^-1乙酰丁香酮, 叶片切段划伤预培养后侵染10分钟, 培养20天, 在叶片创伤部位诱导发生无向性的健壮毛状根; 浸染肉质根插穗, 须根发生和植株成活率从20%提高到60%, 且地上部分分枝多, 生长茂盛。该发根农杆菌菌株显著促进胡杨插穗生根成活。     

南方红豆杉盆栽扦插育苗技术研究

南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)是中国特有的国家一级保护植物。2009-2010年采用2年龄实生苗为采条母株进行室内盆栽扦插试验研究,结果表明:珍珠岩和河沙两种基质相比较,珍珠岩上生根率显著高于河沙,是更佳选择;用市售的"花语牌"快速促根剂配制成5、10、15、2 0mg/mL 4个浓度分别处理插穗基部并以蒸馏水作对照发现,10 mg/mL、15 mg/mL处理有利于生长,15 mg/mL处理后生根率显著高于5 mg/mL、10 mg/mL、20 mg/mL及对照。再以同一浓度生根粉分别浸泡4 h、8 h、10 h作对比发现,8 h和10 h处理后生长效果较好,10 h的生根率显著高于4 h、8 h。     

Clonal differences in rooting ofAlnus incana leafy cuttings

Summary Green cuttings ofAlnus incana (L.) Moench, consisting of one internode and one leaf with its axillary bud, were easily rooted in aerated liquid substrate under growth-chamber conditions. In tests on material of up to 8 years-old, the age of the stock plants was shown to have no influence on rooting. Tap water or a diluted nutrient solution gave higher rooting percentages than a full strength nutrient solution. Root growth was most rapid in the diluted nutrient solution. Eight out of 9 clones ofA. incana gave a rooting percentage of 80–100% while one clone gave only 40%. Good rooting ofA. incana leafy cuttings, therefore, seems to be genetically controlled.     

The Role of Soil Nutrients in Boundaries between Mangrove and Herbaceous Assemblages in a Tropical Estuary

We aimed to determine the role of soil nutrients in the herbaceous‐tree boundary in a tropical mangrove forest. We assembled plots in this boundary such that each was initially covered by ~50% of each life form. We added NPK to three of the plots monthly and monitored them, along with the control plots, for 18 mo. In plots with added NPK, mangrove branches grew over and shaded the herbaceous plants, resulting in the presence of mostly bare soil. The mangrove trees eventually covered ~80% of the experimental plots, but the proportion of cover in the control plots remained unaltered. We conclude that soil nutrient level modulates the mangrove‐herbaceous plant interaction in steps, and from a given level there is a shift in the dominant life form. This mechanism leads to a sharp transition over a smooth nutritional gradient.     

Rooting characteristics of lettuce grown in irrigated sand beds

To avoid the current water pollution from intensive glasshouse horticulture, closed systems have to be developed with recirculating drainage water. For crops with a high planting density, such as letuuce, shallow beds of coarse sand may be used if water and nutrient supply can be regulated adequately. The aim of the present study was to determine the rooting characteristics and root distribution of lettuce in sand beds, as affected by substrate depth, the distance to a drain, drip lines and drip points, and the excess of nutrient solution applied. The hypothesis was tested that a small excess and a large distance between drip points leads to local salt accumulations in the root environment and thus to a less homogeneous root distribution.The data confirmed both parts of the hypothesis: spatial patterns in salt distribution were found. Detailed measurements in a sand bed with only one drip line per two crop rows and an amount of fertigation solution added of 2 times the estimated evapotranspiration, showed that root length density was negatively correlated with salt content when comparisons were made within the same layer. Crop yield per row was influenced in the extreme treatment, i.e. one drip line per two crop rows and an amount of fertigation solution added of 1.3 times the estimated evapotranspiration, but yield per bed was still unaffected. The increased heterogeneity of the crop will cause problems at harvest and indicates that the most extreme treatment included in the comparison is just beyond the limit of acceptable heterogeneity in the root medium. Lettuce can be grown on sand beds with a recirculating nutrient solution provided that drip lines are well distributed in the bed and the daily nutrient solution excess is more than 30% of demand.     

不同浓度卡那霉素、潮霉素对楸树试管苗生长的影响

目的:将不同质量浓度的卡那霉素、潮霉素加入楸树培养基中,研究卡那霉素、潮霉素对楸树组培苗生长的影响,以确定抗生素对楸树茎段分化与生根的敏感质量浓度。方法:待楸树继代、生根培养基灭菌后温度降至30~50℃,将不同质量浓度的卡那霉素、潮霉素经抽滤式灭菌加入培养基中,在培养基中接入楸树组培无菌茎段培养,观测茎段继代(增殖芽数、芽长、叶数等)、生根(发根数、根长、芽长等)生长指标并统计分析。结果:楸树组培继代培养基添加卡那霉素质量浓度为100 mg/L时组培瓶苗生长缓慢,浓度为150 mg/L时叶片大部分发白并干枯,茎段基部无愈伤组织形成,瓶苗基本停止生长,楸树继代瓶苗对卡那霉素耐受性范围为100~150 mg/L;添加潮霉素质量浓度为5 mg/L时瓶苗生长较为缓慢,浓度为10 mg/L时叶片开始干枯,茎段基部愈伤组织较小,瓶苗基本停止生长,楸树继代瓶苗对潮霉素耐受性范围为10 mg/L左右。楸树组培生根培养基添加卡那霉素质量浓度为100 mg/L时大部分茎段干枯,少部分为绿但未分化芽与根,浓度为150 mg/L时大部分茎段干枯,极少上部为绿,基部干枯,但未分化芽与根,楸树组培瓶苗生根培养苗对卡那霉素耐受性范围为100~150 mg/L;添加潮霉素质量浓度为5 mg/L时少部分茎段干枯,浓度为10 mg/L时大部分茎段干枯,少部分为绿,茎段未出现芽的分化与根的萌发现象,楸树组培瓶苗生根培养苗对潮霉素耐受性范围为5~10 mg/L。结论:卡那霉素、潮霉素对楸树组培苗生长有明显的抑制作用且与抗生素浓度呈负相关,但低质量浓度(1 mg/L)的潮霉素对楸树继代分化芽数有促进作用;同一抗生素对楸树不同无性系间组培苗生长的影响无显著差异。     

Rooting phylogenetic trees with distant outgroups: a case study from the commelinoid monocots

Phylogenetic rooting experiments demonstrate that two chloroplast genes from commelinoid monocot taxa that represent the closest living relatives of the pickerelweed family, Pontederiaceae, retain measurable signals regarding the position of that family's root. The rooting preferences of the chloroplast sequences were compared with those for artificial sequences that correspond to outgroups so divergent that their signal has been lost completely. These random sequences prefer the three longest branches in the unrooted ingroup topology and do not preferentially root on the branches favored by real outgroup sequences. However, the rooting behavior of the artificial sequences is not a simple function of branch length. The random outgroups preferentially root on long terminal ingroup branches, but many ingroup branches comparable in length to those favored by random sequences attract no or few hits. Nonterminal ingroup branches are generally avoided, regardless of their length. Comparisons of the ease of forcing sequences onto suboptimal roots indicate that real outgroups require a substantially greater rooting penalty than random outgroups for around half of the least-parsimonious candidate roots. Although this supports the existence of nonrandomized signal in the real outgroups, it also indicates that there is little power to choose among the optimal and nearly optimal rooting possibilities. A likelihood-based test rejects the hypothesis that all rootings of the subtree using real outgroup sequences are equally good explanations of the data and also eliminates around half of the least optimal candidate roots. Adding genes or outgroups can improve the ability to discriminate among different root locations. Rooting discriminatory power is shown to be stronger, in general, for more closely related outgroups and is highly correlated among different real outgroups, genes, and optimality criteria.     

The Effect of Gibberellic Acid, when Applied to the Rooting Medium, on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Gram (Cicer arietinum)

Plants of a pure line variety, G 24, of Cicer arietinum L. were grown in sand culture. After an initial dose of a complete nutrient solution, a nitrogen free nutrient solution was supplied to the sand at intervals and a standard rhizobial culture was added twice. The plants were treated with two concentrations of gibberellic acid (20 mg/I and 100 mg/I) through the rooting medium. At suitable intervals two pots from each treatment were sampled. Observations were made regarding the earliest initiation of nodulation, the number, weight and colour of nodules and the nitrogen content of different plant organs under various treatments. GA₃ treatments enhanced nodule initiation. While 20 mg/1 somewhat enhanced nodule number, weight and nitrogen content, 100 mg/I caused detrimental effects in the long run. Pod formation was delayed with GA₃, the effect being much more pronounced with the higher concentration used. Pod and seed weights under 20 mg/1 GA₃ were almost comparable to the control, but 100 mg/I proved very deleterious.     

The influence of branches and leaf area on rooting and development of Cotinus coggygria cv. Royal Purple cuttings

The influence of branches and mature leaves on the rooting and subsequent development of cuttings was examined, using Cotinus coggygria cv. Royal Purple. A model system was developed, whereby branched cuttings could be harvested from stock hedges and manipulated to alter leaf area, the number of actively‐growing, lateral branches and thus the source: sink ratio for photoassimilates. Highest percentage rooting ((80%) was promoted by retention of branches and a full leaf area. Reducing leaf area resulted in a lower rooting percentage (44%); however, greatest reductions in rooting were associated with the removal of lateral branches ((22%). Applying exogenous auxin (indole‐3‐butyric acid) at the excision point where branches had been removed significantly improved rooting potential, but did not fully substitute for the presence of branches with active shoot tips. Negative effects associated with removing a proportion of mature leaves appeared to relate to alterations in carbon balance rather than an influence on the supply of endogenous auxin to the potential rooting zone. The use of branched cuttings accelerated root and shoot development and resulted in a finished plant being produced more rapidly than is achieved from conventional, non‐branched cuttings. The results presented indicate a means for improving the efficiency of production of Cotinus coggygria, which may be applicable to a wider range of ornamental plants.