鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松凋落物的分解及其营养动态研究

本文报道了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松凋落物分解及其营养动态的情况,松针和混合凋落物的失重率在试验过程中呈直线下降,松针和混合凋落物的分解系数（Ｋ）分别为０．４４ａ＾１和０．３７ａ＾－１。在凋落物分解过程中氮是５个元素唯一的１个元素,它表现出浓度和绝对量均首先呈上升然后下降的变化,磷和浓度和绝对量在凋落物分解过程中,表现相类似的变化模型,它们的释放速率国其它元素类似于凋落物的失重率,钾是５个元素中最低     

林下层植物在退化马尾松林恢复初期养分循环中的作用

以鼎湖山退化马尾松 (Pinusmassoniana)林恢复过程中林下层植物凋落物、分解和养分动态为对象 ,研究了林下层植物在退化马尾松林恢复初期养分循环中的作用。结果表明 ,林下层年凋落物量除在第 5年有所下降外均随时间逐年上升 ,但其增加速率随年份不同而异 ,总平均年增长速率为 3 8%。第 4年凋落物量为 0 .2 0 t· hm- 2 · a- 1,第 1 1年为 1 .1 7t·hm- 2·a- 1。凋落物养分元素平均浓度为 (% ) :N0 .95 ,P0 .0 4,K0 .5 7,Ca0 .1 3和 Mg0 .0 8,基本上以夏季和秋季最高冬春交替月份最低。第 1 1年凋落物各元素养分归还量为 (kg· hm- 2·a- 1) :N1 1 .1 0 ,P0 .47,K6.65 ,Ca1 .48和 Mg 0 .91。凋落物在分解过程中失重率呈直线模型变化 ,第 1年的分解速率为 3 1 % ,至试验结束时凋落物的残存量占起始量的 66%。在凋落物分解过程中 ,N和 P浓度随时间逐渐上升 ,但 N增加的速度较 P快 ,其余元素浓度均下降 ,但 K下降的速度最快。在凋落物分解过程中 ,N是唯一表现残留量呈先上升然后下降变化的元素。P的残留量变化与凋落物的失重率变化几乎一致。各元素在分解试验结束时残留量占起始量的百分比分别为 :N 90 % ,P 67% ,K 9% ,Ca 3 0 %和Mg 1 4%。可见 ,林下层凋落物在退化马尾松林恢复初期碳及其它营养元素循     

岩溶区和非岩溶区两种优势植物凋落叶分解的比较研究

应用野外分解网袋法对岩溶地区和非岩溶地区两种优势树种桂花和青冈栎凋落叶的分解速率和养分释放规律进行研究。结果表明:分解1年后,凋落叶失重率桂花大于青冈栎,同一物种岩溶区大于非岩溶区。凋落叶各元素浓度随分解时间变化也有一定差异,C含量均表现为初期上升,后下降,最后上升的趋势;N含量前半年呈波动状态,后半年逐渐上升;P含量处波动状态,总体呈上升趋势。N、P含量和凋落叶失重率均表现为极显著正相关,而C:N、C:P、N:P与凋落叶失重率呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),说明凋落叶分解过程中失重率与N、P含量及C:N、C:P、N:P关系密切。凋落叶桂花N、P含量比青冈栎高,分解速率也比较快。     

杉木观光木混交林凋落物分解及养分释放的研究（英文）

 通过福建省中亚热带杉木观光木混交林(Cunninghamia lanceolata and Tsoongiodendron odorum mixed forest)和杉木纯林(Pure C. lanceolata forest)凋落物的分解和养分释放动态试验研究表明,凋落物各组分分解过程中干物质损失速率随时间而减小,分解1年时以观光木叶的干重损失最大。各组分分解过程中N、P元素浓度增加而K和C元素浓度下降。混交林中各组分的养分释放速率大小为观光木叶>混合样品（等重量的观光木叶和杉木叶混合）>杉木叶>杉木     

华北落叶松与阔叶树种混合凋落叶分解过程中养分释放和酶活性变化

森林凋落物是森林土壤的重要组成部分,凋落物分解在调控森林生态系统养分循环中发挥了关键作用。采用凋落物分解袋法,研究河北塞罕坝地区华北落叶松与白桦,华北落叶松与蒙古栎,华北落叶松、白桦和蒙古栎混合凋落叶及纯华北落叶松凋落叶分解过程中分解速率、养分释放和酶活性的变化。结果表明: 经过近2年的分解,混合凋落叶分解速率均显著高于纯华北落叶松凋落物叶;在所有处理中,华北落叶松与白桦混合凋落叶分解速率最高。在凋落叶分解过程中,不同处理养分含量变化一致,凋落叶N、P含量呈上升趋势,C、K含量和C/N呈下降趋势;相对纯华北落叶松凋落叶,各混合凋落叶分解可以促进凋落叶C、K的释放,但对N、P的释放有一定的抑制作用。在凋落叶分解过程中,不同处理凋落叶过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈上升趋势,蔗糖酶活性呈下降趋势;凋落叶分解速率与凋落叶过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性呈正相关,与蔗糖酶活性呈负相关。总体来看,华北落叶松和白桦、蒙古栎凋落叶混合可以促进华北落叶松凋落叶的分解,且凋落叶中酶活性动态变化与凋落叶的分解密切相关。     

关帝山华北落叶松林凋落物分解过程及其养分动态

采用野外凋落物收集器法和埋置凋落物分解袋法,对关帝山林区华北落叶松林凋落物的数量和组成、年凋落过程、不同埋置层凋落叶分解速率和营养元素动态进行了分析.结果表明:华北落叶松林年凋落物总量为19.15 t · hm-2 · a-1,其中树叶占35.7%,树枝占54.4%,花果占6.7%,树皮和杂物占3.1%.凋落物逐月动态变化为单峰型,10月为年凋落量高峰期,但各成分的凋落进程不同.华北落叶松林凋落物残留量均值为9.803t/hm2,凋落物分解常数为1.95;凋落叶在不同埋置层的分解失重率有明显差异,凋落叶的周年平均失重率29.82%,分解半衰期1.5～2a,分解95%需7～9a;凋落叶分解过程中,氮磷钾元素含量表现出不同的动态过程,其中氮素的年动态变化总体上属于富集过程,到后期开始出现下降,磷素的年动态变化表现为7月份前下降,之后出现快速富集,到生长季末期富集过程变缓,钾素的年动态变化表现为持续下降过程,不出现富集过程.     

毛竹凋落叶组成对叶凋落物分解的影响

毛竹混交林具有较高的生产力和较好的生态功能,可能与混合凋落物的养分归还特征有关。本研究采用凋落物分解袋法对不同混合比例毛竹凋落叶分解特征进行了为期1年的研究,共设置5个处理,分别为Ⅰ(毛竹纯叶)、Ⅱ(毛竹、楠木叶比例为8:2);Ⅲ(毛竹、杉木叶比例8:2)、Ⅳ(毛竹、楠木叶比例5:5)和Ⅴ(毛竹、杉木叶比例5:5)。结果表明,不同处理凋落物分解速率符合Olson指数分解模型,R2均高于0.92。5个处理分解系数的排列顺序为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅴ>Ⅳ,分别为0.68、0.66、0.58、0.55和0.49。处理Ⅰ和Ⅱ的分解速度显著高于其他处理,说明并非所有类型毛竹混合凋落叶均会促进凋落物分解,只有合适的比例和树种会促进凋落物分解。其中,竹阔混合凋落叶的分解速度高于竹针混合凋落叶的分解速度,竹阔混交可能更有利于竹林持续生产力的维持。N、P、K3种元素养分释放模式不同,N元素表现为净富集与净释放交替出现;P元素在经过4个月的快速富集后,4—5个月有短暂的净释放过程,其后呈富集状态;K元素浓度先升高后降低,在放置的前3个月净释放,随后呈富集状态。竹林凋落叶的养分含量对凋落物养分归还有重要影响,尤其是C/N和P可能作为竹林凋落...     

内蒙古典型草原4种优势植物凋落物的混合分解研究

混合凋落物的研究对预测生态系统群落水平的分解以及相应的养分释放和进一步的循环等生态学过程具有重要意义。该研究使用网袋法, 对克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)、糙叶黄芪(Astragalus scaberrimus)、星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)和羊草(Leymus chinensis) 4种凋落物单种及其混合物的分解速率及分解过程中的养分动态进行了野外实验研究, 以探讨凋落物多样性对内蒙古典型草原生态系统分解速率和过程的影响。通过对凋落物分解速率和养分含量变化历时1年的实际测定, 得到下列研究结果(1)分解341天后, 单种凋落物的剩余重量与初始氮(N)含量呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.001, r = - 0.979)。混合凋落物中, 糙叶黄芪-星毛委陵菜组合剩余重量的实测值比期望值高7.5%, 表明凋落物混合具有显著的正效应, 但在其他几种组合中没有发现显著的凋落物混合效应; (2)在分解初期的N释放阶段, 克氏针茅-糙叶黄芪和克氏针茅-羊草组合的实测N剩余率分别比期望值低4.7%和10.0%, 表明混合凋落物对初期N元素释放具有显著的负效应。不同凋落物混合组合的磷(P)释放或累积在不同分解时期都得到了一定程度的促进, 尤其是星毛委陵菜-克氏针茅、克氏针茅-羊草和克氏针茅-糙叶黄芪组合, 它们在分解前期、中期和后期, 实测P剩余率与期望值的差异分别为31.1%、23.1%和21.8%。研究结果表明, 在内蒙古典型草原生态系统, 多数混合凋落物对分解速率不产生显著的混合效应; 相反, 大多数混合凋落物对分解过程中的养分动态, 尤其是P元素, 具有显著的混合效应, 而混合效应的方向(正或负)可能是十分复杂的。     

模拟增温和不同凋落物基质质量对凋落物分解速率的影响

采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了在土壤、水分相当的条件下模拟增温对红松(Pinus koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)及其混合凋落物分解的影响,以及在不同温度水平下,不同凋落物质量(两种单一凋落物和混合凋落物)的分解特性。利用碱式吸收法测量了凋落物分解累积释放CO₂动态。将N浓度和C/N率作为凋落物质量参数,用呼吸产生CO₂的积累值和凋落物质量损失率确定凋落物分解率。结果表明温度升高对单一凋落物和混合凋落物分解均有促进作用,在不同温度水平上,不同质量凋落物的分解特性有所差别,25 ℃和29 ℃条件下混合凋落物分解速率>蒙古栎单一凋落物>红松单一凋落物分解速率。然而,在31 ℃条件下混合凋落物与蒙古栎单一凋落物分解速率相差不大,二者均大于红松单一凋落物分解速率。     

茂兰喀斯特森林退化区凋落物的分解动态

为了解亚热带气候型的茂兰喀斯特森林退化区次生林和灌木林的凋落物分解动态过程,该研究采用分解袋法,对茂兰喀斯特森林退化区不同类型的凋落物在不同坡位的分解状况进行了为期18个月的观测,并通过分析凋落物分解时的失重量和失重率的动态变化,比较了次生林和灌木林的凋落叶的失重率变化,探讨了不同坡位对凋落物分解的影响。结果表明:各种类型凋落物的分解速率和失重率在退化区内存在明显的差异,落叶>常绿叶>枯枝(P<0.05),三种凋落物整体变化趋势在分解过程中大致相同,它们在早期都快速分解,中期分解变慢,后期开始加速;落叶在次生林与灌木林中的前期分解速率基本同步,后期为灌木林落叶>次生林落叶,而常绿叶在灌木林与次生林中的分解速率则表现为基本同步;利用回归方程对凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间进行估测,得出落叶和常绿叶在灌木林中分解50%和95%所需时间少于次生林的;在不同坡位,三种凋落物分解速率的总体趋势为中坡>上坡;三种凋落物的C含量波动性较大,但总体变化趋势是随分解时间的增加而减少,随着分解时间增加,N含量增加,而C/N比则降低。     

Response of nutrient dynamics of decomposing pine (Pinus massoniana) needles to simulated N deposition in a disturbed and a rehabilitated forest in tropical China

The effects of simulated N deposition on changes in mass, C, N and P of decomposing pine (Pinus massoniana) needles in a disturbed and a rehabilitated forest in tropical China were studied during a 24-month period. The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that litter decomposition in a disturbed forest is more sensitive to N deposition rate than litter decomposition in a rehabilitated forest due to the relatively low nutrient status in the former as a result of constant human disturbance (harvesting understory and litter). The litterbag method and N treatments (control, no N addition; low-N, 5 g N m⁻² year⁻¹; medium-N, 10 g N m⁻² year⁻¹) were employed to evaluate decomposition. The results revealed that N addition increased (positive effect) mass loss rate and C release rate but suppressed (negative effect) the release rate of N and P from decomposing needles in both disturbed and rehabilitated forests. The enhanced needle decomposition rate by N addition was significantly related to the reduction in the C/N ratio in decomposing needles. However, N availability is not the sole factor limiting needle decomposition in both disturbed and rehabilitated forests. The positive effect was more sensitive to the N addition rate in the rehabilitated forest than in the disturbed forest, however the reverse was true for the negative effect. These results suggest that nutrient status could be one of the important factors in controlling the response of litter decomposition and its nutrient release to elevated N deposition in reforested ecosystems in the study region.     

Decomposition of secondary compounds from needle litter of Scots pine grown under elevated CO2 and O3

Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and ozone (O₃) concentrations have both been shown to affect plant tissue quality, which in turn could affect litter decomposition and carbon (C) and nutrient cycling. In order to evaluate effects of climate change on litter chemistry, needle litter was collected from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings exposed to elevated CO₂ or O₃ concentration and their combination over three growing seasons in open‐top chambers. The decomposition of needle litter was followed for 19 months in a pine forest. During decomposition, needle samples for secondary compound analysis were collected and the mass loss of needles was followed. Main nutrients and total phenolics were analysed from litter in the beginning and at the end of the experiment. After 19‐month decomposition, the accumulated mass loss was about 34%; however, no significant differences were found in decomposition rates of needle litter between various treatments. Concentrations of total monoterpenes were about 4%, total resin acids 21% and total phenolics 14% of the initial concentrations in litter after 19‐month decomposition. In the beginning of litter decomposition, concentrations of individual monoterpenes –α‐pinene and β‐pinene – were significantly higher in needle litter grown under elevated CO₂. However, concentrations of total monoterpenes during the whole decomposition period were not significantly affected by CO₂ or O₃ treatments. Concentrations of some individual and total resin acids were higher in needle litter grown under elevated CO₂ or O₃ than under ambient air. There were no significant differences in concentrations of total phenolics as well as nitrogen (N) and the main nutrient concentrations between treatments during decomposition. High concentrations of monoterpenes and resin acids in needles might slightly delay C recycling in forest soils. It is concluded that elevated CO₂ and O₃ concentrations do not have remarkable impacts on litter decomposition processes in Scots pine forests.     

Nitrogen availability affects saprotrophic basidiomycetes decomposing pine needles in a long term laboratory study

Fungi, especially basidiomycetous litter decomposers, are pivotal to the turnover of soil organic matter in forest soils. Many litter decomposing fungi have a well-developed capacity to translocate resources in their mycelia, a feature that may significantly affect carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in decomposing litter. In an eight-month long laboratory study we investigated how the external availability of N affected the decomposition of Scots pine needles, fungal biomass production, N retention and N-mineralization by two litter decomposing fungi – Marasmius androsaceus and Mycena epipterygia. Glycine additions had a general, positive effect on fungal biomass production and increased accumulated needle mass loss after 8 months, suggesting that low N availability may limit fungal growth and activity in decomposing pine litter. Changes in the needle N pool reflected the dynamics of the fungal mycelium. During late decomposition stages, redistribution of mycelium and N out from the decomposed needles was observed for M. epipterygia, suggesting autophagous self degradation.     

天童国家森林公园常见植物凋落叶分解的研究

 选择天童地区常绿阔叶林及其退化群落常见植物种为对象,着重探讨分解速率和基质营养含量以及比表面积(Specific Leaf Area, SLA)的关系,并试图通过单独分解试验和混合分解试验的比较,从物种、功能群角度探讨凋落叶多样性和分解这一生态系统过程的关系,为深入研究常绿阔叶林常见植物种的营养策略、群落养分循环等奠定基础,也为植被恢复、森林生态系统管理提供理论依据。结果表明：所有凋落叶随时间进程失重率增大,但失重率并不与时间呈线性相关;凋落叶分解后N、P均发生了变化,大多数凋落叶在分解初期N、P均发生了积累,营养元素的释放和富集与凋落叶初始营养状况无明显的相关性。凋落叶的年分解系数与凋落叶中的初始N含量有较高的相关性,而与初始P含量则无显著的相关性;凋落叶的分解速率与成熟叶的面积无相关性,而与其SLA有很强的相关性。通过模型分析,天童地区大多数常见树种凋落叶分解95%需1～4年,平均是2.54年;分解率最高的物种为山鸡椒(Litsea cubeba),其值为6.280,最低的为黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata),其值为0.558。凋落物混合对分解有很大的影响,虽在初期对分解有阻碍作用,但长期是促进的。若不考虑功能群差异,则可得出多样性的增加有利于分解的结论。功能群数目的增加在凋落物分解前期对分解起促进作用,但这种作用随分解的进展逐渐减小。混合物种的特性往往是决定分解过程的最重要的因素。     

长白山白桦(Betula platyphlla)纯林和白桦山杨 (Populus davidiana)混交林凋落物的分解

采用交互分解实验,研究长白山白桦叶片和白桦、山杨与水曲柳混合叶片在白桦纯林和白桦山杨混交林内的分解过程。两年的分解实验结果表明,两种类型叶片均存在一个快速分解阶段和一个慢速分解阶段,森林类型和凋落物类型对凋落物分解率的影响在快速分解阶段不显著而在慢速分解阶段显著;混交林内的环境促进了凋落物分解和养分元素释放;在同一林型内,底物质量高的混合叶片其分解率和养分元素释放率均大于底物质量低的白桦叶片;凋落物的底物质量在一定程度上可以抵消森林类型对凋落物分解的影响;白桦山杨混交林混合叶片分解速率和养分元素释放率要显著大于白桦纯林内的白桦叶片,说明白桦山杨混交林的物质循环速度和养分元素供应能力要显著大于白桦纯林。     

长白山白桦(Betula platyphlla)纯林和白桦山杨 (Populus davidiana)混交林凋落物的分解

采用交互分解实验,研究长白山白桦叶片和白桦、山杨与水曲柳混合叶片在白桦纯林和白桦山杨混交林内的分解过程。两年的分解实验结果表明,两种类型叶片均存在一个快速分解阶段和一个慢速分解阶段,森林类型和凋落物类型对凋落物分解率的影响在快速分解阶段不显著而在慢速分解阶段显著;混交林内的环境促进了凋落物分解和养分元素释放;在同一林型内,底物质量高的混合叶片其分解率和养分元素释放率均大于底物质量低的白桦叶片;凋落物的底物质量在一定程度上可以抵消森林类型对凋落物分解的影响;白桦山杨混交林混合叶片分解速率和养分元素释放率要显著大于白桦纯林内的白桦叶片,说明白桦山杨混交林的物质循环速度和养分元素供应能力要显著大于白桦纯林。     

陆地生态系统混合凋落物分解研究进展

凋落物分解在陆地生态系统养分循环与能量流动中具有重要作用,是碳、氮及其他重要矿质养分在生态系统生命组分间循环与平衡的核心生态过程。自然生态系统中,植物群落大多具有较高的物种丰富度和多样性,其混合凋落物在分解过程中也更有可能发生养分传递、化学抑制等种间互作,形成多样化的分解生境,多样性较高的分解者类群以及复杂的级联效应分解,这些因素和过程均对研究混合凋落物分解过程、揭示其内在机制形成了极大的挑战。从构成混合凋落物物种丰富度和多样性对分解生境、分解者多样性及其营养级联效应的影响等方面,综合阐述混合凋落物对陆地生态系统凋落物分解的影响,探讨生物多样性在凋落物分解中的作用。通过综述近些年的研究发现,有超过60%的混合凋落物对其分解速率的影响存在正向或负向的效应。养分含量有差异的凋落物混合分解过程中,分解者优先利用高质量凋落物,使低质量的凋落物反而具有了较高的养分有效性,引起低质量凋落物分解加快并最终使混合凋落物整体分解速率加快;而凋落物物种丰富度对土壤动物群落总多度有轻微的影响或几乎没有影响,但是对线虫和大型土壤动物的群落组成和多样性有显著影响,并随着分解阶段呈现一定动态变化;混合凋落物改变土壤微生物生存的理化环境,为微生物提供更多丰富的分解底物和养分,优化微生物种群数量和群落结构及其分泌酶的活性,并进一步促进了混合凋落物的分解。这些基于植物-土壤-分解者系统的动态分解过程的研究,表明混合凋落物分解作用不只是经由凋落物自身质量的改变,更会通过逐级影响分解者多样性水平而进一步改变分解速率和养分释放动态,说明生物多样性确实在一定程度上调控凋落物分解及其养分释放过程。     

The effects of mycorrhizal roots on litter decomposition, soil biota, and nutrients in a spodosolic soil

We studied the effects of mycorrhizal pitch pine (Pinus rigida) roots on litter decomposition, microbial biomass, nematode abundance and inorganic nutrients in the E horizon material of a spodosolic soil, using field microcosms created in a regenerating pitch pine stand in the New Jersey Pinelands. Pine roots stimulated litter decomposition by 18.7% by the end of the 29 month study. Both mass loss and N and P release from the litter were always higher in the presence of roots than in their absence. Nutrient concentrations in decomposing litter were similar, however, in the presence and absence of roots, which suggests that the roots present in the with-root treatment did not withdraw nutrients directly from the litter. The soil was slightly drier in the presence of roots, but there was no discernible effect on soil microbial biomass. The effects of roots on soil extractable inorganic nutrients were inconsistent. Roots, however, were consistently associated with higher numbers of soil nematodes. These results suggest that, in soils with low total C and N contents, roots stimulate greater activity of the soil biota, which contribute, in turn, to faster litter decomposition and nutrient release.Contribution No. 95-22 from the Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences.Contribution No. 95-22 from the Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences.