超声在生物技术中应用的研究进展

超声波应用于生物技术是一个比较新的研究领域.许多研究发现,在有酶或细胞参与的情况下,一些过程可在超声作用下被激活.一般来说,较低强度的超声波可以通过改进反应物的质量传输机制,提高酶及固定酶的催化活性或加速细胞的新陈代谢过程.文中举例讨论了近年来超声在生物技术中应用的研究进展及前景.     

基于文献计量学的微藻生物技术发展趋势

微藻作为一类单细胞光合生物,具有光能利用率高、生长速度快、生物活性成分和储能物质含量高等特点,在食品、饲料、生物能源、碳减排和废水处理等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文系统查阅了近年来国内外微藻领域发表的相关文献和专利,藉此对微藻生物技术领域的研究进展及存在问题进行了梳理和分析,并对我国微藻生物技术的科技布局、重要成果及发展瓶颈进行了概述,最后对微藻生物技术的发展趋势予以展望。     

从战略高度认识生物能源产业

本文重点阐述了新世纪生物技术任能源领域中的应用及展望。生物技术产业是21世纪的主导产业之一,其任能源领域的应用前景十分广阔,许多这方面的问题有待于依靠生物技术得到解决。本文通过分析生物技术在能源领域中的应用状况,展望了今后我国生物技术任能源产业中的应用前景。[编者按]     

现代生物技术在无机非金属材料领域的应用前景

随着科学技术的发展与进步,现代生物技术逐渐出现,并应用到各个领域与行业。在八十年代美国和日本对生物技术的应用开展了"用生物方法合成材料"和"使用生物技术创制新材料"的专题研讨会。我们可以看到,现代生物技术在金属材料领域中的应用前景非常的成功,至于现代生物技术在无机非金属材料领域的应用前景也是非常可观的。     

植物组织培养电刺激效应研究进展

近年来,植物组织培养电刺激研究已引起人们的重视,本文概述了该领域的研究现状,对电子刺激效应的可能机制进行了探讨,展望了电刺激研究的前景及其在生物技术领域的应用潜力。     

能源生物技术

对生物技术在能源领域的应用包括燃料酒精、生物柴油、生物制氢及微生物采油技术等的国内外现状进行了综述,对其研究的意义和前景进行了分析。     

生物技术在黄牛脏器等副产物上的综合利用

１前言近年来,迅猛发展的生物技术,在农业、医药、食品、能源、冶金、环保等许多领域得到了广泛应用,已经形成了一个新兴的生物技术产业,被国家列为高技术领域。现结合一些实际情况,论述生物技术在安徽省黄牛脏器等副产物的加工和综合利用上的应用前景,并提出几点建...     

应用高新生物技术的现状、前景及紧迫性

应用高新生物技术的现状、前景及紧迫性李向明（卫生部武汉生物制品研究所,武汉４３００６０）生物技术及其产品在不同的发展时期有不同的涵义及内容,现代生物技术是以分子生物学基因工程方法为先导或基础的。当今的生物技术包括了四、五个分支领域：基因工程（蛋白工程...     

基因芯片技术及其在疾病基因诊断中的应用

基因芯片技术是伴随着人类基因组计划的实施而发展起来的生命科学领域里的前沿生物技术。它最显著的特点是高通量、高集成、微型化、平行化、多样化和自动化。经过短短十几年的发展,基因芯片技术现已在基因表达分析,基因突变及多态性分析,疾病基因诊断,药物及毒物基因组学等多个领域显示出重大的理论意义和实际应用价值,具有广阔的前景。本文专门介绍了基因芯片技术及其在疾病基因诊断上的应用。     

稀土抗菌效应及应用的研究进展

稀土元素具有多种生物效应, 除了对农作物的增产作用外, 在医药方面还具有抗菌的作用, 近年来, 不少学者针对稀土元素的抗菌效应展开了相关的研究。本文介绍了稀土在抗菌领域的研究及应用, 包括稀土化合物对微生物生长的Hormesis效应、稀土化合物与抗生素的协同作用、稀土配合物的合成、以及稀土在抗菌材料上的应用等几个方面的内容, 并对稀土化合物及其配合物的抗菌机理进行了探讨, 最后, 展望了稀土化合物及配合物在抗菌领域的应用前景及研究重要性。     

Protein disulphide isomerase-induced refolding of sonochemically prepared Ribonuclease A microspheres

The present communication describes for the first time the development of Ribonuclease A (RNase A) microspheres using the sonochemical method followed by an enzymatic treatment with protein disulphide isomerase (PDI). Ultrasound application induced changes on the protein physicochemical and biological properties: the enzymatic activity of RNase A was decreased in 35% and the free thiol groups content was significantly increased, probably due to the breakage of protein disulphide bonds and assembly of RNase A monomers. The deconvolution of amide I band, from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, showed that the secondary structure of RNase A was slightly changed after microspherization. The PDI application on microspheres promoted the recovery of RNase A biological activity and induced the release of active protein into solution in its native state. These results were promoted by different states of PDI active site: oxidized and reduced, respectively. The PDI aptitude to catalyze the refolding of a protein substrate in the form of spheres is here reported.     

Reducing bacterial resistance to antibiotics with ultrasound

The effect of erythromycin on planktonic cultures of Psedomonas aeruginosa, with and without application of 70 kHz ultrasound, was studied. Ultrasound was applied at levels that had no inhibitory effect on cultures of Ps. aeruginosa. Ultrasound in combination with erythromycin reduced the viability of Ps. aeruginosa by 1-2 orders of magnitude compared with antibiotic alone, even at concentrations below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Electron-spin resonance studies suggest that ultrasound induces uptake of antibiotic by perturbing or stressing the membrane. This application of ultrasound may be useful for expanding the number of drugs available for treating localized infections by rendering bacteria susceptible to normally ineffective antibiotics.     

超声分子成像的研究进展

超声成像无创、无放射性、低成本、实时成像的优点,使其成为目前世界上应用最广的成像手段之一。特别是超声造影剂引入之后,超声成像的图像分辨率和灵敏度得到了大大提高,使超声成像在临床上得到了进一步应用。近年来,随着分子生物学和超声成像技术的不断发展,人们提出了＂超声分子成像＂的概念。它是一项结合了分子靶向造影剂和超声影像技术的能在分子水平下观察病理变化的新兴技术,目前这一技术还处于研究初期阶段。但大量临床前的研究成果已表明超声分子成像在诊断血管生成、炎症和血栓三种疾病具有很大应用前景。本文主要综述了目前常用超声造影剂的种类以及超声分子成像技术的研究现状,并对该技术进行了讨论和展望。     

超声分子成像的研究进展

超声成像无创、无放射性、低成本、实时成像的优点,使其成为目前世界上应用最广的成像手段之一。特别是超声造影剂引入之后,超声成像的图像分辨率和灵敏度得到了大大提高,使超声成像在临床上得到了进一步应用。近年来,随着分子生物学和超声成像技术的不断发展,人们提出了"超声分子成像"的概念。它是一项结合了分子靶向造影剂和超声影像技术的能在分子水平下观察病理变化的新兴技术,目前这一技术还处于研究初期阶段。但大量临床前的研究成果已表明超声分子成像在诊断血管生成、炎症和血栓三种疾病具有很大应用前景。本文主要综述了目前常用超声造影剂的种类以及超声分子成像技术的研究现状,并对该技术进行了讨论和展望。     

ULTRASONIC THERAPY—Physiological Basis and Clinical Application

Ultrasound is a relatively new but fairly well accepted physical modality. Therapeutically, ultrasonic energy is employed empirically, but the present trend is to utilize low and medium intensities, 0.5 to 2.0 watts per square centimeter, rather than high intensities, over 2.0 watts per square centimeter, for medical purposes.The important physiological effects of ultrasonic energy on living tissue are thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological. Which one of these effects is dominant is not clearly understood. However, the intensity of the ultrasound field and the duration of application determines the extent to which the thermal or the mechanical effect prevails.From a clinical point of view ultrasonic energy has been most effective in the treatment of painful conditions involving the musculoskeletal and neuromuscular structures. More recently, studies have been directed toward the use of ultrasound as a neurosurgical tool.     

Ultrasonic therapy: physiological basis and clinical application

Ultrasound is a relatively new but fairly well accepted physical modality. Therapeutically, ultrasonic energy is employed empirically, but the present trend is to utilize low and medium intensities, 0.5 to 2.0 watts per square centimeter, rather than high intensities, over 2.0 watts per square centimeter, for medical purposes. The important physiological effects of ultrasonic energy on living tissue are thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological. Which one of these effects is dominant is not clearly understood. However, the intensity of the ultrasound field and the duration of application determines the extent to which the thermal or the mechanical effect prevails. From a clinical point of view ultrasonic energy has been most effective in the treatment of painful conditions involving the musculoskeletal and neuromuscular structures. More recently, studies have been directed toward the use of ultrasound as a neurosurgical tool.     

天然多糖羧甲基化对其生物活性影响的研究进展

多糖由于具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调节免疫、降血糖等生物活性而受到诸多领域的关注。多糖的结构与其生物活性相关,经过化学修饰会增强其生物活性或产生新的活性。本文就天然多糖的羧甲基化修饰及对其生物活性的影响进行综述,以期为多糖的研发与应用提供理论参考。     

功能性壳寡糖的生物学活性

低分子量壳寡糖的生物学活性是最近的研究热点,诸多研究肯定了壳寡糖在抗肿瘤、神经退行性疾病、糖尿病和高血糖及抗氧化等领域的应用价值。壳寡糖的抗肿瘤作用依赖于免疫刺激;抗氧化作用与其分子结构中的羟基和氨基有关;神经保护作用与抗氧化损伤及抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性相关。另外,壳寡糖的生物相容性好等特点也暗示了其在药物研究和功能食品开发领域的应用价值。本文综述了壳寡糖在人类重大疾病防治领域的作用及作用机制的研究进展,探索了壳寡糖生物活性的研究方向。     

Overview of experimental studies of biological effects of medical ultrasound caused by gas body activation and inertial cavitation

Ultrasound exposure can induce bioeffects in mammalian tissue by the nonthermal mechanism of gas body activation. Pre-existing bodies of gas may be activated even at low-pressure amplitudes. At higher-pressure amplitudes, violent cavitation activity with inertial collapse of microbubbles can be generated from latent nucleation sites or from the destabilization of gas bodies. Mechanical perturbation at the activation sites leads to biological effects on nearby cells and structures. Shockwave lithotripsy was the first medical ultrasound application for which significant cavitational bioeffects were demonstrated in mammalian tissues, including hemorrhage and injury in the kidney. Lithotripter shockwaves can also cause hemorrhage in lung and intestine by activation of pre-existing gas bodies in these tissues. Modern diagnostic ultrasound equipment develops pressure amplitudes sufficient for inertial cavitation, but the living body normally lacks suitable cavitation nuclei. Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) are suspensions of microscopic gas bodies created to enhance the echogenicity of blood. Ultrasound contrast agent gas bodies also provide nuclei for inertial cavitation. Bioeffects from contrast-aided diagnostic ultrasound depend on pressure amplitude, UCA dose, dosage delivery method and image timing parameters. Microvascular leakage, capillary rupture, cardiomyocyte killing, inflammatory cell infiltration, and premature ventricular contractions have been reported for myocardial contrast echocardiography with clinical ultrasound machines and clinically relevant agent doses in laboratory animals. Similar bioeffects have been reported in intestine, skeletal muscle, fat, lymph nodes and kidney. These microscale bioeffects could be induced unknowingly in diagnostic examinations; however, the medical significance of bioeffects of diagnostic ultrasound with contrast agents is not yet fully understood in relation to the clinical setting.     

氢生物医学效应在疏解自由基氧化应激的分子机制

氢分子（H₂）作为有害自由基清除剂的选择性抗氧化新机制，为自由基生物医学理论研究和应用提供了新的方向。自2007年H₂首次被报道具有生物学效应以来，已在缺血/再灌注损伤、代谢综合征、炎症和癌症等疾病模型和人类疾病中被证实。虽然H₂的医学作用靶点仍存在争议，但大量的研究已证明H₂生物学效应具有医用气体作用和健康促进作用。系统地介绍了H₂对生物体及细胞调控的研究进展，阐述了H₂的抗氧化、抗炎和抗凋亡作用，探讨了H₂对线粒体和内质网的保护、细胞内信号通路的调节和免疫系统的平衡作用，以期为深入研究氢效应机制和规范氢供体应用范围提供理论依据。