鸡血藤中的酚酸类化合物

为了解鸡血藤(Spatholobus suberectus Dunn)的化学成分,从鸡血藤的95%乙醇提取物中分离出15个酚酸类单体成分,经波谱学分析分别鉴定为:没食子酸(1)、tachioside(2)、isotachioside(3)、canthoside D(4)、3,5-二甲氧基-4-羟基苯基-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、2,6-二甲氧基-4-羟基-苯酚-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、4-羟甲基-2,6-二甲氧基苯基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、丁香酸葡萄糖苷(8)、3-甲氧基苯乙醇-4-O-β-D-葡吡喃糖苷(9)、2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(10)、4,6-二羟基-2-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)苯乙酮(11)、松香(12)、顺式紫丁香苷(13)、(–)-(7R,8S)-guaiacylglycerol 8-O-β-Dglucopyranoside(14)和l-threo-guaiacylglycerol-8-O-β-glucopyranoside(15)。其中,化合物2~8和10~15为首次从密花豆属植物中分离得到。     

白花洋紫荆花的化学成分及其胰脂肪酶抑制活性研究CSCD

为研究白花洋紫荆(Bauhinia variegata var.candida)花的化学成分,以白花洋紫荆花的乙醇提取物为对象,运用葡聚糖凝胶柱层析、MCI柱层析、半制备高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,根据化合物的核磁共振波谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从白花洋紫荆花中分离纯化得到17个化合物,包括1个葡萄糖苷类、2个苯甲酸类、2个香豆酸类、1个多环酚类,11个黄酮类,分别鉴定为β-D-甲基葡萄糖苷(1)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(2)、对甲氧基苯甲酸(3)、对香豆酸(4)、对甲氧基桂皮酸(5)、pacharin(6)、柚皮素(7)、异牡荆苷(8)、山柰酚(9)、6-羟基山奈酚3-O-葡萄糖甙(10)、山柰酚-3-O-鼠李糖苷(11)、百蕊草素(12)、kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-lucopyranoside(13)、槲皮素(14)、3-O-甲基槲皮素(15)、quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside(16)、quercetin-3-O-(6″-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucoside(17)。本研究得到的化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。共筛选了化合物10、12、13、14、17的胰脂肪酶活性,结果显示该5个化合物对胰脂肪酶均具有一定的抑制活性。     

白刺花花蕾化学成分及其抑制丁酰胆碱酯酶活性研究

本研究对民间广泛食用的豆科植物白刺花(Sophora davidii(Franch.) Skeels)花蕾进行化学成分和生物活性分析。采用色谱分离方法,从白刺花花蕾的乙醇提取物中分离得到16个化合物。通过多种波谱学手段及文献对比的方法鉴定其结构分别为9α,14β-二羟基苦参碱(1)、槐胺碱(2)、9α-羟基槐胺碱(3)、7α-羟基槐胺碱(4)、槐果碱(5)、9α-羟基槐果碱(6)、苦参碱(7)、9α-羟基苦参碱(8)、13α-羟基苦参碱(9)、9α-羟基-7,11-脱氢苦参碱(10)、槐定碱(11)、白羽扇豆碱(12)、14α-羟基白羽扇豆碱(13)、3,4-二甲氧基苯甲醇7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(14)、2-苯乙基-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(15)和丁香脂素-4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(16)。其中,化合物1是一个新的生物碱,化合物3、4、8～10和12～16共11个化合物为首次从该植物花部位中获得。二氯甲烷萃取部位及苦参碱(7)对丁酰胆碱酯酶有一定的抑制活性,抑制率分别为31%和35%。研究解析了民间食用白刺花花蕾的部分物质基础,明确了其抑制丁酰胆碱酯酶活性的化合物,为白刺花的天然产物开发提供了化学基础。     

福建省不同产地及不同生育期土荆芥精油化学成分的比较

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS),对来源于福建省不同产地(福州新店镇、平潭县城关、连城县城关)以及不同生育期(苗期、生长期、果熟期)土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L. )地上部分精油的化学成分及其相对含量进行了比较分析.结果表明,福州新店镇、平潭县城关和连城县城关产土荆芥精油的主要化学成分(相对含量0.04%以上)分别有12、11和27种,3个产地的共有成分为11种;福州新店镇产土荆芥精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.60%)、α-松油烯(26.81%)和异驱蛔素(8.16%)等,平潭县城关产精油中相对含量排在前3位的成分也为对-聚伞花素(47.25%)、α-松油烯(27.27%)和异驱蛔素(8.82%),连城县城关产精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(36.33%)、2,5-二甲基-3-己炔-2,5-二醇(20.03%)、α-松油烯(12.71%)和异驱蛔素(3.07%)等.苗期、生长期和果熟期土荆芥精油的主要成分分别有17、12和12种,3个时期的共有成分为10种;苗期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.75%)、异驱蛔素(10.77%)、1-(1,3-二甲基-3-环己烯-1-基)乙酮(8.08%)和2,5-二甲基-3-己炔-2,5-二醇(7.79%)等;生长期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(49.60%)、α-松油烯(26.81%)和异驱蛔素(8.16%)等;果熟期精油中相对含量较高的成分有对-聚伞花素(43.65%)、α-松油烯(24.09%)和异驱蛔素(19.12%)等.研究结果显示,产地的地理环境和土荆芥的生育期对福建产土荆芥地上部分精油的化学成分及其相对含量均有一定的影响.     

法兰地草莓的芳香类和黄酮类成分

为了解草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch.)法兰地品种的化学成分,采用色谱分离方法,从新鲜果实的乙醇提取物中获得19个化合物。通过波谱数据分析鉴定了它们的结构,分别为对羟基苯甲酸(1)、没食子酸乙酯(2)、鞣花酸3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(3)、苄基β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、淫羊藿次苷F2(5)、苄基6-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6)、苯乙基6-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、反式肉桂酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、顺式肉桂酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、反式对香豆酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、顺式对香豆酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、反式阿魏酰基β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、山柰酚(13)、反式椴树苷(14)、山柰酚3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(15)、槲皮素(16)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-葡萄糖醛酸苷(18)和根皮苷(19),化合物1~12为芳香类,其余为黄酮类。所有化合物均为首次从法兰地品种中报道,化合物4~9为首次从草莓中获得。     

飞蛾藤中的新C30甾体类化合物

从毛叶飞蛾藤(Porana racemosa Roxb.)全草的95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了11个化合物,其中一新的C30甾体化合物鉴定为(22E,24ξ)-24-正丙基胆甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(飞蛾藤素,1).其余10个已知化合物分别为东莨菪素(2)、东莨菪苷(3)、伞形华内酯(4)、β-D-甲基吡喃果糖苷(5)、丁香脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、斛皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、斛皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(8)、异泽兰黄素(9)、山奈素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)和(E)-N-2-(2,3-二羟基苯基)乙基肉桂酰胺(11).     

黔产青钱柳化学成分及α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性研究

为了阐明青钱柳中的降血糖功效成分,实验对黔产青钱柳进行了系统化学成分研究和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性评价。利用各种色谱学手段和波谱学方法,从青钱柳叶80%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定出13个化合物,分别为阿福豆苷(1)、山柰酚3-O-(4″-O-乙酰基)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(2)、juglanoside J(3)、1α,2α,4β-3羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢萘酮(4)、青钱柳苷III(5)、青钱柳苷J(6)、黄体酮(7)、去酰基萝藦苷元(8)、20-乙酰氧基-4-烯-3-酮(9)、齐墩果酸(10)、5-O-P香豆酰奎宁酸甲酯(11)、亚麻酸甲酯(12)、软脂酸(13)。其中,化合物9为新天然产物,化合物2~4、7、8、11、13均为首次从该植物中分离得到。用PNPG法对化合物1~10进行了α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性筛选,结果显示,化合物1、2有较强的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,表明黄酮类成分是青钱柳降血糖功效的物质基础之一。     

蚕豆花水提取物的UPLC-ESI-QTOF质谱联用分析及抗氧化活性研究

为阐明蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)花水提取物的药效作用基础，采用超高效液相色谱-高分辨飞行时间质谱(UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS)联用技术对水提取物进行分析鉴定，并测定其抗氧化活性。结果表明，从蚕豆花水提取物中鉴定出178种化学成分，其中相对含量大于0.01%的成分有107种，相对含量较高的成分有野黄芩素-7-新橘皮糖苷、3-吲哚基-β-d-葡糖苷酸环己胺盐、螺环内脂E、芦丁、海藻酸丙二醇酯、山柰酚-3-α-d-半乳糖甙、4,8-二羟基喹啉-2-甲酸等。主要成分以黄酮类和生物碱类为主，分别有16种和17种，相对含量分别为36.53%和34.33%。清除DPPH自由基的IC50值为26.5 μg/mL，清除ABTS+自由基的IC50值为25.0 μg/mL。黄酮类和生物碱类是蚕豆花发挥功效的主要物质基础，蚕豆花水提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性，蚕豆花具有较高的应用价值。     

玫瑰红景天化学成分研究

采用大孔吸附树脂、硅胶柱、ADS-5C反相柱和制备HPLC色谱技术对新疆产玫瑰红景天根茎中的植物化学成分进行提取分离和纯化研究,从中分离得到15个化合物。通过理化方法及1H、13C NMR等方法鉴定为:对-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖基-苯-2-丁酮(1)、6’-O-没食子酰-红景天苷(2)、对-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖基-苯丙烯酸(3)、7-甲氧基香豆素(4)、表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(5)、苯乙基-6-O-β-葡萄糖苷(6)、对羟基苯甲酸(7)、红景天苷(8)、肉桂醇-6’-O-α-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-O-β-吡喃葡萄弹苷(9)、肉桂醇-6’-O-α-吡喃木糖-O-β-吡喃葡萄弹苷(10)、肉桂醇-6’-O-α-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-O-β-吡喃葡萄弹苷(11)、肉桂醇-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄弹苷(12)、对-羟基-苯乙醇(13)、3,7-二甲基-2,6-二烯-1,4-二辛醇(14)、3,7-二甲基-2,6-二烯-1,4-二辛醇-O-β-吡喃葡萄糖苷(15)。其中化合物1～4为首次在玫瑰红景天发现。     

金花茶花化学成分的研究

采用反复硅胶柱色谱法、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱法、ODS柱色谱法、反复重结晶等方法对金花茶花的化学成分进行分离纯化,并通过理化常数测定和波谱分析等方法进行结构鉴定.从金花茶花的乙醇提取物中分离得到13个化合物,分别鉴定为:槲皮素(1)、槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(...     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.