茶园4种半翅目主要害虫与其捕食性天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理利用和保护天敌进行假眼小绿叶蝉、通草粉虱、黑刺粉虱和茶蚜的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法,生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指标分析方法对潜山县茶园4种半翅目主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面进行分析,评判出害虫的主要天敌,与假眼小绿叶蝉数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和八点球腹蛛;时间上是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;空间上是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;把与假眼小绿叶蝉在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,和最小的即是第一位天敌,其综合排序得出假眼小绿叶蝉的主要捕食性天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛、斑管巢蛛、八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛。与通草粉虱数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是锥腹肖蛸、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫和八点球腹蛛;时间上是龟纹瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛和日本球腹蛛;空间上是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、龟纹瓢虫、异色瓢虫和三突花蟹蛛;把与通草粉虱在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出通草粉虱的是龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和异色瓢虫。与黑刺粉虱数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、八点球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和鞍型花蟹蛛;时间上是草间小黑蛛、八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸、异色瓢虫和斑管巢蛛;空间上是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、异色瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸和龟纹瓢虫;把与黑刺粉虱在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出黑刺粉虱的是八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、异色瓢虫和斑管巢蛛。与茶蚜数量上跟随关系密切的天敌是异色瓢虫、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和八点球腹蛛;时间上是日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛;空间上是异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、、八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛;把与茶蚜在数、时、空方面参数大小的序号积加,综合排序得出茶蚜的是异色瓢虫、日本球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、鞍型花蟹蛛和茶色新圆蛛。4种害虫种群聚集均数λ均大于2,其聚集是害虫本身原因造成的,天敌的种群聚集均数λ均小于2,其聚集是环境因子所致。     

三种蔷薇科果树小绿叶蝉及捕食性天敌种群动态的比较

对3种果树小绿叶蝉及其天敌数量进行t检验得出,樱桃园与梨园之间,小绿叶蝉、异色瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸差异显著、三突花蟹蛛差异极显著,均是樱桃园多于梨园;樱桃园与杏园之间,三突花蟹蛛、草间小黑蛛差异显著,异色瓢虫、锥腹肖蛸差异基本显著,均是樱桃园多于杏园,小绿叶蝉差异基本显著,杏园多于樱桃园;梨园与杏园之间,草间小黑蛛和小绿叶蝉均差异显著,杏园多于梨园。采用灰色系统分析方法研究樱桃小绿叶蝉数量与其天敌个体数量关联度,结果是,关联度较高的天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸、草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛和中华草蛉,与理想优势种天敌数量关联度较高的天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛、异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛和中华草蛉;利用生态位分析方法分析的结果是,与小绿叶蝉时间生态位和空间生态位重叠指数较大的天敌依次是异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、三突花蟹蛛和锥腹肖蛸;与小绿叶蝉两种生态位相似性比例指数较大的天敌依次是异色瓢虫、三突花蟹蛛、草间小黑蛛和锥腹肖蛸。综合排序分析,前4位的天敌依次是异色瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、三突花蟹蛛和锥腹肖蛸。     

茶园卵形短须螨的优势种天敌研究

为了明确卵形短须螨的优势种天敌,为卵形短须螨的综合治理提供科学依据,运用灰色关联度法、地学统计方法和生态位方法,开展了乌牛早茶园和白毫早茶园年度间和茶树品种间天敌对卵形短须螨在数量、时间、空间关系上跟随关系密切程度差异的研究。对上述结果进行标准化,进行综合评判,据此明确卵形短须螨的优势种天敌。结果是,两年间乌牛早茶园卵形短须螨前四位天敌依次是草间小黑蛛、鳞纹肖蛸、斜纹猫蛛和茶色新圆蛛;白毫早茶园是三突花蟹蛛、茶色新圆蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和锥腹肖蛸。2015年两品种茶园卵形短须螨前四位相同的天敌是鳞纹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛、草间小黑蛛和锥腹肖蛸;2016年是斜纹猫蛛、三突花蟹蛛、鳞纹肖蛸和草间小黑蛛。对两品种茶园2015年和2016年卵形短须螨优势种天敌的综合评判,前四位天敌中相同的天敌是鳞纹肖蛸和茶色新圆蛛。此结果为利用自然天敌控制卵形短须螨提供了科学依据。     

不同播期辣椒和番茄上烟粉虱成虫与捕食性天敌之间的关系

为了科学施药,合理利用和保护自然天敌进行烟粉虱的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法、生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指标分析方法,对春、秋两季辣椒和番茄田烟粉虱成虫及其主要捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面进行分析,结果表明:辣椒和番茄田烟粉虱成虫的捕食性天敌依次是粽管巢蛛、八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和小花蝽,两季辣椒田烟粉虱成虫的种群数量差异极显著(t=7.9063,t>t0.01).两季辣椒田中,八斑球腹蛛、异色瓢虫、粽管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫差异极显著(t>t0.01),锥腹肖蛸差异显著(t>t0.05).棚内天敌种类和数量较少.秋-冬季番茄田烟粉虱成虫数量显著高于辣椒田(t=2 4564,t>t0.01),而春-夏季两种作物上烟粉虱成虫种群数量没有明显差异,t=1.4628,t＜t0.05).     

不同年份油桃园三种主要害虫与其天敌的关系

为了科学施药,合理保护和利用自然天敌进行油桃害虫的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法、生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指数分析方法,对2008年及2009年春-夏季油桃园桃蚜、小绿叶蝉和山楂叶螨与其主要捕食性天敌在数量、时间和空间格局等方面关系进行分析,两年春-夏季综合排序的结果是,桃蚜主要捕食性天敌依次是黑带食蚜蝇、异色瓢虫、三突花蟹蛛;小绿叶蝉主要捕食性天敌依次为三突花蟹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和草间小黑蛛;山楂叶螨主要捕食性天敌依次为草间小黑蛛、八斑球腹蛛和三突花蟹蛛。2008年秋季桃蚜的主要天敌依次是八斑球腹蛛、中华草蛉和锥腹肖蛸;小绿叶蝉的主要天敌依次是草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸和黑带食蚜蝇;山楂叶螨的主要天敌依次为八斑球腹蛛、异色瓢虫和中华草蛉。两年春-夏季之间3种害虫及天敌数量差异均不显著。     

白毫早茶园3种害虫与其捕食性天敌的数量、时间和空间关系

为了合理利用和保护天敌进行卵形短须螨、双斑长跗萤叶甲和假眼小绿叶蝉的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法对合肥地区白毫早茶园3种主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间等方面关系进行分析,利用害虫与天敌关系密切指数之和综合评判9种天敌与3种害虫关系密切的前四位天敌。2015年卵形短须螨的前四位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸(5.3079)、三突花蟹蛛(5.1716)、锥腹肖蛸(4.8367)和草间小黑蛛(4.7869);2016年前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(5.3975)、鳞纹肖蛸(4.9414)、茶色新圆蛛(4.8757)、锥腹肖蛸(4.6815)。对两年结果综合分析,卵形短须螨的前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(10.5691)、鳞纹肖蛸(10.2493)、茶色新圆蛛(9.6353)和锥腹肖蛸(9.5182)。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.6926)、异色瓢虫(5.6976)、八斑球腹蛛(5.5101)和斜纹猫蛛(5.4552);2016年依次是茶色新圆蛛(5.2909)、锥腹肖蛸(5.2710)、鳞纹肖蛸(5.1063)和斜纹猫蛛(5.0703)。对两年结果综合评判,双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌是锥腹肖蛸(10.9636)、茶色新圆蛛(10.6578)、异色瓢虫(10.7580)和鳞纹肖蛸(10.5437)。2015年假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.3614)、粽管巢蛛(5.2259)、斜纹猫蛛(5.1300)和茶色新圆蛛(4.7472);2016年是锥腹肖蛸(5.2666)、粽管巢蛛(5.2561)、草间小黑蛛(4.9376)和斜纹猫蛛(4.8335)。对两年结果综合评判,假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(10.6280)、粽管巢蛛(10.4820)、斜纹猫蛛(9.9635)和茶色新圆蛛(8.6137)。该研究结果为白毫早茶园3种害虫防治时合理保护和利用自然界的天敌的种类提供了科学依据。     

石榴园棉蚜及其天敌之间的关系

采用灰色系统分析方法,分析了对主要害虫棉蚜及其天敌日捕食总量之间关联度,结果表明,棉蚜群落中与其关联度较高的天敌种类依次为肖蛸蛛(0．8607)、中华草蛉(0．8058)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7989)、异色瓢虫(0．7881)和大草蛉(0．7758),与理想天敌日捕食总量间关联度较高的天敌种类为草间小黑蛛(0.8975)、智利小绥螨(0．8132)、龟纹瓢虫(0.7806)和大草蛉(0．7669);与天敌数量间关联度较高的天敌依次为草间小黑蛛(0．8482)、中华草蛉(0．7533)、肖蛸蛛(0．7532)、八斑球腹蛛(0．7411)和大草蛉(0．7116),与理想天敌数量间关联度较高的为草间小黑蛛(0．8461)、智利小绥螨(0．7325)、龟纹瓢虫(0．6983)、大草蛉(0．6815)和中华草蛉(0．6757)．棉蚜垂直生态位和水平生态位的重迭值均>0．9567的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛;时间生态位重迭值>0．4020的天敌有草间小黑蛛、大草蛉和肖蛸蛛,表明草间小黑蛛、大草蛉、肖蛸蛛等为棉蚜主要天敌优势种。     

不同海拔茶园害虫、天敌种群及其群落结构差异

为了明确不同海拔茶园之间害虫、天敌种群及其群落结构的差异,为茶园害虫综合防治提供科学依据,采用平行跳跃抽样调查方法分别对海拔698.6m,270m和46m的高、中、低海拔茶园进行调查,并进行方差分析,进而用新复极差法进行多重比较,结果表明,以样方为单位3种海拔中差异极显著的害虫是假眼小绿叶蝉、柑桔粉虱、茶短须螨、茶黄蓟马、琥珀广翅蜡蝉和绿螽蟖;差异极显著的天敌是八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸、日本球服蛛和茶色新圆蛛。数量居于3种海拔第一位的物种：高海拔茶园主要害虫为假眼小绿叶蝉、柑橘粉虱、茶短须螨和绿螽蟖,天敌为锥腹肖蛸蛛和八点球腹蛛;中海拔茶园害虫为茶黄蓟马和红蜡蚧,天敌为粽管巢蛛;低海拔茶园天敌为茶色新园蛛和日本球腹蛛。高海拔的主要害虫还有茶黄蓟马和琥珀广翅蜡蝉,主要天敌还有草间小黑蛛、茶色新圆蛛和日本球腹蛛;中海拔的主要害虫还有假眼小绿叶蝉和茶短须螨,主要天敌还有八点球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛、锥腹肖蛸、拟环纹狼蛛、三突花蟹蛛;低海拔的主要害虫有假眼小绿叶蝉、茶黄蓟马、柑桔粉虱和红蜡蚧,主要天敌还有八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸、草间小黑蛛、粽管巢蛛和异色瓢虫。3种海拔茶园之间节肢动物群落多样性指数、个体数和均匀度差异均极显著,物种数差异不显著,3种海拔茶园之间植食性昆虫亚群落的多样性和物种数差异均不显著,个体数和均匀度差异均极显著。3种海拔茶园之间天敌亚群落的多样性指数、物种数和个体数差异均极显著。总群落多样性指数和群落相对稳定性值均是低海拔茶园最大。     

3种海拔高度茶园中2种害虫与其天敌间的数量和空间关系

用灰色系统分析法和生态位分析法对安徽省潜山县高、中、低3种海拔茶园中2种主要害虫与其天敌在数量和空间上的相互关系进行研讨,经综合排序得出:低海拔茶园假眼小绿叶蝉的主要天敌是锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛和鞍型花蟹蛛,中海拔茶园为八点球腹蛛、锥腹肖蛸和鞍型花蟹蛛,高海拔茶园为锥腹肖蛸、茶色新圆蛛和草间小黒蛛。低海拔茶园柑橘粉虱的主要天敌是八点球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和异色瓢虫,中海拔茶园为鞍型花蟹蛛、八点球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛,高海拔茶园为锥腹肖蛸、八点球腹蛛和斑管巢蛛。上述几种天敌与2种主要害虫在数量和空间上有显著的追随关系。不同海拔高度茶园中2种主要害虫的主要天敌种类存在差异。     

天敌对“乌牛早”茶园4种害虫空间跟随关系密切程度的年度差异

为了合理保护和利用天敌及科学地选取抽样方法,2015年和2016年合肥地区乌牛早茶园茶蚜、假眼小绿叶蝉、卵形短须螨和双斑长跗萤叶甲与其天敌之间的空间关系,并比较两年间同一种天敌与该害虫空间跟随关系密切程度差异的原因。运用地学统计学方法求得天敌和害虫各自的变程,用灰色关联度方法分析害虫与天敌变程之间的关联度,关联度值越大的天敌在空间上对害虫的跟随关系越密切。与害虫空间跟随关系密切的前三位天敌,2015年茶蚜的是茶色新圆蛛、锥腹肖蛸和粽管巢蛛,2016年是锥腹肖蛸、八斑球腹蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,两年只有锥腹肖蛸相同。2015年假眼小绿叶蝉的是茶色新圆蛛,八斑球腹蛛和粽管巢蛛,2016年的是八斑球腹蛛、茶色新圆蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,两年间前三位天敌中有八斑球腹蛛和茶色新圆蛛相同,但位次不同。2015年卵形短须螨空间跟随关系密切的前三位天敌是茶色新圆蛛、粽管巢蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,2016年的是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和八斑球腹蛛,两年间前三位天敌中有粽管巢蛛和鳞纹肖蛸相同,但位次不同。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的是八斑球腹蛛、粽管巢蛛和鳞纹肖蛸,2016年的是鳞纹肖蛸、粽管巢蛛和茶色新圆蛛,两年间前三位天敌中有鳞纹肖蛸和粽管巢蛛相同,但位次不同。初步分析表明年度间与害虫跟随关系天敌位次的变化原因是,害虫个体数与某种天敌个体数之比,比值越小,天敌与害虫跟随关系越密切,似乎是天敌食饵资源短缺所致。     

Take-Off Time of the First Generation of the Overwintering Small Brown Planthopper,Laodelphax striatellus in the Temperate Zone in East Asia

Overseas migration of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), occurs during the winter wheat harvest season in East Asia. Knowing the take-off time of emigrating L. striatellus is crucial for predicting such migrations with a simulation technique because winds, carriers of migratory insects, change continuously. Several methods were used in China and Japan from late May to early June 2012 and again in 2013 to identify the precise timing of take-off. These methods included: a tow net trap mounted to a pole at 10 m above the ground, a helicopter-towed net trap, and a canopy trap (which also had video monitoring) set over wheat plants. Laodelphax striatellus emigrated from wheat fields mainly in the early evening, before dusk. The insects also emigrated during the daytime but rarely emigrated at dawn, showing a pattern that is unlike the bimodal emigration at dusk and dawn of two other rice planthoppers, the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), and the white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). There was no significant difference in the temporal pattern of take-off behavior between females and males of Japanese L. striatellus populations.     

Development and preliminary application of a triplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay for evaluating predation on three planthoppers in a rice ecosystem

A multiplex real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously detect the DNA of three rice planthoppers, that is, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (white‐backed planthopper), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (brown planthopper) and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) (small brown planthopper), in the gut of their predators. The sets of primers and ALLGlo probes were targeted to the regions of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes in nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The sensitivity, specificity and interference test for the multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR assay were analysed. The assay's detection limits were 100, 1000 and 100 copies for the white‐backed planthopper, the brown planthopper and the small brown planthopper, respectively. The specificity tests showed no cross‐reactivity with genomic DNA from 30 other dominant herbivores, saprophagous insects and predators from rice ecosystem for each planthopper species. The assay was used in a preliminary study of predation events on the three planthoppers by three major spiders viz., Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg et Strand), Ummeliata insecticeps (Bösenberg et Strand) and Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell which each differ in their preferred microhabitat as well as their predatory habits in rice field, and the results showed their predation on each planthopper species could be well evaluated using this method. Therefore, the multiplex real‐time quantitative PCR assay provides a new tool to study the mechanisms of prey shifting and natural regulation of the three rice planthoppers by generalist predators in rice ecosystem.     

基于rDNA ITS1和ITS2序列的褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱的分子鉴定

本研究测定了褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens、白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera和灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus的rDNA ITS1和ITS2的序列, 以探讨这3种稻飞虱的分子鉴定方法。3种飞虱的ITS1和ITS2侧翼区（18S, 5.8S和28S）序列相对稳定, 但ITS1和ITS2序列在3种飞虱中变异较大。 ITS1在所分析的438个位点中可变位点达294个, ITS2在分析的403个位点中可变位点为177个。根据3种飞虱rDNA的ITS1和ITS2序列设计了特异性引物, 应用特异性引物对样品进行了PCR扩增, 分析发现3种飞虱ITS1区的特异性引物扩增效果不理想, 而ITS2区的特异性引物可以稳定地扩增出明显的目的DNA条带. 因此, 采用ITS2区的特异性引物可以对3种飞虱进行快速的分子鉴定。     

Effect of acetone solution in a topical application method on mortality of rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens, Sogatella furcifera, and Laodelphax striatellus (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

The effect of acetone solution on the mortality of rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), was examined, as it is widely used as a solvent solution in a topical application method for monitoring insecticide susceptibility. The mortality of N. lugens and S. furcifera was significantly higher at 0.32 and 0.28 μl or more acetone droplets per insect than in the control treatment (without acetone), respectively. The mortality of L. striatellus was significantly higher at 0.24 μl or more acetone droplets per insect than in the control treatment. Another commonly used solvent solution, methanol, had a similar effect on L. striatellus. The most standard topical application method uses a hand-operated micro-applicator (Burkard Manufacturing Co., Ltd., UK) equipped with a 50-μl micro-syringe, which can deliver a very small amount of droplets of insecticide/acetone solution per insect, 0.08 μl, so there is no effect of acetone solution on the mortality of N. lugens, S. furcifera, and L. striatellus. However, other equipment for topical application, a repeating dispenser (Hamilton Co., USA) attached with a 10-μl micro-syringe, can deliver a 0.24-μl droplet at a minimum. This equipment can be used for N. lugens and S. furcifera, but not for L. striatellus. It is necessary to choose appropriate equipment for each rice planthopper so that they are not affected by the solvent solution.     

Small brown planthopper resistance loci in wild rice (Oryza officinalis)

Host-plant resistance is the most practical and economical approach to control the rice planthoppers. However, up to date, few rice germplasm accessions that are resistant to the all three kinds of planthoppers (1) brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens Stål), (2) the small brown planthopper (SBPH; Laodelphax striatellus Fallen), and (3) the whitebacked planthopper (WBPH, Sogatella furcifera Horvath) have been identified; consequently, the genetic basis for host-plant broad spectrum resistance to rice planthoppers in a single variety has been seldom studied. Here, one wild species, Oryza officinalis (Acc. HY018, 2n = 24, CC), was detected showing resistance to the all three kinds of planthoppers. Because resistance to WBPH and BPH in O. officinalis has previously been reported, the study mainly focused on its SBPH resistance. The SBPH resistance gene(s) was (were) introduced into cultivated rice via asymmetric somatic hybridization. Three QTLs for SBPH resistance detected by the SSST method were mapped and confirmed on chromosomes 3, 7, and 12, respectively. The allelic/non-allelic relationship and relative map positions of the three kinds of planthopper resistance genes in O. officinalis show that the SBPH, WBPH, and BPH resistance genes in O. officinalis were governed by multiple genes, but not by any major gene. The data on the genetics of host-plant broad spectrum resistance to planthoppers in a single accession suggested that the most ideally practical and economical approach for rice breeders is to screen the sources of broad spectrum resistance to planthoppers, but not to employ broad spectrum resistance gene for the management of planthoppers. Pyramiding these genes in a variety can be an effective way for the management of planthoppers.     

氮肥影响节肢动物天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制作用

氮肥在增加粮食产量的同时也可能对整个农田生态系统产生负面影响。稻田过量施用氮肥后,会提高水稻对害虫的敏感性、改变害虫与天敌之间的关系,最终影响到天敌对害虫的自然控制功能,导致害虫大发生。为了合理、公正地评价施用氮肥对稻田节肢动物天敌对害虫自然控制能力的影响,探索性地应用笼罩的方法在菲律宾国际水稻研究所试验农场稻田中研究了害虫天敌在不同氮肥施用水平(0,100 kg N/hm~2和200 kg N/hm~2)稻田中对褐飞虱的捕食能力及自然控制作用。试验结果表明,旱季田间的捕食性天敌对褐飞虱若虫的捕食能力和主要天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制能力均随稻田氮肥施用量的增加而减弱。在雨季,虽然天敌对褐飞虱种群的自然控制能力也随稻田氮肥施用量的增加而减弱,但捕食性天敌对褐飞虱若虫捕食能力的差异不明显。本研究表明,天敌对褐飞虱自然控制能力的减弱是稻田过量施用氮肥后褐飞虱种群猖獗的主要原因之一。     

Field spray abdominal gland secretions of rove beetles: Effects on the pest abundance and arthropod community

Alternative environmentally friendly methods for pest control are in high demand because of the environmental impacts of pesticides. Notably, predator-released kairomone is a natural compound released by natural enemies, which mediates non-consumptive effects between natural enemies and prey. However, this novel pest control agent is underutilized relative to pesticides and natural enemies. Additionally, the effects of spraying predator kairomone on the number and diversity of arthropods in fields and whether this method is environmental-friendly are poorly understood. In the present study, a predator kairomone, rove beetle (Paederus fuscipes Curtis) abdominal gland secretion (AGS), was sprayed in rice fields to investigate whether AGS can suppress pest populations or will affect the fields’ arthropod communities. After AGS spraying, the abundance of arthropods decreased throughout the first 12-d period, including arthropod pests such as hemipterans (small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and leafhoppers), and lepidopterans (rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée). The abundance of arthropod predators was not affected, except for predatory spiders, which decreased, and rove beetles (P. fuscipes), which increased. In the terms of arthropod diversity, neither pests nor their natural enemies were changed by AGS application. This work highlights that predator kairomone can temporarily suppress pest populations in fields but has no adverse effects on arthropod diversity; thus, this approach is environmentally friendly and can be used in real-world applications. Broadly, present studies suggest that the application of predator kairomone may have synergistic or cumulative effects on pest suppression.