内毒素血症致胰岛素抵抗的机理

内毒素（ｅｎｄｏｔｏｘｉｎＥＴＸ）是革兰氏阴性杆菌细胞壁的成分之一,其化学结构为脂多糖（ｌｉｐｏｐｏｌｙｓａｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓＬＰＳ）。内毒素是在肠道细菌死亡溶解时被释放出来。结肠内的内毒素部分可被细菌灭活,部分经门静脉进入肝脏,在枯否氏细胞内解毒。如...     

鲎制剂中的抗内毒素因子

鲎阿米巴细胞中存在许多能与细菌内毒素发生相互作用的物质。本文主要阐鲎抗脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）因子（ＬＡＬＦ）、内毒素结合蛋白－蛋白酶抑制物（ＬＥＢＰ－ＰＩ）及鲎结合素等的分子生物学特性及其与内毒素相互作用及其机理,以及动物试验抗内毒素作用的结果。     

3种革兰氏阴性细菌及其L型内毒素含量的测定

本文采用鲎试剂对大肠杆菌（ＡＴＣＣ２５９２２）、伤寒杆菌、绿脓杆菌（ＡＴＣＣ７８５３）及它们的Ｌ型内毒素的含量进行测定。结果显示细菌型与细菌Ｌ型均具有内毒素,但细菌Ｌ型内毒素含量较细菌型低（约为１／３￣１／２）。因此,认为细菌Ｌ型仍有一定的致病性。     

重组人细胞因子制品细菌内毒素的检测

为了考察细菌内毒素检测法（BET法）检测重组人细胞因子制品的细菌内毒素及其质量控制的可行性。按照2000年版《中国生物制品规程》的规定,确定L值,计算MVD,进行干扰试验,检测制品的细菌内毒素,并与家兔热原法（RPT法）进行比较。结果表明,用标示灵敏度为0.125EU/ml的鲎试剂,重组人干扰素α2a(IFNα2a）、粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM－CSF）、白介素－2（IL－2）制品,最高非干扰浓度分别为稀释至31.7倍（9.5万IU／ml）,10.9倍（27.5万μg/ml）,40倍（0.25万IU/ml）。将IFNα2a和GM－CSF按规程规定稀释80位,对细菌内毒素的检测均无干扰作用,而IL－2稀释8倍对检测有抑制作用,但经40倍稀释后可消除抑制。以BET法检测上述制品的细菌内毒素和以RPT法测定家兔热原香,符合率为100％。结果提示,用BET法代替PRT法检测上述细胞因子制品的细菌内毒素及其质量控制是可行的。     

革兰阴性杆菌内毒素诱导肝癌腹水瘤细胞系Hca-F25/CL-163A3凋亡作用的研究

目的：研究革兰阳性球菌、革兰阴性杆菌以及革兰阴性杆菌（GNB）的内毒素对小鼠肝癌腹水瘤细胞系Hca-F25/CL-163A3的杀伤作用与诱导细胞凋亡作用。方法：利用美国B-D公司生产的FACS-Cal-ibur流式细胞仪检测与革兰阳性球菌、革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阴性杆菌内毒素共育后的肿瘤细胞凋亡。结果：革兰阳性球菌产生凋亡不明显,革兰阴性杆菌、标准细菌的内毒素分别共育后的肿瘤细胞在G0/G1峰前,均产生一个典型的凋亡峰-AP峰。结论：革兰阴性杆菌的内毒素是对肿瘤细胞的诱导凋亡作用的主要成分。     

052抗微生物肽与内毒素相互作用抑制巨噬细胞α肿瘤坏死因子和一氧化氮的释放但能增强其呼吸爆发

抗微生物肽（antimierobial peptides,AMP）作为吞噬细胞的组分储存于胞质颗粒并释放至吞噬溶酶体中;而非吞噬细胞在应答有害刺激如细菌内毒素等则可诱导合成AMP,其非氧化杀伤作用在机体抗病原体非特异性免疫中发挥重要作用。AMP不仅具有抗菌作用,而且是连接非特异性免疫和特异性免疫反应的趋化分子和信号分子。本文主要研究AMP和细菌内毒素（1ipopolysaccharide,LPS;或lipooligosaccharide,     

双歧杆菌对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肠道细菌移位影响的研究

目的观察梗阻性黄疸大鼠肠道细菌移位状况及经胃肠道给予双歧杆菌对肠道细菌移位的影响。方法Wistar大鼠30只随机分为3组：假手术组（SO组）、梗阻性黄疸组（OJ组）及双歧杆菌组。模型制备后第10天检测各组肝功能指标及血浆内毒素水平,取肝、脾、肠系膜淋巴结等肠道外器官组织行细菌培养,光镜观察末端回肠黏膜变化。结果 OJ组较SO组肝功能指标明显改变（P〈0．05）,双歧杆菌组肝功能指标较OJ组改善。SO组血浆内毒素水平为（0．26±0．22）EU／ml,OJ组内毒素水平为（1．99±0．31）EU／ml,较SO组明显升高（P〈0．01）,双歧杆菌组血浆内毒素水平为（0．74±0．20）EU／ml,较OJ组明显降低（P〈0．01）。OJ组肝、脾、肠系膜淋巴结中细菌移位率高于另两组,其中肠系膜淋巴结细菌移位率为90％,明显高于SO组及双歧杆菌组（P〈0．05）。光镜显示OJ组肠黏膜萎缩,绒毛水肿,部分上皮细胞脱落;双歧杆菌组肠黏膜上皮改变较OJ组明显减轻。结论梗阻性黄疸时出现明显的细菌移位与内毒素血症。应用微生态制剂可保护梗阻性黄疸时小肠黏膜屏障功能,减少肠源性细菌移位及内毒素血症的发生。     

我刊编委徐国恒教授对革兰氏阳性细菌内毒素调节脂肪分解作用的研究取得进展

我刊编委、北京大学医学部生理与病理生理学系徐国恒教授的实验室,最近对革兰氏阴性细菌内毒素调节脂肪分解作用的研究取得进展,阐明了内毒素直接刺激脂肪分解和升高血浆游离脂肪酸的细胞机制。徐国恒教授与他的博士研究生俎鲁霞的这一研究成果已在国际著名期刊《生物化学杂志》（Journal of Biology Chemistry）网络版发表。内毒素是革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁上的脂多糖成分,是细菌感染引发机体免疫炎症反应的活性物质。长期以来．临床上发现细菌感染伴随着血浆游离脂肪酸升高和体温升高。徐国恒教授等通过整体动物和离体细胞研究发现,     

细菌内毒素的研究现状

本文综述了有关细菌内毒素的研究成果,包括内毒素化学、细胞识别内毒素机制、细胞因子在败血症休克中的作用、脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）的病理生理效应、ＬＰＳ耐受性与超敏反应,ＬＰＳ的内在化和分解代谢、内毒素抗体和免疫治疗。     

细菌内毒素耐受的研究进展

细菌内毒素或细菌脂多糖,是临床上引起全身性炎症综合征的主要原因,细菌内毒素或脂多糖耐受也是临床常见的现象,近年来有关细菌LPS耐受机制的研究倍受关注。本文就细菌LPS耐受引起巨噬细胞的变化,对细菌LPS耐受的分子机制进行阐述。     

Identification of the Toxic Component of Brucella abortus Endotoxin and Its Labeling with Radioactive Chromate

The evidence obtained from immuno-gel diffusion, centrifugation, and toxicity studies employing the serum iron assay proved that most of the toxicity in an ether-water brucella endotoxin preparation lies in the slow-diffusing component identified as the biologically active endotoxin. Subsequent destruction of the slow-diffusing component by acid hydrolysis resulted in a corresponding loss of toxicity. Chromate-51 was found to attach almost entirely on the slow-diffusing biologically active component and, hence, is a valid label for endotoxin derived from smooth Brucella abortus by the ether-water method.     

Variations in the carbohydrate regions of Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharides: electrophoretic, serological, and structural features.

Structural and immunological differences between the two components that are usually present in unequal quantities in Bordetella pertussis endotoxin preparations and are visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis have been studied by using strains 1414, A100, and 134, all in phase I. According to analyses by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and thin-layer chromatography, the minor (8%) component of the endotoxin of strain 1414 (endotoxin 1414) appeared to be the predominating component of endotoxins A100 and 134. The masses of the carbohydrate chains isolated from endotoxin A100 and from the major component of endotoxin 1414 were 1,649 and 2,311 atomic mass units, respectively, as determined by 252Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry. Comparison of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of these chains established that four N-acetyl groups, an N-methyl group, and a 6-deoxy function, which characterize the nonreducing, distal trisaccharide of the glycose chain of strain 1414, were absent from that of strain A100. The antigenicity of endotoxin 1414, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was higher than that of endotoxin A100, but fell below it when the glycose chain of endotoxin 1414 was deprived of seven sugars by treatment with nitrous acid. This observation suggests that at least three (distal, proximal, and intermediate) regions of the glycose chain of endotoxin 1414 carry antigenic determinants. One of these, located in the distal trisaccharide, is absent from both endotoxins A100 and 134.     

Shigella endotoxin protein--its electrophoretic and serological properties

The electrophoretic analysis of lipid A-associated protein (LAP), obtained from S. sonnei, in polyacrylamide gel in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and urea has revealed the heterogeneity of the preparation; it has found to contain three main components with molecular weights of 43, 38 and 18 KD and some minor components with molecular weights of 49, 45 35, 30, 29, 27, 5, 21 and 14 KD. The electrophoretic mobility of the main protein components in the isolated preparation of LAP coincides with that of endotoxin components. The dissociation of proteins and lipopolysaccharide in the process of boiling the endotoxin in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate is indicative of the noncovalent binding of these components. LAP contained in the endotoxin, in contrast to isolated LAP, is resistant to trypsin and proteinase K. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) system with the use of LAP as a component of its solid phase has been developed, which makes it possible to carry out the quantitative determination of antibodies to this protein. The EIA system shows high sensitivity in the determination of anti-LAP IgG antibodies: in hyperimmune rabbit sera their titer is 1:250,000-1:800,000. As shown by the method of competitive EIA, the antigenic affinity of LAP of different origin corresponds to the degree of taxonomic propinquity of microorganisms: the maximal degree of cross reactions is observed between LAP obtained from S. sonnei, S. flexneri and Escherichia coli, while their affinity to Salmonella typhi is considerably less; remote microbial species (Bacterium bifidum and Sarcina marcescens) give practically no cross reactions.     

Specific high affinity interactions of monomeric endotoxin.protein complexes with Toll-like receptor 4 ectodomain

Potent Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation by endotoxin has been intensely studied, but the molecular requirements for endotoxin interaction with TLR4 are still incompletely defined. Ligand-receptor interactions involving endotoxin and TLR4 were characterized using monomeric endotoxin.protein complexes of high specific radioactivity. The binding of endotoxin.MD-2 to the TLR4 ectodomain (TLR4ECD) and transfer of endotoxin from CD14 to MD-2/TLR4ECD were demonstrated using HEK293T-conditioned medium containing TLR4ECD+/-MD-2. These interactions are specific, of high affinity (KD<300 pm), and consistent with the molecular requirements for potent cell activation by endotoxin. Both reactions result in the formation of a Mr approximately 190,000 complex composed of endotoxin, MD-2, and TLR4ECD. CD14 facilitates transfer of endotoxin to MD-2 (TLR4) but is not a stable component of the endotoxin.MD-2/TLR4 complex. The ability to assay specific high affinity interactions of monomeric endotoxin.protein complexes with TLR4ECD should allow better definition of the structural requirements for endotoxin-induced TLR4 activation.     

Level of bacterial endotoxins in Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines conjugated with toxoids (td, Di)

Quantitative evaluation of bacterial endotoxin was performed in the following vaccines: Act-Hib, Hiberix, Hib-Titer. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and precision of chromogenic LAL test with S-2423 substrate for this particular biopreparations and after that to determine the amounts of endotoxin as a factor of vaccine safety. Because of the lack of information concerning the presence of endotoxin in Act-Hib vaccine, we also tried to establish the limits for the presence of endotoxin in this type of vaccine. The estimated level of endotoxin was as follows: 110 EU/ml in Act-Hib, 1.64 EU/ml in Hiberix and 2.4 EU/ml in Hib-Titer. The results of this study showed that the amounts of endotoxin was dependent on the molecular size of polysaccharide PRP and on the presence of protein component. The limit of endotoxin presence in Act-Hib vaccine recommended by us is max. 150 EU/ml.     

Studies on Limulus amoebocyte lysate. III. Purification of an endotoxin-binding protein from Limulus amoebocyte membranes

A protein that has been isolated from Limulus polyphemus amoebocyte membranes binds endotoxin. The protein was purified by two independent methods, organic solvent extraction and affinity chromatography, both followed by gel filtration. Immunologic studies confirm that the protein is a component of amoebocyte membranes. Although without enzymatic activity, the binding protein enhances Limulus lysate gelation. As a membrane-associated endotoxin binding "protein," it may be involved in Limulus lysate coagulation, which is initiated by minute amounts of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. The protein has an apparent molecular weight of 80,000.     

内毒素耐受的机制研究

内毒素是革兰阴性菌细胞壁的成分,能够激发机体的免疫反应。当细菌释放大量的内毒素到血液,即可引起内毒素血症,内毒素血症可以伴随多种疾病出现,引起致死性感染性休克,循环功能衰竭,其病死率极高。内毒素耐受是指机体接受小剂量内毒素刺激后对后续内毒素刺激的反应性降低,表现为促炎因子释放减少而抗炎因子释放增加,机体发热,缺氧,低血压,休克的症状减轻。内毒素耐受的发生机制极其复杂,受机体内多种因素的调节,但目前尚无明确的结论。近年来,有关其机制的研究有许多报道,其中,对内毒素耐受的信号机制的研究最为广泛,大量的研究表明内毒素的主要受体,细胞内的信号蛋白,负调控因子以及转录因子可能在内毒素耐受的发生过程中起重要作用。也有报道表明免疫细胞的凋亡,染色体修饰和基因重排以及小RNA的参与可能诱导内毒素耐受的发生。本文从细胞、分子水平对内毒素耐受的发生机制进行综述,拟对炎症性疾病如内毒素血症的预防和治疗提供理论依据。     

Endotoxin assay by bioluminescence using mutant firefly luciferase

The Limulus reaction is an application of the defense mechanism of horseshoe crab for endotoxin detection. Endotoxin is a component of the cell wall in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, and causes fever or shock when it enters the human blood stream. For endotoxin detection, gel formation or turbidity of the coagulation factor chromogen or fluorescence-modified peptide is used. However, these conventional methods have problems with regard to their measurement time or sensitivity. We recently obtained a mutant firefly luciferase that has a luminescence intensity over 10-fold higher than that of the wild type. Therefore, we developed a new endotoxin detection method that combines the Limulus reaction and bioluminescence using mutant luciferase. The new method detects 0.0005 EU/ml of endotoxin within 15 min.     

Endotoxin-free Biologically Active Component of Escherichia coli

The proteinaceous component of gram-negative bacteria, which has been termed “protodyne,” enhances nonspecific host resistance while eliciting a slight pyrogenic response equivalent to 0.2% that of a typical endotoxin. Since this material still contains small amounts of carbohydrate and lipid, it was imperative to establish that its biological activities are not the result of endotoxin contamination. Evidence that the protective activity of protodyne does not result from endotoxin contamination has now been obtained by an evaluation of the Pronase digestion products of this substance. These digestion products were found to be nonpyrogenic and to contain no measurable amount of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, an essential component of bacterial lipopolysaccharides.