籼稻的抗冷性与亲本的关系

四个籼稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）品种幼苗经１℃黑暗或光照２５０ μｍ ｏｌ·ｍ － ２·ｓ－ １处理后,抗冷的“桂山矮选３”比不抗冷的“青华６ 号”幼苗存活率高,其子代是以“桂山矮选３”为母本的比“青华６ 号”为母本的存活率较高。抽穗期剑叶经光照低温处理１２、２４ 和３６ ｈ 后,光合作用是“桂山矮选３”和以“桂山矮选３”为母本的子代比“青华６ 号”和以“青华６ 号”为母本的子代下降较少。呼吸作用是前者比后者在处理１２ ｈ 时有明显升高现象。荧光参数Ｆｖ／Ｆｏ和Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ比值在处理２４ ｈ 时前者比后者下降明显,但在常温下恢复则是前者比后者明显较快。自然低温（寒露风）对叶绿素荧光的影响亦有相似的规律。对水稻后代的抗冷性倾向于母本进行了讨论     

水稻幼苗根质膜氧化还原系统活性与抗冷性的关系

本试验以水稻幼苗为材料,研究冷胁迫和钙浸种、低温锻炼、低温锻炼结合钙浸种预处理分别对幼苗根质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）３－６还原活性的影响。实验结果表明：冷胁迫降低了质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）３－６还原活性;钙浸种、低温锻炼、低温锻炼结合钙浸种预处理均提高了质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）３－６还源活性,尤其是削减了冷胁迫降低质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）３－６还原活性的作用。根质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）３－６还原活性与水稻幼苗抗冷力密切相关。     

杂种小麦及亲本旗叶老化过程中RubisCO特性的研究

小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）旗叶的ＲｕＢＰｃａｓｅ活性、含量及ＲｕＢＰｏａｓｅ活性在旗叶全展或全展后１０ｄ达最大值,以后逐渐下降。与亲本相比,供试杂种小麦“麦优４号”在旗叶一生中尤其老化后期上述参数皆表现明显的杂种优势。旗叶ＲｕＢＰｃａｓｅ比活性在叶绿素缓降期保持平稳,在叶绿素速降期逐渐下降。供试杂种小麦较亲本具有较高的ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶和加氧酶活性,表明杂种小麦不仅具有较强的光合羧化作用,而且叶片光合作用过程中的光呼吸也较强。结果与旗叶ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ亲合ＣＯ２和Ｏ２的动力学常数的测定结果相符。     

水稻幼苗根系膜氧化还原系统活性与抗冷性的关系

本试验以水稻幼苗为材料,研究冷胁迫和钙浸种,低温锻炼,低温锻烧结合钙浸种预处理分别对幼苗根系膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６还原性的影响。实验结果表明：冷胁迫降低了质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６还原活性;钙浸种,低温锻炼,低温锻炼结合钙浸种处理均提高了质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６还原活性、尤其是削减了冷胁迫降低质膜Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）＾３－６还原活性的作用。     

光／暗对玉米叶片果糖—6—磷酸激酶—2和果糖—2,6—二磷酸酯酶活…

比较了照光和黑暗条件下玉米叶片果糖－６－磷酶激酶－２和果糖－２,６－二磷酸酯酶的活力变化。当玉米植株从暗中转入光下后,其叶片ＰＦＫ－２的活力随光照时间的延长而逐渐降低,而ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２活力变化不明显;从光下转入暗后叶片ＰＦＫ－２活力明显上升,ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２活力仍无明显变化;其ＰＦＫ－２／ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２比值在光处理时下降,暗处理时上升。同时叶片中果糖－２,６－二磷酸的含量与ＰＦＫ－２／ＦＢＰａ     

光抑制条件下水稻籼粳亚种及其正反交F_1杂种的PSⅡ光化学效率和CO_2交换特点

测定了水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）不同正反交组合的ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性、Ｄ１蛋白量、叶绿素ａ荧光、净光合速率（ＰＮ）、光呼吸速率（ＰＲ）、ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ／Ｏａｓｅ活性,并对ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ进行了动力学分析。结果表明：光抑制条件下粳（ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）亚种中Ｄ１蛋白净降解少,ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性和光化学效率高,表现耐光抑制,而籼（ｉｎｄｉｃａ）亚种则相反,籼、粳正反交Ｆ１的上述指标介于双亲值之间且偏向其母本。进一步观察它们的ＣＯ２交换特点,所有基因型水稻ＰＲ保持稳定、ＰＮ降低,因而ＰＲ／ＰＮ增加。与耐光抑制的粳亚种相比,对光抑制敏感的籼亚种中ＰＮ降低较多、ＰＲ／ＰＮ增加较多。正反交Ｆ１杂种的ＰＲ／ＰＮ介于双亲值之间且偏向其母本。ＣＯ２交换的关键酶ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ／Ｏａｓｅ活性和ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ动力学参数没有变化且在基因型间无差异。相关分析表明,Ｄ１蛋白量与Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ、ＰＲ／ＰＮ的相关系数分别为０．９５０１和－０．９７６８。看来,质基因编码的Ｄ１蛋白是籼粳杂种稻光抑制特性及其生理遗传的分子基础。     

抗肝癌单链抗体的活性检测

将抗肝癌单克隆抗体 ＨＡｂ２５的轻、重链可变区基因通过Ｌｉｎｋｅｒ连接起来,构建成抗肝癌单链抗体ｓｃＦｖ２５,然后亚克隆入含 Ｅ－ｔａｇ检测标签的 ｐＥＴ１５ｂ表达载体进行融合表达。表达产物（ｓｃＦｖ２５－Ｅ－ｔａｇ）采用 ＳＡＢＣ法对肝癌细胞涂片进行染色,利用鼠抗Ｅ－ｔａｇ抗体间接检测初步纯化的ｓｃＦｖ２５的活性,同时采用竞争结合实验检测ｓｃＦｖ２５的亲和活性。ｓｃＦｖ２５能够与靶细胞特异性结合,阳性部位主要定位于细胞膜上;ｓｃＦｖ２５可封闭５３％的亲本抗体的亲和活性。ｓｃＦｖ２５较好地保持了亲本抗体的特异性和亲和活性。     

田间棉花叶片光合效率中午降低的原因

田间棉花叶片在受到中午强光或模拟的中午强光照射约３ｈ以后,光合效率和光系统Ⅱ的光化学效率（Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ）下降,光呼吸速率增加,并且普通空气条件下测定的光合效率的降低幅度总是大于Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ的降低幅度。然而,若抑制叶片的光呼吸,强光引起的叶片光合效率的降低幅度与Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ的基本一致。这些结果说明,光合作用的光抑制和光呼吸的增强是棉花叶片光合效率中午降低的两个基本原因。     

冷锻炼和ABA诱导水稻幼苗提高抗冷性期间膜保护系统的变化

冷锻炼和ＡＢＡ处理提高了水稻幼苗叶绿体ＳＯＤ和ＧＲ活性及叶片抗氧化剂ＡｓＡ和ＧＳＨ的含量,降低了膜电解质泄漏,增强了幼苗的抗冷性．等电聚焦电泳分析表明,冷锻炼和ＡＢＡ处理苗叶绿体ＳＯＤ三条同工酶带和ＧＲ１、２、３和６同工酶带都有不同程度的增强．低温胁迫后,处理和未处理首的ＳＯＤ、ＧＲ活性和ＡＳＡ、ＧＳＨ含量均有所下降．但处理苗的水平仍维持在未处理苗之上．亚胺环已酮可抑制因冷锻炼和ＡＢＡ诱导增加的ＳＯＤ和ＧＲ活性,并使叶片电解质泄漏增大．本试验结果表明冷锻炼或ＡＢＡ诱导水稻幼苗抗冷性提高时,对防御活性氧的保护系统有类似的影响。     

老龄大鼠海马CA_3区神经元的酶细胞化学改变及人参茎叶皂甙的抗衰老作用

本实验应用酶细胞化学方法观察了老龄大鼠海马ＣＡ３区神经元的琥珀酸脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）,酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰａｓｅ）的衰老变化,同时对比观察了人参茎叶皂甙的抗衰老作用。实验数据由彩色显微图像分析系统进行定量分析。实验结果提示老龄时海马ＣＡ３区神经元ＳＤＨ酶活性减弱,ＡＣＰａｓｅ活性增强。而人参茎叶皂甙具有促进神经元ＳＤＨ酶活性,降低ＡＣＰａｓｅ活性的作用。本结果为老龄时学习记忆能力下降及人参茎叶皂甙延缓衰老提供了一定的酶细胞化学变化的依据。     

Effects of Chilling Temperature on Photosynthesis and Photosynthate Transport in Flag Leaves of Hybrid Rice at Milky Stage

To understand the physiological reasons for poor yield of the second rice crop in southern China challenged by low temperature. The authors investigated the effects of chilling temperature on photosynthesis and the activity of fructose 1, 6-diphosphatase (FBPase) of flag leaves at milky stage using two hybrid rice varieties with different cold tolerance. The results indicated that chilling temperature caused decreases of photosynthetic efficiency and FBPase activity in detached flag leaves. The decline of photosynthetic efficiency and FBPase activity was greater in Shanyou-63 which is as cold sensitive as its parents than in Xiuyou-57 which is cold tolerant like its parents. The milky stage is the period of the fastest grain filling. The decreased the yield of the second rice crop caused by natural low temperature was associated with decline of photosynthesis and the abilities of adaption and adjustment of FBPase in attached flag leaves. The relationship between the effects of chilling temperature on photosynthesis and photosynthate transport and the yield formed by grain was discussed.     

Effects of Low Temperature on Photosynthesis in Flag Leaves of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

After low temperature (16℃) treatment, the net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content and FBPase activity tended to decrease and ratio of chlorophyll a/b, stomatal resistance, sucrose and starch content tended to increase in rice flag leaves at heading stage. However, the Pi content and water potential did not show pronounced change. The flag leaf chloroplasts contained large starch grains after three days at low temperature. The recovery of net photosynthetic rate in the flag leaves which had recieved stress at 16℃ for three days and transferred to normal nature condition was gradually increased. It almost came up to the value of control after five days. However, the decrease in stomatal resistance was rapid. It was almost lowered to the value of control after one day. Under normal nature comdition for five days, the chlorophyll content and FBPase activity reached near to the value of control. Meanwhile, the ratio of chlorophyll a/b, the sucrose and starch content almost declined to the value of control. The large starch grain in flag leaf chloroplast also disappeared. According to the experimental results, we discussed the relationship between the above-mentioned various changes and net photosynthetic rate We suggested that the effect of low temperature on photosynthesis might be one of factors in yield-reduction of rice.     

低温对杂交水稻及其亲本三系始穗期旗叶光合作用的影响

研究了低温对5套杂交水稻组合的影响。始穗期旗叶光合作用的最大速率和表观量子效率受低温抑制的程度表明:其耐冷顺序为粳稻型的“秀优57”>“釉稻型的青优早”>“汕优63”、“汕优64”与“威优64”。杂交水稻 F_1的耐冷水平与母本近似,与父本关系不大,保持系的耐冷性相似于不育系。杂交水稻幼苗经低温处理后的存活率亦表现出同样的规律。证明所试5套杂交水稻的生育后期与苗期对低温的反应是一致的。本文对该结果在杂交水稻抗冷性选育种中的意义进行了讨论。     

Effect of Chilling on Photosynthesis in Flag Leaves at Primary Heading Stage of F1 Hybrid Rice Cultivars and Their Parental Lines (Three Lines)

With the purpose of selecting and breeding cold stress tolerance of hybrid rice cultivars, the effect of chilling on five hybrid rice combinations was investigated. The results indicated that the cold tolerance of different hybrid rice varieties were different. The order of the cold tolerance as the degrees of inhibition of maximum photosynthetic rate and of apparent quantum yield of flag leaves at primary heading stage by chilling was as follows: The cold tolerance of Japanica type Xiuyou-57 was the highest then lndica type Qing-Youzao followed by Shangyou-63, Shangyou-64 and Weiyou-64. The cold tolerance of Fx hybrid rice was similar to that of the maternal lines and not similar to the paternal lines. The cold tolerance of maintainer lines was similar to that of the male sterile lines. The tests on the survival rate of hybrid rice seedlings after chilling treatment also showed a similar re gular patterns. These indicated that the responses by the chilling temperature in these five hybrid combinations were exactly the same in the Seedling stage as well as in the late growing stage. The results of these experiments on the impact of selecting and breeding cold tolerance in hybrid rice were discussed.     

Photosynthetic light and CO2 utilization and C4 traits of two novel super-rice hybrids

Characteristics of photosynthetic light and CO2 use efficiency from seedling to heading stage, and C4 pathway enzyme activities in both flag leaves and lemma were compared between two newly developed super-rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.), Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3, and a traditional rice hybrid, Shanyou 63. At seedling and tillering stages, Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3 had higher net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and light saturated assimilation rates (Asat) than did Shanyou 63, at both normal (360 micromol mol(-1)) and doubled (720 micromol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations. At the heading stage, the flag leaves of all three rice hybrids had similar Pn and Asat. However, the two super-rice hybrids had higher apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) during all three typical developmental stages, and higher quantum yield of CO2 fixation (PhiCO2) at the tillering and heading stages. In addition, Liangyoupeijiu showed significantly higher activities of the C(4) pathway enzymes in both flag leaves and lemmas than did Shanyou 63. As a result, flag leaves of the two super-rice hybrids had higher Pn at morning, noontime and late afternoon during the daily cycle. Since most of the grain yield of rice comes from the photosynthesis of flag leaves, the similar Asat and much higher AQY, CE and PhiCO2 at heading stage of the two super-rice hybrids indicates that higher photosynthetic efficiency rather than higher photosynthetic capacity may be the primary factor contributing to their higher grain yields.     

An integration of photosynthetic traits and mechanisms that can increase crop photosynthesis and grain production

The hypothesis we propose is that during photosynthesis the balance between potentially detrimental and beneficial photochemically induced events can be tipped beneficially toward increased photosynthesis and toward increased crop yield. To test this hypothesis a procedure has been devised with the rice plant, Oryza sativa, that has resulted in increasing both canopy photosynthesis and rice grain yield. Two elite rice varieties selected independently in the contrasting environments of either South China or Texas, each with distinct photosynthetic traits, were crossed to produce a hybrid with an increased canopy photosynthesis and grain yield that is regularly 20 to 22% higher than the mid-yields of the parents. The photosynthetic and mechanisms which may contribute to these beneficial results in the hybrid rice are: a reduction of the midday depression of photosynthesis; a rapid development of the canopy for photosynthetic light interception and an increased canopy photosynthesis; increased amounts of carotenoids for the xanthophyll cycle; an increased protection against free radicals induced by paraquat treatment; a 6 to 12 day shorter plant reproductive life cycle; and a 8 to 10 day increase in the longevity of the flag leaf over the parents. While the hybrid rice has successfully integrated these and likely other unknown characteristics to increase both crop photosynthesis and grain yield, we propose that understanding the underlying beneficial photosynthetic mechanisms supporting these crop plant traits is worthy of thorough investigation and application in crop production.Dedicated to the memory of Professor D.I. Arnon who enriched and challenged the study of photosynthesis through a series of discoveries over 4 decades and via his force of personality.     

追施氮肥时期对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同追氮时期对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性、光合速率及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,拔节期追肥较起身期或挑旗期追肥,改善了小麦旗叶PSⅡ的活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学最大效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、实际量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)及光合速率,降低了籽粒灌浆中前期非辐射能量耗散,有利于叶片所吸收的光能较充分地用于光合作用,提高了籽粒灌浆后期非辐射能量的耗散,减缓了叶片光抑制程度和衰老进程.拔节期追肥可显著增加穗粒数和千粒重,提高产量.     

西双版纳热带人工雨林生物量及净第一性生产力的研究

通过标准木法和收获法研究分析了西双版纳热带人工模拟雨林的生物量及净第一性生产力.结果表明,林分总生物量约为390.4t·hm^-2,其中乔木层生物量达362.5t·hm^-2,占总生物量的92.8%,灌木层生物量为19.3t·hm^-2,占4.9%,层间植物(包括附生植物)的生物量为3.6t·hm^-2,草本层生物量为5.0t·hm^-2.分别占1.3%和0.9%.林分净第一性生产力为2227.3g·m^-2.年^-1,其中乔木层的净生产力为1553.5g·m^-2.年^-1,占整个林分净生产力的69.7%,灌木层、草本层及层间植物分别仅占26.9%、2.4%和1.0%.其器官分配比例以茎最高,达42.0%;其次为叶,占30.2%;枝仅占13.5%.叶面积指数为7.061.同时建立了林分优势种及乔木层各器官生物量的优化回归模型.     

The Cold Tolerance of Indica Type Rice in Relation to Its Parents

To understand the inheritance of cold tolerant characteristics of rice (Oryza sativa L. ), the authors investigated the cold tolerance of hybrid progenies in relation to their parental lines which were "Qinghua 6—a cold sensitive cultivar and "Guishan’aixuan 3”— a cold tolerant cultivar. The hybrid progenies were the cross and the reciprocal cross of these two cultivars. Results showed that after 1℃ dark or light (250 μmol · m-2 · s-1) treatment, the survival rate of seedlings was higher in "Guishan’aixuan 3” than that in "Qinghua 6”. That of the hybrid "Qinghua 6” ( ♂ )× "Guishan’aixuan 3” (♀) was higher than that . in hybrid "Guishan’aixuan 3” ( ♂ ) × "Qinghua 6” (♀). Detached flag leaves at heading stage when treated in light and chilling condition for 12, 24, 36 h, there was also less decrease of photosynthesis in "Guishan’aixuan 3” and "Qinghua 6” ( ♂ ) × "Guishan’aixuan 3” (♀) than in “Qinghua 6” and “Guishan’aixuan 3” ( ♂ ) × “Qinghua 6” ( ♀ ). After being treated for 12 h, respiratory rate rose in the former but not the latter. Changes of fluorescence parameters, rise of Fo and decline of Fm and Fv, were caused by 1 ℃ and light (250 μmol·m-2·s-1) treatment. The decrease of Fv/Fo and Fv/Fm were more apparent in the former than in the latter after light and chilling treatment for 24 h, with a much faster recovery under normal temperature in the former than in the latter. Effect of the natural low temperature (cold, dew and wind) on the chlorophyll fluorescence of rice was similar to that of artificial treatment. It was suggested that cold tolerance of rice progenies seemed to be from maternal inheritance.     

超级杂交水稻谷粒产量与叶光合速率的关系

在2000～2005年期间,通过测定几种超级杂交水稻与普通杂交水稻‘汕优63’的产量构成和叶片光合作用探讨了谷粒产量与光合作用的关系。结果表明:(1)4种超级杂交水稻‘培矮64S/E32’、‘P88S/O293’、‘金23A/611’和‘GD-lS/ RB207’的产量水平显著高于‘汕优63’,是对照的108%～120%。(2)与‘汕优63’相比,这些超级杂交水稻的株型好,上层叶片直立,穗大即每穗粒数多,是对照的125%～177%。(3)与‘汕优63’相比,这些组合第二叶的净光合速率显著提高,但第一叶即剑叶的未必都较高。(4)去半叶处理降低了‘GD-1S/RB207’的结实率,而去半穗处理显著提高了结实率。因此,这些超级杂交水稻的高产原因在于穗大、株型好以及群体光能利用效率高。增加单叶特别是剑叶的光合能力是克服谷粒产量的光合产物源限制和在未来的超级杂交水稻育种中实现产量潜力新突破的关键。