瑞香属和荛花属(瑞香科)植物叶表皮特征及其分类学意义

选取瑞香科瑞香属(Daphne)植物56种(变种)、荛花属(Wikstroemia)植物45种(变种),及12种外类群植物,进行叶表皮微形态解剖学研究。结果表明,瑞香属和荛花属植物叶表皮细胞大多为多边形和不规则形,垂周壁大多为平直、弯曲和浅波状,大小为30~40μm×10~20μm,部分具毛。气孔呈随机分布,大小为20~36μm×17~25μm,宽椭圆形或窄椭圆形,气孔密度为100~250 S/mm2,气孔主要类型为无规则型(anomocytic)。瑞香属与荛花属的叶表皮性状整体具有一致性,两属间没有典型区别特征,很多性状在两个属中呈交叉分布,不反映瑞香属和荛花属分别是自然(单系)类群。毛管花属(Eriosolena)植物特有的乳突(papillae)特征在瑞香属和荛花属植物中均不存在,不支持将其并入瑞香属的分类处理。通过气孔器类型比较分析认为,瑞香属和荛花属与瑞香亚科中的其他属,如鼠皮树属(Rhamnoneuron)、毛管花属、假狼毒属(Stelleropsis)、Daphnopsis、结香属(Edgeworthia)相比具衍生性状,是衍生类群。     

封面说明

正瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)瑞香属(Daphne Linn.)植物具有重要的经济和药用价值,为我国民间常用中药,如最具代表性的祖师麻(瑞香属植物的根皮和茎皮)为民间治疗风湿和止痛的常用中药。瑞香属植物开花量大,树形美观,花香浓郁,深受人们的喜爱,具有重要的观赏和利用价值,如甘青瑞香被作为绿化树种开发利用,金边瑞香作为名贵的盆栽花卉进入千家万户。照片示:部分瑞香属植物。1,2.金边瑞香,花开早期为外面淡紫红色,内面肉红色(2),花开后期变为     

瑞香属和荛花属的数量分类研究

瑞香属和荛花属为瑞香科瑞香亚科的落叶或常绿灌木,中国西南部是瑞香属和荛花属的重要分化中心。全世界共有瑞香属95种、荛花属70种,中国分布有瑞香属52种、荛花属49种。瑞香属和荛花属的分类学研究一直存在不同程度的分歧。花盘形状和果实类型在传统分类中一直是区分瑞香属和荛花属的典型特征,而花盘形态和果实类型在2个属中存在交叉和过渡,部分植物分类学家根据这些特征将两个属进行过不同程度的归并。该研究采用数量分类法对瑞香属77种(变种)和荛花属62种(变种)植物,选取32个形态学性状进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:聚类分析和主成分分析均显示两属均未形成单系类群。在主成分分析中,前3个主成分分析的贡献值为35.56%,传统分类中用来区分两属的花盘形状、叶序及果实类型等特征对前3个主成分贡献相对较小,因此,传统分类学中对这两个属进行区分的性状并没有典型的分类学意义。同时,聚类图和主成分分析得到的散点图均不能将这两个属区分开来。数量分类研究结果显示两属植物存在明显的交叉,支持瑞香属和荛花属不是两个独立自然类群的观点。     

我国瑞香科(Thymelaeaceae)植物的花粉形态

本文对我国8属22种3变种的瑞香科植物花粉形态进行了观察。本科花粉具散孔,花粉形态属于单类型。根据纹饰特点,本文将瑞香科花粉分为具瘤状纹饰和具网状一巴豆型图案两个类型。另外,还对巴豆型图案和本科在被子植物中的系统位置等问题进行了讨论。     

瑞香狼毒的民族植物学、植物化学及其药理学研究进展

瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamejasme L.)属瑞香科(Thymelaeacea)狼毒属(Stellera L.)多年生草本植物,分布于我国东北、华北和西南等地,多集中分布在草原地区,对于高寒、干旱等恶劣的环境具有较强的忍受性和适应性,在退化草场上逐渐成为优势种,抑制了牧草的生长,影响畜牧业发展。瑞香狼毒全株有毒,但具有一定的药用价值,中医常用来治疗水肿及皮肤病;瑞香狼毒含有香豆素类、木脂素类、黄酮类、二萜类和苯丙素类等等多种活性成分,具有抑菌、抗肿瘤等作用。本文综述了近年来瑞香狼毒分类分布、生药学、植物化学以及药理学等方面的研究进展,为更好地防治和利用瑞香狼毒提供理论依据。     

了哥王茎皮化学成分研究

从瑞香科荛花属植物了哥王(Wikstroemia indica)的茎皮中分离鉴定出5种化合物,其结构分别为西瑞香素(1)、芫花素(2)、槲皮素(3)、杨梅素(4)、山奈酚(5)。化合物3、4、5为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

沉香属的化学分类学研究

为探讨瑞香科沉香亚科的分类学地位,结合其他亚科植物的化学成分类型,对从沉香属植物分离到的各类化学成分进行了综述。从二萜和黄酮(烷)的成分类型判断,沉香亚科的进化地位低于瑞香亚科;从三萜成分类型来看,其地位又比Gonystyloideae亚科稍高;同时2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类和二苯基甲酮类成分为沉香属甚至沉香亚科的特征性成分。因此,沉香亚科是瑞香科中进化程度相对较低的类群,处于瑞香亚科和Gonystyloideae亚科之间。     

番荔枝科蚁花属和澄广花属叶的比较解剖学研究

利用扫描电镜技术,叶片离析方法和石蜡切片法对蚁花属1种和澄广花属9种植物叶的形态结构进行比较研究。结果表明,两属植物有许多相似之处,但又有以下一些显著不同;蚁花属植物叶表皮细胞均具一晶族,叶肉组织中具1-2层栅栏组织细胞,油细胞均匀分布在栅栏组织和海绵组织中,栅栏组织在主脉处不连续,而澄广花属植物叶的表皮细胞内具一单斜晶,叶肉组织中具1层栅栏组织细胞,油细胞仅分布在海绵组织中,栅栏组织在主脉处连续,结果为蚁花属和澄广花属的分类学处理提供了新证据。     

安徽产大戟属植物叶表皮微形态

利用光镜和扫描电镜对安徽7种大戟属(Euphorbia)植物叶表皮进行了观察。发现该属7种植物叶表皮细胞为不规则形或多边形,垂周壁一般为平直、浅波状、深波状;气孔器通常为无规则型,有的种类叶表皮具单细胞毛或多细胞毛,表皮毛在电镜下具瘤状突起的纹饰。在扫描电镜下,角质层纹饰多具鳞片或颗粒等特征,种间有细微差别。结果表明该7种植物叶表皮微形态有明显差别,这些表皮特征有助于识别一些在外部形态较相近的种类。     

毛茛科植物导管穿孔板结构的比较观察

本文对毛茛科38属88种植物导管分子的穿孔板结构进行了比较观察。根据穿孔板的结构可分为三种型式:(1)单穿孔板,这类穿孔板较普遍存在。(2)梯状穿孔板,发现有26属37种植物的导管分子具有此类穿孔板。芍药属和星果草属植物导管分子均只具有梯状穿孔板,无单穿孔板。在其他种中,可见或多或少地具有梯状穿孔板,而其中有的具有较少的横条或具过渡型的穿孔板。(3)“买麻藤式”穿孔板,在11属12种植物中可见到这类穿孔板,它们被认为是由网状穿孔板演化为单穿孔板时的过渡类型。     

某些因素对玻璃苗形成的影响和玻璃苗在形态解剖上的特点

瑞香试管苗的玻璃化受到细胞分裂素浓度和茎尖外植体大小的影响,细胞分裂素浓度越高,茎尖外植体越小,产生的玻璃苗越多。玻璃苗与正常试管苗的茎尖在形态结构上有明明显差别,主要表现为顶端分生组织原体原套结构异常和细胞的明显液泡化。     

The Development and Application of the Glucose Uptake Stimulating Cell Model

The plants are great resources for digging leading compounds, and many current anti diabetic drugs are derived from plants. The key to discover compounds with anti diabetic activities from plants relies on the application of anti diabetic drug screening models. In order to establish a more stable and reliable anti diabetic drug screening model, we optimized the screening model based on the glucose uptake of adipocytes. In the previous models, insulin was used as the only positive control, while in our model both insulin and rosiglitazone were used as positive controls, which made the model more stable and reliable. Furthermore, we expanded the application of the model to screen the insulin signaling pathway inhibitors, and Akt1/2 inhibitor which was an inhibitor of insulin signaling pathway was used as positive control. In the end, we screened 16 compounds isolated from plants using this model and identified three active compounds with glucose uptake stimulating activities. We also performed the dose response experiments of compound X15 and X16. Both showed significant dose responses. These activities were first reported at the cell level, providing fundamental data for their mechanisms study of the activities and for the potential development of the drugs in future.     

诱导Epstein—Barr病毒早期抗原表达的中草药和植物的筛选

应用Raji细胞筛选了268个科的1693种中草药和植物,共发现18个科的52种有诱导Epstein-Barr(EB)病毒早期抗原表达的作用,大戟科和瑞香科最多,分别有25种和7种,其中甘遂、芫花、黄芫花、了哥王、苦杏仁、怀牛膝和巴豆等是常用药物。本文还讨论了这些中草药和植物在体内对EB病毒的激活及其与鼻咽癌发生的关系。     

某些因素对玻璃苗形成的影响和玻璃苗在形态解剖上的特点

瑞香试管苗的玻璃化受到细胞分裂素浓度和茎尖外植体划、的影响,细胞分裂素浓度越高,茎尖外植体越小,产生的玻璃苗越多,玻璃苗与正常试管苗的茎尖在形态结构上有明显差别,主要表现为顶端分生组织原体原套结构异常和细胞的明显液泡化。     

香辛料植物及香辛料主要化学成分

香辛料是主要用于食品调味的植物器官和组织结构。简介了其香味物质、辣味物质和色素,并逐科介绍主要的香辛科植物。     

能源植物资源及其开发利用简况

由于世界能源短缺的矛盾日益尖锐,寻找新的可再生能源资源成为当务之急。通过介绍可提取碳氢化合物的能源植物,分析对比其化学成分与石油成分的异同,列举了一批可进行初步筛选的科、属、种,并重点报道数种已在国内外进行不同程度开发的能源植物,探讨今后发展前景及存在问题,为开发利用提供参考依据。     

Character of Leaf Epidermis and Their Systematic Significance of Daphne and Wikstroemia (Thymelaeaceae)

Fifty six species (varieties) of Daphne, forty five species (varieties) of Wikstroemia and twelve species of outgroups from Thymelaeaceae, with ten phenotypic characters were selected, to study the leaf epidermal microfeatures by using light microscopy, Results reveal that Daphne and Wikstromia are consistent in most of leaf features. The epidermal cell are polygonal and irregular in shape. The patterns of anticlinal wall are straight, curved and U shape. The cell sizes range in 30-40μm × 10-20μm. Some species have singly hair on surface. Stomatal distribution is random, size range in 20-36μm × 17-25μm, most are broadly elliptical and narrowly elliptical, stomatal frequency are 100-250S/mm2, and the anomocytic stomatal type is dominate. It is apparently that many stomatal and epidermal features in Daphne and Wikstromia are crossed, and no distinguishable features are suitable for separating this two genera. Results from epidermal characters analysis don’t support monophyletic status of Daphne and Wikstroemia. Eriosolena should not be include in the genus Daphne as the special papillae only found in Eriosolena composita rather than in other genera of Thymeleaceae. In compare with other genera, Rhamnoneuron, Eriosolena, Stelleropsis, Daphnopsis and Edgeworthia in Thymelaeoideae, Daphne and Wikstroemia might be derived and originated latter based on the stomatal features.     

Some observations of phenology and ecophysiology ofDaphne kamtschatica Maxim.var.jezoensis (Maxim.) Ohwi, a shade deciduous shrub, in the forest of northern Japan

The phenology and leaf traits ofDaphne kamtschatica Maxim. var.jezoensis (Maxim.) Ohwi, the only summer deciduous shrub (20–40 cm) in the temperate forest of northern Japan, are examined. This plant carries through the winter mature leaves and well formed flower buds. It flowers in early spring during snowmelt and begins photosynthesis under relatively high irradiance under an open forest canopy. Our results show that there is significant carbon gain during the period when new leaves and fruit maturation also take place. Beginning in June, as the forest canopy closes, leaves onDaphne shoots senesce acropetally and the plants become completely bare in mid-July. After a period of 20-day dormancy, the shoots begin to resprout. Leaves become mature in early October and remain on the stem over winter. Leaf traits and photosynthesis measurements suggest as follows. 1) By becoming summer deciduous,D. kamtschatica avoids the cost of maintaining leaves inefficient under deep shade. 2) The onset and breaking of the summer dormancy is triggered by photoperiod since plants at the forest edge also become dormant even when light remained relatively high. However, the decreased duration of dormancy with higher light levels suggests that there is a tendency towards shorter dormancy where summer shade is absent and this could eventually lead to an evergreen habit such as that found in the alpine speciesDaphne miyabeana.     

熊果酸抗肿瘤和抗心血管疾病作用的研究进展

熊果酸（ursolic cid,UA）属三萜类化合物,是许多中药复方的主要有效成分之一。它具有抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、降脂、抗炎、抗氧化等多种生物学效应。本文就UA对肿瘤细胞增殖信号通路的影响和抗心血管疾病作用研究进展方面进行综述,以期为UA的开发提供新思路。